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Unit 3 Review: the biosphere
The document provides information about Earth's spheres, biomes, ecosystems, and natural resources. It discusses the following: - Earth has four spheres - the geosphere (rocks), hydrosphere (water), atmosphere (air), and biosphere (life). - Major biomes include aquatic, desert, tundra, grassland, forest (taiga, temperate deciduous, tropical rainforest), and their characteristic climates, soils, plants and animals. - Ecosystems involve interactions between biotic factors like producers, consumers, decomposers and abiotic factors like the environment. Species interact through food chains, webs and pyramids. - Natural resources can be
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Unit 3 Review: the biosphere
- 1. Earth & SpaceScience Unit 3 Review The Biosphere
- 2. When a hypothesisis repeatedly supported by scientific data, it may become a . State the Problem (as a ?) Do Background Research "Best Guess" Solution Design (Materials & Procedures) Perform (Collect & Analyze Data) Report Results so others can verify Hypothesis is False or Partly True Hypothesis is True Adjust hypothesis & try again Conclusion Experiment Hypothesis Observation What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
- 3. How do TheyInteract? What are Earth’s Four Spheres? Geosphere • Rocks Biosphere • Life Hydrosphere • Water Atmosphere • Air
- 4.
- 5. • What factorsaffect climate? – Latitude • angle of the sun hitting the Earth – Topography • elevation and proximity to large bodies of water – Ocean & wind currents • What is the difference between weather, climate, biome & ecosystem? – Weather is a short-term, local description of the atmosphere • i.e. stormy, rain expected, high winds today, overnight low of 46o – Climate describes a larger region's typical atmospheric condition • i.e. average annual temperature/rainfall/humidity • temperate, tropical, polar/arctic, alpine, arid – Biomes define a large region's typical atmosphere plus the soil and water conditions and living organisms that inhabit the area • i.e. rich soil, few trees, great diversity of animal life, salt water • includes all climate descriptions – Ecosystems are localized groups of organisms interacting with each other and the environment (water/soil/weather) around them • i.e. grass gets nutrients from soil, sun & rain which feeds a grasshopper who is eaten by a snake who becomes an owl's dinner which is decomposed by bacteria when it dies
- 6. Major Biomes ofthe World • Aquatic – Cover 75% of Earth's surface – Freshwater & marine • includes shorelines, wetlands & estuaries – Little temperature variance – Huge diversity of species • algae, bull kelp, reeds & shoreline trees • zooplankton, fish, birds & mammals • Desert – Extreme day/night or summer/winter temperatures – Very low precipitation (inland, below tropics) – Sandy/rocky, poor soil – Plants • cacti with spines, waxy cuticle, or "fur" • extra water storage & deep or diffuse roots – Animals • nocturnal, burrow or hide during day • light color for camouflage, efficient kidneys
- 7. • Tundra – Coldyear-round (permafrost) in far North – Very little rainfall (lowest humidity) – Arctic (latitude) & Alpine (elevation) – Plants adapted to short growing season • low-growing shrubs, grass, moss • lichen (fungi & algae) with shallow roots – Animals hibernate or migrate, thick fur/fat, white fur/feathers for camouflage • Fish, insects, birds & grazing mammals • Grassland – Rich, fertile soil – Moderately warm and wet – Plants • tall grass, sedges & flowers • sparse, stubby trees – Animals • brown skin/fur/feathers for camouflage • migratory, traveling in mutualistic communities • grazers, fast predators, burrowing mammals, birds, insects & snakes Major Biomes
- 8. Forest Biomes • Taiga(Boreal) – Largest of land biomes, Northern Hemisphere – Short, moist summers & long, dark/cold winters – Soil is thin and lacking in nutrients (cold slows decay) – Plants adapted to heavy winter snows • dense coniferous forest, sparse floor vegetation – Animals migrate, hibernate, summer/winter camouflage • insects, birds & mammals • Temperate Deciduous – Four distinct seasons (trees lose leaves in fall) – Soil is rich (from decaying leaves) – Plants adapted to seasonal temperature changes (bark) • Greatly variety of broadleaf trees, shrubs & wildflowers – Animals still burrow, hibernate & migrate in winter • Warm enough for some exothermic animals to live • Tropical Rainforest – Very warm all year & lots of rainfall (with a "dry" season) – Located near equator (12 hours of daylight all year long) – Soil is poor because constant rains wash away nutrients – Plants compete for light & nutrients (vines, orchids, etc.) • Tall trees w/ shallow roots & thin bark (Palms, mangroves, etc.) • Bromeliads, ferns & mosses live on branches (epiphytes) – Animals brightly colored, compete fiercely for food & mating • Incredible diversity of species
- 9. Ecosystems Biotic Factors • Producers(plants) – autotrophs (use photosynthesis to make own food) • Consumers (animals) – heterotrophs (eat other things for food) • herbivores eat plants • carnivores eat other animals • omnivores eat both plants and animals • Decomposers (fungi, bacteria & some animals) – saprotrophs (get their food from dead things) • detritivores eat dead things • scavengers are vertebrate heterotrophs (consumers) that feed on dead animals Abiotic Factors • Surrounding Environment – sun, soil, water, air, temperature, etc.
