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The Periodic Table

This document provides an overview of the periodic table of elements and key information about each group. It discusses the physical and chemical properties of elements in groups 1-18, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and noble gases. Diagrams showing atomic structure (Bohr models and Lewis dot structures) are provided for many elements, along with examples of common compounds and reactions. The periodic trends of atomic radius, ionization energy, and reactivity across periods and down groups are also covered.

Education◦
The Periodic Table of the Elements Basic Chemistry i wonder why Physical Science
In your lab notebook, please answer as best you can: 1. What is an atom which has donated an electron in order to form a full energy level called? What charge does it have? • Ion (cation); positive charge 2. What does C6H12O6 represent? • A sugar molecule of 6 Carbon atoms bonded to 12 Hydrogen and 6 Oxygen atoms 3. Draw a Bohr Model diagram of a stable, neutral Aluminum atom. 4. Draw a Lewis Dot Structure of a stable, neutral Aluminum atom. 5. What is the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas? • The boiling point (varies with each substance) Bonus Question: Is it possible for a liquid to turn into a gas without boiling? Yes! (evaporation) Review Quiz 4
Chemical Bonding - Ionic, Covalent, Metallic Review
All matter is made of atoms Atoms of the same kind are pure elements with distinct properties What gives each element its unique characteristics? What makes gold soft and shiny? What causes salt to form into crystals? Why is Helium "lighter than air" MatterMatter  Interactive Periodic TableInteractive Periodic Table Review Answer: The number and arrangement of particles in each atom determines the properties of the elements.
• Rows (called periods) highlight the repeating nature of elements • Displayed in order of increasing atomic number • Share the same number of occupied electron energy levels • Atomic radius decreases as you move left to right (more protons = tighter pull) • Ionization energy increases left to right (tendency to capture electrons) • Columns (called groups) have similar chemical & physical properties • Same # of valence electrons (electrons in outermost shell) Periodic Table of the Elements - What patterns do you see?
Periodic Table of Elements - Bohr Diagrams • What similarity do you see among periods (horizontal rows)?
Periodic Table of Elements - Lewis Dot Structures • Can you see the patterns among the groups (vertical columns)?
Three General Classes of Elements • Metals ~ 80% of all elements • Shiny, solid (except Hg) • Malleable (soft, can reshape) • Conduct heat & electricity • Ductile (drawn into thin wires) • Metalloids - only 7 • Have properties of both metals and nonmetals • All are solids • Semiconductors • Nonmetals - 2nd largest group • Dull (not shiny) • Brittle (shatter, not bendable) • Good insulators • More than half are gases
Group 1: Alkali Metals • Physical Properties • Soft (can be cut with knife) • Shiny and silver • Low densities Bohr Diagram Lewis Structure • Chemical Properties • Have 1 valence electron • VERY REACTIVE! – Usually lose 1 electron in reactions – More stable (happy) as cations • Never found as pure elements in nature • Must be stored under oil in sealed containers to prevent violent reactions Sodium in Water
Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals • Physical Properties • Hard • Gray-white • Good electrical conductors Bohr Diagram Lewis Structure • Chemical Properties • Have 2 valence electrons • Less reactive than alkali metals, but more than the other metals • Usually react by losing both valence electrons to form +2 cations • Never found as pure elements in nature Berryllium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium Radium Sr Calcium & Barium in Water
Group 3-12: Transition Metals & Lanthanide and Actinide Series • Physical Properties • Form colored compounds • Most are hard & shiny • Good electrical conductors Bohr Diagram Lewis Structure • Chemical Properties • have 1 or 2 valence electrons • Less reactive, but unpredictable reactions • Can help speed up reactions (catalysts) • Form cations or metallic bonds Au * Lanthanides **Actinides Copper & Zinc Reactions
Group 13: Boron Family • Physical Properties • Boron (metalloid) is hard, black solid and very brittle • Good conductor at high temps • Poor conductor at low temps • Al, Ga, In, & Ti are metals • mixed conductivity, soft/malleable Bohr Diagram • Chemical Properties • Have 3 valence electrons • Reactivity varies within this group • General form cations and ionic bonds Boron Aluminum Gallium Indium Thallium Lewis Structure Al Metal Salts Flame Test
• Physical Properties • Carbon (nonmetal) is found in nearly every living thing • Elemental forms in nature: – Graphite & diamonds • Si & Ge are metalloids • Sn & Pb are metals Group 14: Carbon Family Bohr Diagram • Chemical Properties • Have 4 valence electrons • May gain or lose electrons • Often covalently shares 4 electrons when reacting with other elements Carbon Silicon Germanium Tin Lead Lewis Structure Bronze from Tin & Copper Ge
• Physical Properties • N & P are nonmetals • Nitrogen is a gas at room temp • All others are solids • As & Sb are metalloids • Bismuth is a metal Group 15: Nitrogen Family Bohr Diagram • Chemical Properties • Have 5 valence electrons • Elements vary in reactivity Nitrogen Phosphorus Arsenic Antimony Bismuth Lewis Structure Phosphorus video As Phosphorus Bismuth
• Physical Properties • Oxygen is a nonmetal gas • Most abundant element in Earth's crust (1/5 Earth's atmosphere) • Sulfur is a yellow, nonmetal solid • Smells like rotten eggs Group 16: Oxygen Family Bohr Diagram • Selenium is a nonmetal solid • Conducts electricity with sunlight • Te & Po are metalloids • Chemical Properties • Have 6 valence electrons • Elements vary in reactivity Oxygen Sulfur Selenium Tellurium Polonium Lewis Structure Sulfuric Acid on Sugar Cubes Tellurium S
• Physical Properties • Fluorine & Chlorine are greenish- yellow gases, toxic in their pure form • Bromine is a smelly, reddish-brown liquid that causes burns • Iodine is a dark-gray solid • Astatine is a radioactive solid Group 17: Halogens P:53 N:74 Bohr Diagram • Chemical Properties • Have 7 valence electrons • Generally gain (to form +1 anions) or share 1 electron • All very reactive Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine Lewis Structure Halogen Reactions I
• Physical Properties • All are gases easily found in the atmosphere • Each noble gas creates a different color in "neon" lights Group 18: Noble Gases Bohr Diagram • Chemical Properties • Have 8 valence electrons (except He) • Have full valence shells, so NOT very reactive • Sometimes called “inert” Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon Radon Lewis Structure Lead Balloon Demo Ar
• Physical Properties • Most abundant element in the universe • Doesn't fit in any group • Invisible gas (nonmetal), very flammable • Pure hydrogen is lighter than air Hydrogen Bohr Diagram • Chemical Properties • Has only 1 valence electron • Forms many different compounds • Has NO neutrons Lewis Structure Hydrogen Bomb H