The document discusses electron configurations, which describe how electrons are distributed in atomic orbitals. It explains the Aufbau principle, which states that electrons fill lower energy orbitals first. The Pauli exclusion principle is described, stating that no more than two electrons can occupy any single orbital. Hund's rule is also covered, regarding the filling of degenerate orbitals. Examples are provided to illustrate these principles.

1. Electron
Configuration

2. Electron Configurations
The electron configuration describes how the
electrons are distributed in the various atomic
orbitals.
1s1
principal (n = 1)
angular momentum (l = 0)
number of electrons in
the orbital or subshell
1s
2s 2p 2p 2p
Energy
The use of an up arrow indicates an electron
with ms = + ½
Ground state electron
configuration of
hydrogen

3. What do I mean by “electron
configuration?”

4. 1
1s
value of energy level
sublevel
no. of
electrons
spdf NOTATION
for H, atomic number = 1
spdf Notation
Orbital Box Notation
Arrows show
electron spin
(+½ or -½)
ORBITAL BOX NOTATION
for He, atomic number = 2
1s
2
1s 
2 ways to write electron configurations

5. 3 rules govern electron
configurations.
 Aufbau Principle
 Pauli Exclusion
Principle
 Hund’s Rule

6. Fill Lower Energy Orbitals FIRST
 The Aufbau Principle states
that electrons enter the
lowest energy orbitals first.
 The lower the principal
quantum number (n) the
lower the energy.
 Within an energy level, s
orbitals are the lowest
energy, followed by p, d and
then f. F orbitals are the
highest energy for that level.
Each line represents
an orbital.
1 (s), 3 (p), 5 (d), 7 (f)
Low Energy
High Energy

7. No more than 2 Electrons in Any
Orbital…ever.
 The next rule is the Pauli Exclusion
Principle.
 The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that
an atomic orbital may have up to 2
electrons and then it is full.
 The spins have to be paired.
 We usually represent this with an up
arrow and a down arrow.
 Since there is only 1 s orbital per
energy level, only 2 electrons fill that
orbital.
Wolfgang Pauli, yet
another German
Nobel Prize winner

8. Hund’s Rule
 Hunds Rule states that when you get
to degenerate orbitals, you fill them
all half way first, and then you start
pairing up the electrons.
 What are degenerate orbitals?
 Degenerate means they have the
same energy.
 So, the 2p orbitals on each level are
degenerate, because they all have the
same energy.
 Similarly, the d and f orbitals are
degenerate too.
Don’t pair up the 2p electrons
until all 2 orbitals are half
full.

9. Identify examples of the following principles:
1) Aufbau 2) Hund’s rule 3) Pauli exclusion

10. 1. Determine the atomic number of the
element from the Periodic Table
 This gives the number of protons and
electrons in the atom
Mg Z = 12, so Mg has 12 protons and 12
electrons
Steps in writing electron configuration

11. 2. Draw 9 boxes to represent the first 3
energy levels s and p orbitals
a) since there are only 12 electrons, 9
should be plenty
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

12. 3. Add one electron to each box in a set,
then pair the electrons before going to
the next set until you use all the
electrons
 When pair, put in opposite arrows
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
     

13. 4. Use the diagram to write the electron
configuration
 Write the number of electrons in each
set as a superscript next to the name of
the orbital set
1s22s22p63s2
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p
     

14. Electron Configurations
Element Configuration Element Configuration
H Z=1 1s1 He Z=2 1s2
Li Z=3 1s22s1 Be Z=4 1s22s2
B Z=5 1s22s22p1 C Z=6 1s22s22p2
N Z=7 1s22s22p3 O Z=8 1s22s22p4
F Z=9 1s22s22p5 Ne Z=10 1s22s22p6
(2p is now full)
Na Z=11 1s22s22p63s1 Cl Z=17 1s22s22p63s23p5
K Z=19 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 Sc Z=21 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1
Fe Z=26 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 Br Z=35 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5
Note that all the numbers in the electron configuration add
up to the atomic number for that element. Ex: for Ne (Z=10),
2+2+6 = 10

15.  One last thing. Look at the previous
slide and look at just hydrogen, lithium,
sodium and potassium.
 Notice their electron configurations. Do
you see any similarities?
 Since H and Li and Na and K are all in
Group 1A, they all have a similar ending.
(s1)

16. Element Configuration
H Z=1 1s1
Li Z=3 1s22s1
Na Z=11 1s22s22p63s1
K Z=19 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
This similar configuration causes them to behave
the same chemically.
It’s for that reason they are in the same family or
group on the periodic table.
Each group will have the same ending
configuration, in this case something that ends in s1.

