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Classification
This document discusses the classification of living things. It begins by explaining that Carolus Linnaeus developed the first scientific classification system in the 1700s, grouping organisms into three kingdoms: Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral. It then discusses how modern taxonomy further classifies organisms using a hierarchical system of domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. The rest of the document provides details on the six kingdoms of life - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - and examples of major groups within each kingdom.
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Classification
- 1. Life Science Classifying Life Characterizing& Sorting Living Things
- 2. In your labnotebook, please answer as best you can: Week 11 Review Quiz Bonus: Use the letter Y in a Punnett square to show the percentage of yellow pea pods in a cross between a homozygous dominant plant and a homozygous recessive plant. All the pea pods of the offspring plants would be yellow. 1. What are stem cells? • Cells which can become any type of specialized cell. 1. Different forms of a gene that code for the same trait are called… • Alleles 1. How are genotype and phenotype different? • Genotype = allele combination, phenotype = expressed traits 1. Use the letter B to show a homozygous recessive genotype. • bb 1. Name two inherited traits that could be influenced by environmental factors. • Hair color (can be dyed or bleached) • Tree height (growth could be stunted by drought)
- 3. Note-Taking • Note-Taking Methods: –Full Sentences – Outlining – Cornell Method – Mind Mapping – Flow-Based Diagramming • Tip # 5: – Resist distractions. • talking, texting, doodling • day-dreaming (spacing out) – If you miss something, leave a blank space and fill it in later. • ask a friend to show you their notes • check the class wiki slides
- 6. What is Inheritance? Reproduction: DNA tooffspring Asexual: Identical offspring Sexual: = amounts of DNA From each parent 2 copies of each gene (1 from each parent) Genes influence inherited traits. 1 copy of each gene randomly passed to offspring ¼ of my DNA is from Grandparents I have more genes in common with closer relatives (parents)
- 7. Week 11 Lab GummyBear Genetics Observation AA ____ Dd ___ GG ___ Jj ___ Mm ___ Bb ___ Ee ___ HH ___ kk ___ nn ___ Cc ___ ff ___ Ii ___ Ll ___ OO ___ Purple flowers dominant to white: Brown eyes dominant to blue: PP _________ BB _________ Pp _________ Bb _________ pp _________ bb _________ Straight hair dominant to curly: Tail spikes dominant to plain tails: Straight _______________ Spikes __________________ Curly _________________ Plain ___________________
- 8. Week 11 Lab GummyBear Genetics Mendelian Inheritance Answer Key: *M1 = GG x GG *M2 = GG x gg *M3 = GG x Gg M4 = Gg x Gg M5 = Gg x gg M6 = gg x gg *What is needed to determine the specific genotype of these parents? Incomplete Dominance Answer Key: ID1 = RR x RR ID2 = RR x rr ID3 = RR x Rr ID4 = Rr x Rr ID5 = Rr x rr ID6 = rr x rr A TEST CROSS with a gg bear
- 9. Facts are StupidThings! • Organized things are easier to understand. – Patterns – Interactions – “Big picture” – How individual things work & fit together • The interpretation of facts brings meaning.