- 10. Chains, Webs &Pyramids
- 11. Species Interactions • Competitive –different species compete for limited resources • food, shelter, water, etc. • Predator/Prey – One animal hunts, kills and eats the other for food • Symbiotic (live in close relationship together) – Parasite/Host • Parasite lives on/in host, taking energy without immediately killing it – Mutualistic • Two species both benefit from each other – Commensal • One benefits while the other is unaffected – Neutral • Neither species is harmed or benefits
- 12. Six Kingdoms • Animals • Plants •Fungi • Protists • Bacteria • Archaea 6
- 13. Biodiversity • Many differentspecies increases an ecosystem's stability • Extinction reduces biodiversity – habitat loss and degradation (climate change) – excessive nutrient load and pollution – over-exploitation and unsustainable use – invasive species
- 14. • All livingorganisms are made up of cells. – All cells have DNA, cytoplasm, & a cell membrane – There are two major cell types: PROKARYOTIC Cells – Bacteria and archaea – Tiny – No nucleus or organelles EUKARYOTIC Cells – Plants, animals, fungi and protists – Larger and more complex – Have an enclosed nucleus – Have membrane-bound organelles Cell Types - How are they Different?
- 15. Kingdom Bacteria (a.k.a. Eubacteria) •Single-cell organisms • "True Bacteria" – some make us sick – some help us live – some make cheese • Different shapes – Bacilli (rod-shape) • E. coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus – Cocci (round chains/clusters) • Streptococcus, Staphylococcus – Spirilla (stringy spirals) • Campylobacter, Treponema
- 16. Kingdom Archaea (a.k.a. Archaebacteria) •Tiny, single-cell prokaryotes • Many live in extreme conditions: – very hot/cold, deep/dark – acidic or sulfuric • DNA & metabolism different than bacteria
- 17. Protists (Kingdom Protista) Amoeba ParameciumGiardia Water Mold Slime Mold Euglena Dinoflagellates DiatomBrown AlgaeGreen Algae Fungus- Like P l a n t - L i k e • Eukaryotic – cells have a nucleus • Most are single-celled • All eukaryotic organisms that aren't plants, animal, or fungi
- 18. Fungi (Kingdom Fungi) • Eukaryotic •Multi-cellular • Heterotrophic – feed on decaying organisms • Sessile organisms – cannot move • Molds, mildew, mushrooms, lichens, yeast
- 19. Plants (Kingdom Plantae) Bryophyte (Moss) Pteridophytes (Ferns) Conifers(cone- bearing plants) Angiosperms (flowering plants) • Eukaryotic • Multi-cellular • Autotrophic – produce own food • Sessile – cannot change location
- 20. Animals (Kingdom Animalia) • Alleukaryotic, multi-cellular, heterotrophic, and motile • Common Phyla: – Porifera • sponges, corals – Cnidaria & Ctenophora • jellyfish and comb jellies – Platyhelmenthes • flat worms, tapeworms – Nematoda • small unsegmented worms – Mollusca • clams, oysters, etc. – Annelida • segmented worms – Echinodermata • starfish and anemones – Arthropoda • crustaceans, insects, spiders – Chordata • those with spinal chords: birds, mammals, amphibians, bony fish, etc.
- 21. • NATURAL RESOURCE: –Anything naturally occurring on our planet that is necessary or useful to humans The Earth’s Resources • Renewable Resource: Resources that can be replenished by natural processes at least as quickly as they are used. • Nonrenewable Resource: Resources being used up faster than they can be replaced by natural processes.
- 22. Renewable vs. Nonrenewable •Sunlight* • Fresh Water • Hydroelectric* energy • Air & Wind* energy • Land (for agriculture) • Plants & Animals • Biomass Fuels • Geothermal* energy * Inexhaustible resources • Fossil Fuels – Coal, oil, natural gas • Minerals – Metals, gems, & nonmetals • Land (for building) • Radioactive Elements
- 23. AIR POLLUTION An increasein the content of harmful substances (pollutants) in the lower atmosphere. – Pollutants come from: • Emissions (vehicles, manufacturing plants, charcoal grills, lawnmowers) • Smoke (forest fires, wood stoves, etc.) • Natural disasters (volcanic eruptions, ) • Man-made disasters (warfare, oil spills, etc.) – Consequences include: • Health hazards for humans/animals (lung problems, high blood pressure, eye irritation, cancer, etc.) • Reduced plant growth (food supply shortage) • Acid rain • Greenhouse effect • Ozone layer destruction (global climate change)
- 25. Water • Drinking water –required for all cellular reactions & transport of chemicals • Irrigation – to grow food crops, water lawns, etc. • Sanitation – laundry, showers, dishes & other household uses • Recreation – swimming, river rafting, water-skiing, sailing, fishing, etc. • Landscaping – fountains, streams/ponds • Manufacturing – paper, paint, food/beverages, drugs, cosmetics, chemicals, cleaners, metals, etc. • The average American uses 150-250 gallons of water EVERY DAY!
- 26. WATER POLLUTION • Contaminationof water – Pipes • lead dissolves into water – Litter/household garbage – Farming • fertilizers and pesticides • algal "blooms" – Industry waste • mercury salts, sulfates, minerals – Runoff • chemicals from impermeable surfaces – Sewage • disease-causing organisms
- 27. Solar Power • Powersphotosynthesis • Solar heating – greenhouses – solar cookers – water heating • Solar power plants
- 28. Geothermal Energy • Electricitygeneration – Power plants require water or steam at high temperatures (300° to 700°F) – Geothermal power plants built where geothermal reservoirs are located within a mile or two of the surface • Heat pumps – use stable ground or water temperatures near Earth's surface to control building temperatures above ground • Direct use – hot water from springs or reservoirs near surface – used for bathing or heating homes