Electrical energy is the movement of charged particles called ions. There are two types of ions: cations with positive charges that have missing electrons, and anions with negative charges that have extra electrons. Ions exert forces on one another, with opposite charges attracting and like charges repelling. The electrical force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between objects. Static electricity occurs when electrons are transferred between materials that touch, resulting in an accumulation of charges and forces on nearby objects. Electrical conduction allows the movement of electrons along conductors like metals, while insulators tightly hold electrons in place.

1. Electrical Energy What is it? How does it work? Where does it come from?

2. Electricity Electricity is the movement of charged particles from one place to another. In what ways do you use electric energy?

3. Charged Particles Two types of charged atoms (ions) Cations : positive (+) missing electrons Anions : negative (-) has extra electrons Ions exert forces on one another Wool cap (hair stands up) Socks in dryer (stick together) Lightning strikes (splits/burns a tree) Like particles REPEL each other Opposite charges ATTRACT each other + + - +

4. Electrical Forces The amount of electric force: directly relates to the magnitude of the charges inversely relates to the distance between two objects As the number of ions in an object increases ... ...the electrical force between those objects increases . As the distance increases ... ...the electrical force decreases . + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

5. Electric Fields Electric fields are areas in which forces are exerted around an electrical charge. they are always perpendicular to the object's surface positive (+) ions exert forces outward negative (-) ions exert forces inward

6. Static Electricity Some atoms hold their electrons more tightly than others. When materials touch, loosely-held electrons can be transferred. An accumulation of charges will then exert a force on other nearby objects.

7. Induction This process is called induction Electrons are rearranged when a negative field repels the electrons of the nearby object When electrons move away, an "induced" positive electric field results A strong enough charge in one object can create an electric field nearby in an otherwise neutral object. PhET App

8. Electrostatic Discharge A shock from static electricity involves a momentary discharge of electric energy Caused by an accumulation of - charges (electrons) NOT a flow or constant movement of electric energy Sometimes visible as an arc of electricity Only occur between good conductors

9. Electrical Conduction Conductors Allow electrons to move along their surface Most metals (copper, aluminum, iron, etc.) Water is also a good conductor Your body is made of 50 - 70% water, so YOU are a pretty good conductor of electricity

10. Electrical Insulation Insulators hold their electrons tightly in place don't allow electrons to move/flow Most types of gas (including air) plastic, wood, glass, ceramic

11. Electrostatic Shock Electric arcs can be dangerous! Startling and painful Can ignite fires Damage electronic equipment humidity reduces static devices can help eliminate