In this presentation, we tried our best to explain the two basic types of Modulation that are Amplitude modulation and Frequency modulation. We hope you find this PPT useful.
It is a digital representation of an analog signal that takes samples of the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. The sampled analog data is changed to, and then represented by, binary data.
Modulation
In the modulation process, some characteristic of a high-frequency carrier signal (bandpass), is changed according to the instantaneous amplitude of the information (baseband) signal.
In this presentation, we tried our best to explain the two basic types of Modulation that are Amplitude modulation and Frequency modulation. We hope you find this PPT useful.
It is a digital representation of an analog signal that takes samples of the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. The sampled analog data is changed to, and then represented by, binary data.
Modulation
In the modulation process, some characteristic of a high-frequency carrier signal (bandpass), is changed according to the instantaneous amplitude of the information (baseband) signal.
The Presentation includes Basics of Non - Uniform Quantization, Companding and different Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. Comparison of Various PCM techniques is done considering various Parameters in Communication Systems.
Ground wave propagation, Sky wave propagation, Space Wave propagation, Multi hop propagation, Duct wave propagation, LOS propagation, Ionospheric Layers
Introduction to Angle Modulation, Types of Angle Modulation, Frequency Modulation and Phase Modulation Introduction, Generation of FM, Detection of FM, Frequency stereo Multiplexing, Applications, Difference between FM and PM.
AM modulation and Demodulation with Circuit and OutputSovan Paul
Here we use IC8038 as a signal generator to generate modulating and carrier signal. IC1496 a Balance Modulator IC used for modulation purpose, for demodulation purpose simple Diode Detector(Envelop type) is used.
The Presentation includes Basics of Non - Uniform Quantization, Companding and different Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. Comparison of Various PCM techniques is done considering various Parameters in Communication Systems.
Ground wave propagation, Sky wave propagation, Space Wave propagation, Multi hop propagation, Duct wave propagation, LOS propagation, Ionospheric Layers
Introduction to Angle Modulation, Types of Angle Modulation, Frequency Modulation and Phase Modulation Introduction, Generation of FM, Detection of FM, Frequency stereo Multiplexing, Applications, Difference between FM and PM.
AM modulation and Demodulation with Circuit and OutputSovan Paul
Here we use IC8038 as a signal generator to generate modulating and carrier signal. IC1496 a Balance Modulator IC used for modulation purpose, for demodulation purpose simple Diode Detector(Envelop type) is used.
the modulation of a wave by varying its amplitude, used especially as a means of broadcasting an audio signal by combining it with a radio carrier wave.
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Power point presentation of Amplitude modulation from DSBSC.pptxvairaprakash3
The equation of AM wave in simple form is given by,
eAM(t) = Ec sin 2πfct+(mE_c)/2 cos2π(fc + fm)t - (mE_c)/2 cos2π(fc - fm)t
Here, power of the carrier does not convey any information. Most of the power is transmitted in the carrier is not used for carrying information. Hence the carrier is suppressed and only sidebands are transmitted.Therefore, if the carrier is suppressed, only sidebands remain in the spectrum requiring less power.
DSB-SC Contains two side bands i.e USB & LSB
Power efficiency is 100%
% Power saving in DSB-SC w.r.t AM is 66.67%.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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1. Analog Modulation
Analog-to-analog conversion is the representationAnalog-to-analog conversion is the representation
of analog information by an analog signal. Oneof analog information by an analog signal. One
may ask why we need to modulate an analogmay ask why we need to modulate an analog
signal; it is already analog. Modulation is neededsignal; it is already analog. Modulation is needed
if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only aif the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a
bandpass channel is available to us.bandpass channel is available to us.
3. Analog Modulation
– Amplitude Modulation: changes the amplitude.
– Frequency Modulation: changes the frequency.
– Phase Modulation: changes the phase.
4. 5.4
Amplitude Modulation
• A carrier signal is modulated only in amplitude
value
• The modulating signal is the envelope of the
carrier
• The required bandwidth is 2B, where B is the
bandwidth of the modulating signal
• Since on both sides of the carrier freq. fc, the
spectrum is identical, we can discard one half,
thus requiring a smaller bandwidth for
transmission.
5. 5
AM Modulation/Demodulation
Modulator Demodulator
Baseband Signal
with frequency
fm
(Modulating Signal)
Bandpass Signal
with frequency
fc
(Modulated Signal)
Channel
Original Signal
with frequency
fm
Source Sink
fc >> fm
Voice: 300-3400Hz GSM Cell phone: 900/1800MHz
6. CSULB May 22, 2006 6
Amplitude Modulation
• The amplitude of high-carrier signal is varied
according to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating message signal m(t).
Carrier Signal: or
Modulating Message Signal: or
The AM Signal:
cos(2 ) cos( )
( ): cos(2 ) cos( )
( ) [ ( )]cos(2 )
c c
m m
AM c c
f t t
m t f t t
s t A m t f t
π ω
π ω
π= +
7. 7
AM Signal Math Expression
• Mathematical expression for AM: time domain
• expanding this produces:
• In the frequency domain this gives:
( ) (1 cos ) cosAM m cS t k t tω ω= +
( ) cos cos cosc cAM mS t t k t tω ω ω= +
[ ])cos()cos(coscos:using 2
1 BABABA ++−=
2 2( ) cos cos( ) cos( )c c c
k k
AM m mS t t t tω ω ω ω ω= + − + +
frequency
k/2
k/2
Carrier, A=1.
upper sideband
lower
sideband
Amplitude
fcfc-fm fc+fm
8. CSULB May 22, 2006 8
AM Power Frequency Spectrum
• AM Power frequency spectrum obtained by squaring
the amplitude:
• Total power for AM:
.