- 10. Classification of Life Taxonomy:a system of grouping in such a way that allows for easier study and understanding • Shopping List! • Playlist!! Store Department Aisle Section Shelf Item Music Genre Artist Album Song Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
- 11. First Classification System •Developed the binomial (two name) system – Felis catus (house cat) – Pseudotsuga menziesii (Christmas tree) – Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) – Orcinus orca (killer whale) • Carolus Linnaeus – Swedish botanist – "Father of Taxonomy" • First to group living things according to physical similarities • 3 Kingdoms: Animal, Vegetable, Mineral
- 12. Classification: the Groupingof Life Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species • Linnaeus created a kind of "filing system" to sort all living things based on physical characteristics KKinging PPhiliphilip CCameame OOverver FForor GGoodood SSpicespices broadest level most specific (individual type)
- 13. Classification: Sorting Life •Linnaeus grouped living things based on: – physical characteristics • body symmetry • feathers vs. fur vs. scales – behavior • makes own food vs. eats others • lay eggs vs. give birth to live young – habitat • lives on land, air, or in water • We now also group things by: – cell type • Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic • unicellular vs. multicellular – nutrition (makes food vs. eats) – DNA (sequence and length)
- 14. Binomial Nomenclature • two-namesystem of naming (always written in italics) – Genus is 1st name (capitolized); species is 2nd name (lower case) Animalia Chordata Aves Aptenodytes Mammalia Corvus corax Falco sparverius forsteri sparverius Falco Aptenodytes forsteriCanis lupusHomo sapiens
- 15. Which Are MoreClosely Related? Ursus maritimus Ailuropoda melanoleuca Ursus arctos
- 16. Week 11 Activity ShoeClassification Procedure: 1.Remove your right shoe and place it on the table. 2.In your lab notebook, make a flow chart like the one pictured here, only leave the boxes blank. 3.Divide the shoes into two groups based on common characteristics. 4.Make a descriptive TITLE for each sub-group; write them down. 5.Continue dividing the shoes into groups until you have only ONE shoe per sub-group. 6.Using binomial nomenclature rules, share the name of YOUR shoe with the class. •Now pass any 3 of your group’s shoes to the table on your left. Shoes Title Title Title TitleTitleTitle
- 17. Shoe ClassificationProcedure 7.Classify the3 new shoes using your written system of descriptions. Analysis 1.What were some of the common characteristics you used to classify your shoes? 2.Did you have trouble classifying any of them? Explain 3.Was it difficult to use your chart for the 3 new shoes? Did you run into any problems? 4.Is there more than one way you could have classified the shoes? Shoes Title Title Title TitleTitleTitle
- 18. Classification throughout History ©2015 PIXTON.COM As science progresses, more changes will probably be made to how we classify living things.
- 19. • All livingorganisms are made up of cells. – All cells have DNA, cytoplasm, & a cell membrane – There are two major cell types: PROKARYOTIC Cells – Bacteria and archaea – Tiny – No nucleus or organelles EUKARYOTIC Cells – Plants, animals, fungi and protists – Have an enclosed nucleus – Have membrane-bound organelles Cell Types - How are they Different?
- 20. Five Kingdoms ofLiving Things Why do you think they have been grouped this way?
- 21. • No nucleusor membrane-bound organelles • Often have a rigid cell wall and capsule around the plasma membrane for extra protection. • Also sometimes have a flagella or cilia for movement Prokaryotic Organisms
- 22. Bacteria (Formerly Kingdom Moneraor Eubacteria) • Single-cell organisms • "True Bacteria" – some make us sick – some help us live – some make cheese • Different shapes – Bacilli (rod-shape) • E. coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus – Cocci (round chains/clusters) • Streptococcus, Staphylococcus – Spirilla (stringy spirals) • Campylobacter, Treponema
- 23. Archaea (Kingdom Monera orArchaebacteria) • Tiny, single-cell prokaryotes • Many live in extreme conditions: – very hot/cold, deep/dark – acidic or sulfuric • DNA & metabolism different than bacteria
- 24. • Nucleus (contains DNAthat coils into chromosomes) • Organelles = “little tools” • All organisms besides bacteria & archaea are eukaryotic – plants, animals, fungi, and protists Eukaryotic Organisms
- 25. Protists (Kingdom Protista) Amoeba ParameciumGiardia Water Mold Slime Mold Euglena Dinoflagellates DiatomBrown AlgaeGreen Algae Fungus- Like P l a n t - L i k e • Eukaryotic – cells have a nucleus • Most are single-celled • All eukaryotic organisms that aren't plants, animal, or fungi Animal-Like (protozoans)
- 26. Fungi (Kingdom Fungi) • Eukaryotic •Multi-cellular • Heterotrophic – feed on decaying organisms • Sessile organisms – cannot move • Molds, mildew, mushrooms, lichens, yeast
- 27. Plants (Kingdom Plantae) Bryophyte (Moss) Pteridophytes (Ferns) Conifers(cone- bearing plants) Angiosperms (flowering plants) • Eukaryotic • Multi-cellular • Autotrophic – produce own food • Sessile – cannot change location
- 28. Plant Cell AnimalCell Eukaryotic Cells
- 29. Animals (Kingdom Animalia) • Alleukaryotic, multi-cellular, heterotrophic, and motile • Common Phyla: – Porifera • sponges, corals – Cnidaria & Ctenophora • jellyfish and comb jellies – Platyhelmenthes • flat worms, tapeworms – Nematoda • small unsegmented worms – Mollusca • clams, oysters, etc. – Annelida • segmented worms – Echinodermata • starfish and anemones – Arthropoda • crustaceans, insects, spiders – Chordata • those with spinal chords: birds, mammals, amphibians, bony fish, etc.
