special senses-eye, ear, nose, tongue.pptx

special senses-eye, ear, nose, tongue.pptx

• 1.
  PREPARED BY Prof. ASHISHN. UMALE M. PHARM IN PHARMACOLOGY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SHRADDHA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, WASHIM-444505 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - I
• 2.
  The Human Eye(Vision Structure (The Three Tunics) Fibrous Layer (Outer): Consists of the Sclera (white of the eye, provides shape) and the Cornea (transparent window that refracts light). Vascular Layer (Middle/Uvea): Choroid: Highly vascularized, prevents light reflection. Ciliary Body: Secretes aqueous humor and controls lens shape. Iris: Colored part; regulates pupil size. Neural Layer (Inner): The Retina contains photoreceptors: Rods: Responsible for twilight (scotopic) vision. Cones: Responsible for daylight (photopic) and color vision.
• 4.
  Functions Refraction: Bending lightto focus on the retina. Accommodation: Adjusting lens curvature for near/far objects. Transduction: Converting light energy into electrical nerve impulses. Disorders of the Eye Myopia (Nearsightedness): Eyeball is too long; light focuses in front of the retina. Hypermetropia (Farsightedness): Eyeball is too short; light focuses behind the retina. Cataract: Clouding of the crystalline lens, often due to protein denaturation (aging). Glaucoma: Increased Intraocular Pressure (IOP) due to blockage of Aqueous Humor drainage (Canal of Schlemm), leading to optic nerve damage. Conjunctivitis: "Pink eye"; inflammation (viral, bacterial, or allergic).
• 5.
  The Human Ear Structure ExternalEar: Pinna (Auricle) and External Auditory Canal; ends at the Tympanic Membrane (eardrum). Middle Ear: Air-filled cavity containing three ossicles: Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), and Stapes (Stirrup). Connected to the pharynx via the Eustachian tube. Internal Ear (Labyrinth): Cochlea: Contains the Organ of Corti (receptors for hearing). Semicircular Canals & Vestibule: Receptors for balance and equilibrium.
• 7.
  Functions Hearing: Transmission ofsound vibrations to electrical signals. Balance: Maintenance of static and dynamic equilibrium. Disorders of the Ear Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear, common in children. Tinnitus: Constant ringing or buzzing sensation in the ears. Meniere’s Disease: Inner ear disorder affecting both hearing and balance (vertigo). Deafness: Conductive: Blockage in outer/middle ear (e.g., wax, ossicle damage). Sensorineural: Damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve (CN VIII).
• 8.
  The Nose Structure Olfactory Epithelium:Located in the roof of the nasal cavity. Olfactory Receptors: Bipolar neurons with "olfactory hairs" (cilia) that detect dissolved chemicals (odorants). Olfactory Bulb: Where signals are processed before traveling via the Olfactory Nerve (CN I) to the brain. Functions Olfaction: Detection of smell. Respiratory Support: Filtering, warming, and moistening inhaled air. Disorders Anosmia: Total loss of sense of smell (can be due to head injury or infection). Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucosa (allergies/colds). Nasal Polyps: Non-cancerous growths blocking the airway.
• 10.
  The Tongue Structure Papillae: Projectionson the tongue (Vallate, Fungiform, Foliate). Taste Buds: Contain gustatory cells with "taste hairs" protruding through a taste pore. Five Primary Tastes: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, and Umami (savory). Functions Gustation: Sensing taste. Mastication: Assisting in chewing and bolus formation. Deglutition: Swallowing. Disorders Ageusia: Loss of taste function. Glossitis: Inflammation/swelling of the tongue. Oral Candidiasis (Thrush): Fungal infection (Candida albicans) creating white patches.