Classifying Matter
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This document discusses the properties and states of matter. It defines matter as anything that has mass and takes up space, and explains that matter is made up of atoms. It then describes the three main states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases - and how their properties differ based on factors like the arrangement and movement of particles. The document also briefly introduces plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates as more advanced states of matter. It concludes by contrasting physical and chemical properties and changes in matter.
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Classifying Matter
- 1. Properties & States of Matter Basic Chemistry i wonder why Physical Science
- 2. Demonstration 2.2 Physical vs. Chemical Descriptions (a.k.a. Guess What's in the Bag) • Physical descriptions: • State of matter • Temperature • Size, density, mass, volume • Texture, color, shape, smell • Chemical descriptions: • Flammability, toxicity • Reactivity, corrosiveness • chemical composition • (describe interactions)
- 3. In your lab notebook, please answer as best you can: 1. What is matter (definition) and what is it made of? • Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space; it is made up of atoms 1. Name the three sub-atomic particles and their respective charges. • Proton (+), Electron (-), and Neutron (0) 3. What is a molecule ? • More than one atom bonded (joined) together. 4. A substance made of molecules with different types of atoms is a... • Compound 4. A substance made up of only one type of atom is called… • An element Bonus Question: What type of mixture is air? Air is a homogeneous mixture (and also a solution) of different gasses. Review Quiz 1
- 5. All matter is made of atoms Atoms of the same kind form pure elements What properties do the different elements possess? Color, texture, odor? Melting point, flammability? Density, reactivity? What form do the elements take at normal temperatures? States of matter: Solid Liquid Gas Plasma B-E Condensate MatterMatter Interactive Periodic TableInteractive Periodic Table Review GoldM ercury Helium Oxyge n Alum inumCoppe r Lead Silver Neon Sulfer
- 6. Common States of MatterCommon States of Matter • Elements & compounds can exist in different states • The most common are solid, liquid, and gas
- 7. Looking CloserLooking Closer • Arrangement of the particles what patterns the atoms or molecules form (due to bonding or attraction) • Energy of particles how fast the atoms/molecules are moving (temperature) • Distance between particles how far apart the atoms or molecules are from each other (density) States of matter are affected by...
- 8. Experiment 2.1 Inner Space How is the cup of marbles like water? • Are the marbles a good representation of molecules? Which aspects of this experiment • change? (variables) • stay the same? (controls) Sugar & Salt Solutions SIM • Observation: • What do you know? • What do you want to know more about? • Hypothesis: • What do you think will happen (& why)? • Experiment: • Record the data • What happened? • Conclusion: • Was your hypothesis correct? • What's next?
- 9. Solids Particles are tightly packed togetherParticles are tightly packed together • Crystal lattice structure of moleculesCrystal lattice structure of molecules Particles vibrate about a fixed positionParticles vibrate about a fixed position • Do NOT move freely or slide past one anotherDo NOT move freely or slide past one another They have a definite shape and a definite volume.They have a definite shape and a definite volume. • Retain their shape regardless of containerRetain their shape regardless of container • Cannot be compressedCannot be compressed
- 10. Liquids Particles are touching, but can slide past one anotherParticles are touching, but can slide past one another Have an indefinite shapeHave an indefinite shape • Fit into the bottom of whatever container they are placed inFit into the bottom of whatever container they are placed in Liquids have a definite volumeLiquids have a definite volume • Cannot be compressedCannot be compressed
- 11. Particles are very far apart and move freely and rapidly.Particles are very far apart and move freely and rapidly. Have an indefinite shapeHave an indefinite shape • Fill whatever container they are place inFill whatever container they are place in Have an indefinite volumeHave an indefinite volume • Can easily be compressedCan easily be compressed Gases
- 12. Atomic Speed • Did you know we can measure the motion of atoms and molecules? • The temperature of a substance is a measure of it’s molecular motion Molecules + Energy = Faster Molecule Movement = Heat
- 13. • Celsius • Water based • Kelvin • No negatives • No degrees • Fahrenheit • smaller units of change Temperature Scales