- 30. Grouped as MONERA insome countries Six Kingdoms • Animals • Plants • Fungi • Protists • Bacteria • Archaea 6 ARCHAEA BACTERIA
Editor's Notes
- #3 RBC’s lack mitochondria and nuclei – they use glycolysis to produce ATP and only live about 3 months before being replaced. Microorganisms that can live without oxygen, such as the lactobacilli that turn milk products into yogurt and cheese, use fermentation to generate ATP.
- #5 Practice (two volunteers on dry-erase boards) - everyone else take notes on paper - compare and note one thing you'll try or do different next time
- #8 Classify the 3 new shoes using your written system of titles. Switch again (if time allows).
- #9 Classify the 3 new shoes using your written system of titles. Switch again (if time allows).
- #11 Ask students to generate a shopping list, then talk about how you'd go about finding those items. Are all grocery stores grouped the same? Does every item fit into a category? Then ask each student to name their favorite song. How would you search for each song using Spotify. Why is it helpful to group things? Now think about how classification systems work - which grouping has the most individual items/songs/living things? Which has the fewest? The problem is, scientists can't agree, especially as new information is being added all the time.
- #12 pronounced "Carl Lewis Lineeus" Latin (or some Greek) scientific names prevent misnomers like jellyfish and seahorse (not remotely related to a fish or a horse), and prevent confusion across languages.
- #13 Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 and of Portugal from 1581. From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan. During his marriage to Queen Mary I, he was also King of England and Ireland.
- #14 Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 and of Portugal from 1581. From 1554 he was King of Naples and Sicily as well as Duke of Milan. During his marriage to Queen Mary I, he was also King of England and Ireland.
- #15 Can we figure out the blanks? The American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) Turdus migratorius (common robin)
- #17 Classify the 3 new shoes using your written system of titles. Switch again (if time allows).
- #18 Classify the 3 new shoes using your written system of titles. Switch again (if time allows).
- #19 Originally, Linnaeus established three kingdoms in his scheme, namely for Plants, Animals and an additional group for minerals, which has long since been abandoned. Since then, various life forms have been moved into three new kingdoms: Monera, for prokaryotes (i.e., bacteria); Protista, for protozoans and most algae; and Fungi. This five kingdom scheme is still far from the phylogenetic ideal and has largely been supplanted in modern taxonomic work by a division into three domains: Bacteria and Archaea, which contain the prokaryotes, and Eukaryota, comprising the remaining forms. These arrangements should not be seen as definitive. They are based on the genomes of the organisms; as knowledge on this increases, classifications will change.
- #20 What benefits could there be to having distinct organelles separated by membranes? Chemical reactions which interfere with each other can occur at the same time.
