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Classification

This document discusses the classification of living things. It begins by explaining that Carolus Linnaeus developed the first scientific classification system in the 1700s, grouping organisms into three kingdoms: Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral. It then discusses how modern taxonomy further classifies organisms using a hierarchical system of domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. The rest of the document provides details on the six kingdoms of life - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - and examples of major groups within each kingdom.

Education◦
Life Science Classifying Life Characterizing & Sorting Living Things
In your lab notebook, please answer as best you can: Week 11 Review Quiz Bonus: Use the letter Y in a Punnett square to show the percentage of yellow pea pods in a cross between a homozygous dominant plant and a homozygous recessive plant. All the pea pods of the offspring plants would be yellow. 1. What are stem cells? • Cells which can become any type of specialized cell. 1. Different forms of a gene that code for the same trait are called… • Alleles 1. How are genotype and phenotype different? • Genotype = allele combination, phenotype = expressed traits 1. Use the letter B to show a homozygous recessive genotype. • bb 1. Name two inherited traits that could be influenced by environmental factors. • Hair color (can be dyed or bleached) • Tree height (growth could be stunted by drought)
Note-Taking • Note-Taking Methods: – Full Sentences – Outlining – Cornell Method – Mind Mapping – Flow-Based Diagramming • Tip # 5: – Resist distractions. • talking, texting, doodling • day-dreaming (spacing out) – If you miss something, leave a blank space and fill it in later. • ask a friend to show you their notes • check the class wiki slides
What is Inheritance? Reproduction: DNA to offspring Asexual: Identical offspring Sexual: = amounts of DNA From each parent 2 copies of each gene (1 from each parent) Genes influence inherited traits. 1 copy of each gene randomly passed to offspring ¼ of my DNA is from Grandparents I have more genes in common with closer relatives (parents)
Week 11 Lab Gummy Bear Genetics Observation AA ____ Dd ___ GG ___ Jj ___ Mm ___ Bb ___ Ee ___ HH ___ kk ___ nn ___ Cc ___ ff ___ Ii ___ Ll ___ OO ___ Purple flowers dominant to white: Brown eyes dominant to blue: PP _________ BB _________ Pp _________ Bb _________ pp _________ bb _________ Straight hair dominant to curly: Tail spikes dominant to plain tails: Straight _______________ Spikes __________________ Curly _________________ Plain ___________________
Week 11 Lab Gummy Bear Genetics Mendelian Inheritance Answer Key: *M1 = GG x GG *M2 = GG x gg *M3 = GG x Gg M4 = Gg x Gg M5 = Gg x gg M6 = gg x gg *What is needed to determine the specific genotype of these parents? Incomplete Dominance Answer Key: ID1 = RR x RR ID2 = RR x rr ID3 = RR x Rr ID4 = Rr x Rr ID5 = Rr x rr ID6 = rr x rr A TEST CROSS with a gg bear
Facts are Stupid Things! • Organized things are easier to understand. – Patterns – Interactions – “Big picture” – How individual things work & fit together • The interpretation of facts brings meaning.