- 14. There are predictable temperatures of phase change for water (at sea level):There are predictable temperatures of phase change for water (at sea level): • Melting/Freezing Point = 0o C, 32o F or 273K • Boiling/Condensing Point = 100o C, 212o F or 373 K Points of Change 0o C 100o C
- 15. A plasma is an ionized gas. • Superheated over 1,000o C • Electrons are stripped away from the protons A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity • Affected by magnetic fields • Has an overall neutral charge Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and volume. • Particles move VERY fast. PlasmaAdvanced Topic
- 16. • Atoms no longer move around as individuals. • They all act the same, as a singular particle • You can no longer tell them apart! • Requires quantum physics to understand. Bose-Einstein Condensate Super-cooled matter (near absolute zero or - 273o C) forms another state Advanced Topic BE Condensate Visualization
- 17. Changes of StateChanges of State • What affects a substance’s physical state? • Temperature • Adding heat (energy) excites the atoms/molecules • Pressure • Adding pressure “immobilizes” the atoms/molecules • Atomic Interactions • Bonding between atoms/molecules • Water's H-bonds make it less susceptible to state changes
- 19. Properties of Matter • Physical properties: observed characteristics that describe a substance • State of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma, B-E condensate) • Melting and boiling point • Size, density, mass, volume • Temperature, color, texture, etc. • Chemical properties: characteristics that describe how a substance's composition can change (undergo a chemical reaction) • Flammability, toxicity • Susceptibility to rust (oxidation state) • Resistance to decomposition • Reactivity to other substances • Chemical composition (what atoms form the substance)
- 20. Chemical Formulas • Each element has a symbol • O for Oxygen, C for Carbon, Cl for Chlorine, etc. • Periodic Table of the Elements lists these symbols • A compound's chemical composition can be written out as a formula showing the ratio of different elements Common Compounds Compound Chemical Formula Ammonia NH3 Carbon dioxide CO2 Carbon monoxide CO Glucose C6H12O6 Methane CH4 Sodium Chloride NaCl Water H2O • The subscript # refers to the symbol before it • Example: Water • For every one atom of Oxygen, there are two Hydrogen atoms
- 21. Physical vs. Chemical Changes • When matter undergoes a physical change: • it alters the state, shape or appearance • it retains it's chemical composition • the original matter can be recovered • i.e. wood is still wood after being cut or shredded into sawdust, but its size and shape may change • When matter undergoes a chemical change: • it changes into a totally different type of matter • it's chemical composition changes (atoms and molecules are broken apart or combined differently to form new substances) • the original matter cannot be recovered • i.e. wood that is burned changes into charcoal and ashes
- 22. Examples of Physical & Chemical Changes Physical Changes Chemical Changes Wood getting ground into sawdust Wood burned in a campfire. An aluminum can getting crushed. Rust forming on a leaky pipe. Cheese melting on tortilla chips. Bread baking in the oven. A puddle of water evaporating. A silver platter that is tarnishing. Blueberries becoming frozen in the freezer. Milk turning into cheese. Rubbing alcohol evaporating on your skin. Butane igniting in a lighter. A kernel of corn being popped. Decomposing plants or animals. Gasoline burning in a car engine. Eggs being scrambled in a hot pan. Apple slices turning brown. Drain cleaner removing a hair clog.
- 23. Indications of a Chemical Change • Change in color • Change in temperature • gets warmer or cooler • Bubbles or precipitate • (evidence that a new substance with a different state of matter is forming) • Release of energy • Sound, light, and/or heat
Editor's Notes
- Opener: guess what’s in the bag demo
- Paper bags with objects: (tennis, ping-pong & bouncy balls, marble and stress ball or orange), (sugar-filled baggie, cotton balls, water-filled balloon & bean), (wooden block, rock, styrofoam, metal box) (inflated balloon, stuffed animal, feather, wad of paper) Students must use senses other than sight to describe. 1 student describes the object and class (or group) guesses. - include shape, size/volume, mass, texture - MUST include what state of matter the object is in
- All because of the atoms that form them - different atoms have different properties that react depending on their number of protons, electrons & neutrons
- The different states of matter are categorized by the arrangement and energy of the particles at normal temperatures and pressures. The state of matter can be altered by adding or removing energy and/or pressure which can affect the arrangement and energy of the particles. These are the three most common - but there are others that we will discuss later.