- #23 Formerly a part of the kingdom monera Name means “true bacteria” These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of cheese Bacilli Streptococcus Staphylococcus Dicoccus Spirilla There are thousands of species of bacteria, but all of them are basically one of three different shapes. Some are rod- or stick-shaped and called bacilli. Examples of rod-shaped bacteria include E.coli, Salmonella, and Bacillus anthracis which is the bacterium that causes anthrax in cattle. Rod-shaped bacteria include bent or curved rods; so Vibrio is a curved bacillus that causes cholera. Others are shaped like little balls and called cocci. Examples of bacteria with round cells include Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Neisseria (causes gonorrhea). Others still are twisted, helical or spiral in shape and called spirilla. These twisted cells can be flexible (Treponema which causes syphilis) or rigid corkscrew shape like Campylobacter (bacterium that causes food-borne illness). Some species of bacteria vary in shape; this is called pleomorphism. Variations and/or lack of rigid cell walls cause microbes like Mycoplasma, Corynebacterium, and Rhizobium to appear swollen, curved, or club-shaped.
- #24 Formerly part of the kingdom monera Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteria Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc) can live in places where most organisms cannot survive archae- means ancient: formed about three billion years ago Methanogens and Halobacterium salinarium rchaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very strange shapes, such as the flat and square-shaped cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi.[2] Despite this visual similarity to bacteria, archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those of eukaryotes, notably the enzymes involved in transcription and translation. Other aspects of archaeal biochemistry are unique, such as their reliance on ether lipids in their cell membranes. Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes: these range from organic compounds, such as sugars, to ammonia, metal ions or even hydrogen gas. Salt-tolerant archaea (the Haloarchaea) use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea fix carbon; however, unlike plants and cyanobacteria, no known species of archaea does both. Archaea reproduce asexually by binary fission, fragmentation, or budding; unlike bacteria and eukaryotes, no known species forms spores.
- #26 Seaweeds are not grouped with the true plants because they lack a specialized vascular system (an internal conducting system for fluids and nutrients), roots, stems, leaves, and enclosed reproductive structures like flowers and cones. Animal-Like Protists (protozoans) Pseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic) Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Green/Red/Brown Algae Fungus-Like Protists Examples: Water molds, slime molds (dog vomit slime mold)
- #27 All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organisms Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichens Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the soil
- #28 All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organisms Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxide Common Phyla: Bryophyta (mosses) Pteridophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees) Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like flowering plants
- #30 feather coral, nudibranch, nudibranch poisoning/eating bony fish, camouflaged sea urchins eating starfish, caterpillar arthropod, dumbo octopus (flaps "ears" to move), and frilled shark
- #31 Before 1970, taxonomists classified all forms of life into two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae. Bacteria, fungi, and photosynthetic protists were considered plants, and the protozoa were classified as animals. In 1969, Robort H. Whittaker proposed a five-kingdom classification scheme that is widely used today, and which we follow in this text. Whittaker identified two kingdoms of primarily unicellular microorganisms based on whether they showed prokaryotic or eukaryotic cellular organization. The kingdom Monera consists of generally single prokaryotic cells, whereas the kingdom Protista consists of generally single eukaryotic cells. All of the organisms in the remaining three kingdoms (Plantae, Fungi and Animalia) are eukaryotic, and most of them are multicellular. They may be classified further on the basis of their way of acquiring nutrients. Members of the kingdom Plantae photosynthesize, and members of the kingdom Fungi secrete enzymes outside their bodies and then absorb the externally digested nutrients. In contrast, members of the kingdom Animalia ingest their food and then digest it, either within an internal cavity or within individual cells. Recently, a sixth kingdom has been proposed. Many microbiologists argue that the cell structure of the Archaea is so different from that of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that they should occupy their own kingdom. Following the fashion, this text adopts the updated six-kingdom classification system (Fig. 1.1). 6 Kingdom Classification System Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria (formerly in kingdom monera) Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles (formerly in kingdom monera) Kingdom Protista (same)