17. • Note that elements within a given family
have similar configurations.
– For instance, look at the noble gases.
Helium 1s2
Neon 1s22s22p6
Argon 1s22s22p63s23p6
Krypton 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6

18. • Note that elements within a given
family have similar configurations.
– The Group IIA elements are sometimes called
the alkaline earth metals.
Beryllium 1s22s2
Magnesium 1s22s22p63s2
Calcium 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

19. Let’s Practice
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p3
Arsenic
1s22s22p63s23p2
1s22s22p63s23p4
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p6
5s24d105p66s25d14f 7
Silicon
Iron
Sulfur
Gadmium

20. Configurations and the Periodic Table

21. Shorthand electron configurations
• We can write shorthand electron
configurations.

22. Shorthand electron configurations
• Because electrons fill orbitals in a regular
pattern, we can shorten the work of writing
electron configurations by using the preceding
noble gas as a template
• We write the highest shell last to indicate the
“valence electrons” - i.e. those furthest out
(involved in bonding and chemical reactions)
• We can represent shorthand electron
configurations of the noble gasses 2 ways: E.g.
Ar = 1s22s22p63s23p6 = [Ne]3s23p6 = [Ar]

23. Electron configuration for As

24. • There are several notable exceptions to the order of
electron filling for some of the transition metals.
 Chromium (Z = 24) is [Ar]4s13d5 and not [Ar]4s23d4 as
expected.
• Copper (Z = 29) is [Ar]4s13d10 and not [Ar]4s23d9 as
expected.
The reason for these anomalies is the slightly greater
stability of d subshells that are either half-filled (d5) or
completely filled (d10).
4s 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d
[Ar]Cr
Greater stability with half-
filled 3d subshell

25. • There are several notable exceptions to the order of
electron filling for some of the transition metals.
 Chromium (Z = 24) is [Ar]4s13d5 and not [Ar]4s23d4 as
expected.
 Copper (Z = 29) is [Ar]4s13d10 and not [Ar]4s23d9 as
expected.
• The reason for these anomalies is the slightly greater
stability of d subshells that are either half-filled (d5) or
completely filled (d10).
4s 3d 3d 3d 3d 3d
[Ar]Cu
Greater stability with filled
3d subshell

26. Shorthand notation practice
Examples
Aluminum:
Calcium:
Nickel:
Iodine:
Astatine (At):
[Noble Gas Core] + higher energy electrons

27. Shorthand notation practice
Examples
● Aluminum: 1s22s22p63s23p1
[Ne]3s23p1
● Calcium: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
[Ar]4s2
● Nickel: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8
[Ar]4s23d8 {or [Ar]3d84s2}
● Iodine: [Kr]5s24d105p5 {or [Kr]4d105s25p5}
● Astatine (At): [Xe]6s24f145d106p5
{or [Xe]4f145d106s26p5}
[Noble Gas Core] + higher energy electrons

28. Questions?

30. ASSESSMENT

31. Write the short electron configuration and orbital diagram
for each of the following
• Na (at. no. 11)
• Te (at. no. 52)
• Tc (at. no. 43)

32. Write out the complete electron configuration for the
following:
1) An atom of nitrogen
2) An atom of silver
3) An atom of uranium (shorthand)
Write the orbital boxes for an atom of nickel (Ni)
2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d1s
Which rule states no two electrons can spin the same
direction in a single orbital?

33. Practice – Use the Periodic Table to write the short
electron configuration and orbital diagram for each of the
following
• Na (at. no. 11) [Ne]3s1
• Te (at. no. 52) [Kr]5s24d105p4
• Tc (at. no. 43) [Kr]5s24d5
3s
5s 5p4d
5s 4d

34. Write out the complete electron configuration for the following:
1) An atom of nitrogen
2) An atom of silver
3) An atom of uranium (shorthand)
Fill in the orbital boxes for an atom of nickel (Ni)
2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d1s
Which rule states no two electrons can spin the same direction in a single orbital?
1s22s22p3
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d9
[Rn]7s26d15f3
Pauli exclusion principle