Classification of Life Taxonomy: a system of grouping in such a way that allows for easier study and understanding • Shopping List! • Playlist!! Store Department Aisle Section Shelf Item Music Genre Artist Album Song Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
First Classification System • Developed the binomial (two name) system – Felis catus (house cat) – Pseudotsuga menziesii (Christmas tree) – Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) – Orcinus orca (killer whale) • Carolus Linnaeus – Swedish botanist – "Father of Taxonomy" • First to group living things according to physical similarities • 3 Kingdoms: Animal, Vegetable, Mineral
Classification: the Grouping of Life Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species • Linnaeus created a kind of "filing system" to sort all living things based on physical characteristics KKinging PPhiliphilip CCameame OOverver FForor GGoodood SSpicespices broadest level most specific (individual type)
Classification: Sorting Life • Linnaeus grouped living things based on: – physical characteristics • body symmetry • feathers vs. fur vs. scales – behavior • makes own food vs. eats others • lay eggs vs. give birth to live young – habitat • lives on land, air, or in water • We now also group things by: – cell type • Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic • unicellular vs. multicellular – nutrition (makes food vs. eats) – DNA (sequence and length)
Binomial Nomenclature • two-name system of naming (always written in italics) – Genus is 1st name (capitolized); species is 2nd name (lower case) Animalia Chordata Aves Aptenodytes Mammalia Corvus corax Falco sparverius forsteri sparverius Falco Aptenodytes forsteriCanis lupusHomo sapiens
Which Are More Closely Related? Ursus maritimus Ailuropoda melanoleuca Ursus arctos
Week 11 Activity Shoe Classification Procedure: 1.Remove your right shoe and place it on the table. 2.In your lab notebook, make a flow chart like the one pictured here, only leave the boxes blank. 3.Divide the shoes into two groups based on common characteristics. 4.Make a descriptive TITLE for each sub-group; write them down. 5.Continue dividing the shoes into groups until you have only ONE shoe per sub-group. 6.Using binomial nomenclature rules, share the name of YOUR shoe with the class. •Now pass any 3 of your group’s shoes to the table on your left. Shoes Title Title Title TitleTitleTitle
Shoe ClassificationProcedure 7.Classify the 3 new shoes using your written system of descriptions. Analysis 1.What were some of the common characteristics you used to classify your shoes? 2.Did you have trouble classifying any of them? Explain 3.Was it difficult to use your chart for the 3 new shoes? Did you run into any problems? 4.Is there more than one way you could have classified the shoes? Shoes Title Title Title TitleTitleTitle
Classification throughout History © 2015 PIXTON.COM As science progresses, more changes will probably be made to how we classify living things.
• All living organisms are made up of cells. – All cells have DNA, cytoplasm, & a cell membrane – There are two major cell types: PROKARYOTIC Cells – Bacteria and archaea – Tiny – No nucleus or organelles EUKARYOTIC Cells – Plants, animals, fungi and protists – Have an enclosed nucleus – Have membrane-bound organelles Cell Types - How are they Different?
Five Kingdoms of Living Things Why do you think they have been grouped this way?
• No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles • Often have a rigid cell wall and capsule around the plasma membrane for extra protection. • Also sometimes have a flagella or cilia for movement Prokaryotic Organisms
Bacteria (Formerly Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria) • Single-cell organisms • "True Bacteria" – some make us sick – some help us live – some make cheese • Different shapes – Bacilli (rod-shape) • E. coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus – Cocci (round chains/clusters) • Streptococcus, Staphylococcus – Spirilla (stringy spirals) • Campylobacter, Treponema
Archaea (Kingdom Monera or Archaebacteria) • Tiny, single-cell prokaryotes • Many live in extreme conditions: – very hot/cold, deep/dark – acidic or sulfuric • DNA & metabolism different than bacteria
• Nucleus (contains DNA that coils into chromosomes) • Organelles = “little tools” • All organisms besides bacteria & archaea are eukaryotic – plants, animals, fungi, and protists Eukaryotic Organisms
Protists (Kingdom Protista) Amoeba Paramecium Giardia Water Mold Slime Mold Euglena Dinoflagellates DiatomBrown AlgaeGreen Algae Fungus- Like P l a n t - L i k e • Eukaryotic – cells have a nucleus • Most are single-celled • All eukaryotic organisms that aren't plants, animal, or fungi Animal-Like (protozoans)
Fungi (Kingdom Fungi) • Eukaryotic • Multi-cellular • Heterotrophic – feed on decaying organisms • Sessile organisms – cannot move • Molds, mildew, mushrooms, lichens, yeast
Plants (Kingdom Plantae) Bryophyte (Moss) Pteridophytes (Ferns) Conifers (cone- bearing plants) Angiosperms (flowering plants) • Eukaryotic • Multi-cellular • Autotrophic – produce own food • Sessile – cannot change location
Plant Cell Animal Cell Eukaryotic Cells
Animals (Kingdom Animalia) • All eukaryotic, multi-cellular, heterotrophic, and motile • Common Phyla: – Porifera • sponges, corals – Cnidaria & Ctenophora • jellyfish and comb jellies – Platyhelmenthes • flat worms, tapeworms – Nematoda • small unsegmented worms – Mollusca • clams, oysters, etc. – Annelida • segmented worms – Echinodermata • starfish and anemones – Arthropoda • crustaceans, insects, spiders – Chordata • those with spinal chords: birds, mammals, amphibians, bony fish, etc.
Grouped as MONERA in some countries Six Kingdoms • Animals • Plants • Fungi • Protists • Bacteria • Archaea 6 ARCHAEA BACTERIA