- The different states of matter are categorized by the arrangement and energy of the particles at normal temperatures and pressures. The state of matter can be altered by adding or removing energy and/or pressure which can affect the arrangement and energy of the particles.
- SUPPLIES: CLEAR plastic cups, 8-oz. or smaller, water in bottles, marbles, salt, sugar & sand (about ½ cup each), measuring spoons Plastic plates for collecting water overflow, paper towels, coffee filters, strainer PROCEDURE 1. Label three cups “marbles,” “sugar water,” and “salt water.” 2. Completely fill the cup labeled “marbles” with marbles. • How do you know the cup is full? • Do you think you could add sand to this cup? Where would the sand go if you added it? 3. Add sand to the cup full of marbles. • How many spoonfuls of sand can you add to the marbles? • Where did the sand go? 4. Completely fill the cups labeled “sugar water,” and “salt water” with water. • How do you know the cups are full? • How are these cups full of water similar to the cup full of marbles? 5. In the next step, you will add salt to the “salt water” cup until the water overflows. • Predict: How many spoonfuls of salt do you think you can add? 6. Carefully add 1 spoonful of salt to the “salt water” cup. Count and add more spoonfuls of salt. • How many spoonfuls of salt could you add to the water? • Where did the salt go? 7. In the next step, you will add sugar to the “sugar water” cup until the water overflows. • Predict: How many spoonfuls of sugar do you think you can add? 8. Now add one tablespoon of sugar to the “sugar water” cup. Count and add more spoonfuls of sugar. • How many spoonfuls of sugar could you add to the water? • Where did the sugar go? 9. Clean up your area. • Follow your teacher’s directions.
- Most of the 100+ elements are solid at room temperature.
- Drool - coffee - mercury - bromine? Mercury and bromine only liquid elements (at room temp).
- Kelvin is a temperature scale designed so that zero degrees K is defined as absolute zero (at absolute zero, a hypothetical temperature, all molecular movement stops - all actual temperatures are above absolute zero) and the size of one unit is the same as the size of one degree Celsius. The Kelvin scale is popular in scientific applications because of the lack of negative numbers. This scale is convenient for recording the very low temperatures of liquid helium and liquid nitrogen, for example. The lack of negative numbers also makes it easier to calculate differences between temperatures, such as saying one temperature is three times another temperature. In 1848, Kelvin used this as a basis for an absolute temperature scale. He defined "absolute" as the temperature at which molecules would stop moving, or "infinite cold." From absolute zero, he used the same unit as Celsius to determine the increments. Absolute zero cannot technically be achieved. However, scientists have been able to lower the temperature of matter to just a fraction of a Kelvin above absolute zero through techniques such as slowing down particles using lasers.
- Sublimation = going directly from solid to gas (i.e. dry ice)
- In a plasma the electrons have been stripped away from the central nucleus. Therefore, a plasma consists of a sea of ions and electrons and is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. Electrons are separated from their respective nucleus when enough heat is applied. In controlled thermonuclear fusion research, plasmas are heated to over 100 million degrees. The negatively charged electrons (yellow) are freely streaming through the positively charged ions (blue).
- In February 2003, the Boomerang Nebula was observed to have been releasing gases at a speed of 500,000 km/h (over 300,000 mph) for the last 1,500 years. This has cooled it down to approximately 1 K, as deduced by astronomical observation, which is the lowest natural temperature ever recorded.
- Review 5 states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, BE condensate Explore ptable.com to see state changes at different temperatures
- In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures. Finally, in 1995 (71 years later), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time.
- Chemical property: the way a substance may change or react to form other substances
- isopropyl alcohol = C3H8O
- see "Physical & Chemical Changes Lab" document May use some of the “Stations” as a teacher demo: starch/glue to make a polymer, vinegar & milk, vinegar & chalk (grind chalk first for physical change, then add vinegar for chemical change), steel wool and Kool-Aid, electrolysis, or decomposition of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by platinum contact-solution neutralizing disc.