2 2
2
2
4 4
1
2
k k
A
k
= + +
= +
freq
k2
/4k2
/4
Carrier, A2
=12
= 1
Power
fcfc-fm fc+fm
9. 9
Amplitude Modulation
• The AM signal is generated using a multiplier.
• All info is carried in the amplitude of the
carrier, AM carrier signal has time-varying
envelope.
• In frequency domain the AM waveform are
the lower-side frequency/band (fc - fm), the
carrier frequency fc, the upper-side
frequency/band (fc + fm).
10. CSULB May 22, 2006 10
AM Modulation – Example
• The information signal is usually not a single frequency but a
range of frequencies (band). For example, frequencies from
20Hz to 15KHz. If we use a carrier of 1.4MHz, what will be the
AM spectrum?
• In frequency domain the AM waveform are the lower-side
frequency/band (fc - fm), the carrier frequency fc, the upper-side
frequency/band (fc + fm). Bandwidth: 2x(25K-20)Hz.
frequency
1.4 MHz
1,385,000Hz to
1,399,980Hz
1,400,020Hz to
1,415,000Hz
fc
11. CSULB May 22, 2006 11
Modulation Index of AM Signal
m
c
A
k
A
=
)2cos()( tfAtm mm π=
Carrier Signal: cos(2 ) DC:c Cf t Aπ
For a sinusoidal message signal
Modulation Index is defined as:
Modulated Signal: ( ) [ cos(2 )]cos(2 )
[1 cos(2 )]cos(2 )
AM c m m c
c m c
S t A A f t f t
A k f t f t
π π
π π
= +
= +
Modulation index k is a measure of the extent to
which a carrier voltage is varied by the modulating
signal. When k=0 no modulation, when k=1 100%
modulation, when k>1 over modulation.
12. CSULB May 22, 2006 12
Modulation Index of AM SignalModulation Index of AM Signal
13. CSULB May 22, 2006 13
Modulation Index of AM SignalModulation Index of AM Signal
14. CSULB May 22, 2006 14
Modulation Index of AM SignalModulation Index of AM Signal
15. 15
Example
• Determine the maximum sideband power if the carrier output
is 1 kW and calculate the total maximum transmitted power.
• Max sideband power occurs when k = 1. At this percentage
modulation each side frequency is ½ of the carrier amplitude.
Since power is proportional to the square of the voltage, each
has ¼ of the carrier power. ¼ x 1kW = 250W Total sideband
power = 2 x 250 = 500W. Total transmitted power = 1kW +
500W = 1.5kW
16. 16
Demodulation of AM Signals
Demodulation extracting the baseband message from
the carrier.
•There are 2 main methods of AM Demodulation:
• Envelope or non-coherent detection or demodulation.
• Synchronised or coherent demodulation.
17. Envelope/Diode AM Detector
When an AM signal is received, the receiver must
perform a converse process to get the original signal
(Information Signal ) back . This process is known as
detection or demodulation, the simplest process which
is used widely in AM radios is the Envelop Detector .
Envelop Detector is an electronic circuit which is used
to recover ( Demodulate ) the original signal in AM
systems, its constructed from just one diode, one
capacitor and one resistor .
This is essentially just a halfwave rectifier which
charges a capacitor to
a voltage = the peak voltage of the AM signal .
18.
19. CSULB May 22, 2006 19
Envelope/Diode AM Detector
If the modulation depth is > 1, the distortion below occurs
K>1
20. Envelope/Diode AM Detector
• The output of the detector follows the envelop of the
modulated signal. On the positive cycles of the input
signal, the diode conducts and the capacitor charges
up to the peak voltage of the input signal. As the input
falls below this peak value, the diode is cut off,
because the capacitor voltage is greater than the input
signal voltage, thus causing the diode to open. The
capacitor now discharges through the resistor at slow
rate. The discharge process continues until the nest
positive half-cycle. When the input signal becomes
greater than the output across the capacitor, the diode
conducts again and the process is repeated.
21. CSULB May 22, 2006 21
Synchronous or Coherent
Demodulation
This is relatively more complex and more expensive. The Local
Oscillator (LO) must be synchronised or coherent, i.e. at the same
frequency and in phase with the carrier in the AM input signal.
23. Synchronous or Coherent
Demodulation
If we assume zero path delay between the modulator and
demodulator, then the ideal LO signal is cos(ωct).
Analysing this for a AM input =
( )( ) ( )tωtm+V cDC cos
24. CSULB May 22, 2006 24
Exercises: Draw the Spectrums
a) cos(ωct)cos(ω1t)
from cosAcosB= 1/2[cos(A-B)+cos(A+B)]
we get: cos(ωct)cos(ω1t)=1/2[cos(ωc-ω1)t + cos(ωc+ω1)t]
Hence the spectrum of this is:
b) cos2
ωt
from cos2
A=1/2[1+cos2A]
we get: cos2
ωt=1/2[1+cos2ωt]
The spectrum is thus:
ωc-ω1 ωc+ω1
1/2 1/2
frequency
amplitude
1/2
freq
2ω
1/2
DC=0Hz
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44. Demerits of AM DSB FC
An unmodulated RF
carrier requires narrow
bandwidth
Modulation results in
creation of a carrier and 2
Sidebands. This
requires more power.
Moreover carrier contains
no information.
45. Why DSB SC?
The carrier contains no information.
So we can think of avoiding or suppressing
46. Why SSB?
The carrier contains no audio information.
The sidebands contains duplicated information