Power point presentation of Amplitude modulation from DSBSC.pptxvairaprakash3
The equation of AM wave in simple form is given by,
eAM(t) = Ec sin 2πfct+(mE_c)/2 cos2π(fc + fm)t - (mE_c)/2 cos2π(fc - fm)t
Here, power of the carrier does not convey any information. Most of the power is transmitted in the carrier is not used for carrying information. Hence the carrier is suppressed and only sidebands are transmitted.Therefore, if the carrier is suppressed, only sidebands remain in the spectrum requiring less power.
DSB-SC Contains two side bands i.e USB & LSB
Power efficiency is 100%
% Power saving in DSB-SC w.r.t AM is 66.67%.
Introduction to Angle Modulation, Types of Angle Modulation, Frequency Modulation and Phase Modulation Introduction, Generation of FM, Detection of FM, Frequency stereo Multiplexing, Applications, Difference between FM and PM.
. Types of Modulation(Analog)
Phase-Frequency Relationships
FM and PM basics
Frequency deviation
MODULATION INDEX
Classification of FM
Narrow Band FM (NBFM)
generating a narrowband FM signal.
Wide Band FM (WBFM).
Carson’s Rule
Generation of WBFM
Average Power
FM BANDWIDTH
Comparing Frequency Modulation to Phase Modulation
Power point presentation of Amplitude modulation from DSBSC.pptxvairaprakash3
The equation of AM wave in simple form is given by,
eAM(t) = Ec sin 2πfct+(mE_c)/2 cos2π(fc + fm)t - (mE_c)/2 cos2π(fc - fm)t
Here, power of the carrier does not convey any information. Most of the power is transmitted in the carrier is not used for carrying information. Hence the carrier is suppressed and only sidebands are transmitted.Therefore, if the carrier is suppressed, only sidebands remain in the spectrum requiring less power.
DSB-SC Contains two side bands i.e USB & LSB
Power efficiency is 100%
% Power saving in DSB-SC w.r.t AM is 66.67%.
Introduction to Angle Modulation, Types of Angle Modulation, Frequency Modulation and Phase Modulation Introduction, Generation of FM, Detection of FM, Frequency stereo Multiplexing, Applications, Difference between FM and PM.
. Types of Modulation(Analog)
Phase-Frequency Relationships
FM and PM basics
Frequency deviation
MODULATION INDEX
Classification of FM
Narrow Band FM (NBFM)
generating a narrowband FM signal.
Wide Band FM (WBFM).
Carson’s Rule
Generation of WBFM
Average Power
FM BANDWIDTH
Comparing Frequency Modulation to Phase Modulation
the modulation of a wave by varying its amplitude, used especially as a means of broadcasting an audio signal by combining it with a radio carrier wave.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
the modulation of a wave by varying its amplitude, used especially as a means of broadcasting an audio signal by combining it with a radio carrier wave.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. Fundamental of
Communication
System
Abdirahim Khalif Ali
M.Eng (Electrical-Electronics and Telcommunications)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
B.Sc. (Honors), Electronic and Electrical Engineering.
International University of Africa (2009)
Email: abdirahim.kh@gmail.com
3. Generation of FM signal
2 techniques – direct and indirect methods
Direct FM: the freq. of the carrier is varied/deviated
directly by the modulating signal.
Direct method
1. Varactor diode
2. Reactance modulation
3. Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
Output frequency is proportional to the input voltage.
3
4. Varactor Diode Modulator
Varactor Diode Schematic
Symbol
Varactor Diode is used to transform changes in the modulating signal
amplitude to changes in frequency 4
5. Varactor
diode
L C = kvm
1. Varactor diode
Varactor diode characteristic
C
C
C o
T
C
C
L
LC
f
o
T
o
2
1
2
1
Mathematical analysis :
O
C
LC
f
2
1
If vm= 0
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
O
O
O
O
O
C
C
LC
C
C
LC
f
Varactor diode’s capacitance depends on the voltage
across it.
Audio signals placed across the diode cause its
capacitance to change, which in turn, causes the
frequency of the oscillator to vary.
5
6. Using Binomial expansion :
O
m
C
O
C
O
C
kv
f
C
C
f
f
2
1
2
1
From the equation it can be seen that
the FM signal can be obtained because
the output frequency is dependant to
the information signal amplitude, vm .
O
O C
C
C
C
2
1
1
2
1
;
6
1. Varactor diode
7. A reactance modulator is a
circuit in which a transistor is
made to act like a variable
reactance load to the LC
circuit
The reactance modulator is
placed across the LC circuit of
the oscillator
The modulating signal varies
the reactance , which causes a
corresponding change in the
resonant frequency of the
oscillator
Reactance modulator
7
8. 8
Frequency modulation using these techniques are not able to create a
signal with large frequency deviation. It means it is not suitable for
WBFM. To address this issue and due to stability reason, the Crosby
modulator was developed.
The Crosby circuit incorporates an automatic frequency control
(AFC).
The VCO’s output frequency is proportional to the voltage of the input signal.
If audio is applied to the input of a VCO, the output is an FM signal.
Voltage Controlled Oscillator VCO
AFC circuit compares the freq. of the noncrystal carrier oscillator to a crystal
oscillator , the produces a correction voltage proportional to the difference
between the two freq.
The correction is fed back to the carrier oscillator to automatically compensate
for any drift that occured
9. Crosby Direct FM Modulator
fc is the carrier rest frequency = unmodulated output frequency from the master
oscillator
9
10. Let us look at an example. An FM station operates at 106.5 MHz with a maximum
deviation of 75 KHz. The FM signal is generated by a reactance modulator that
operates at 3.9444 MHz, with a maximum deviation of 2.7778 KHz. The resulting
FM signal is fed through 3 frequency triplers, multiplying the carrier frequency
and deviation 27 times. The final carrier frequency is 27*3.9444 = 106.5 MHz and
the final deviation is 27*2.7778 = 75 KHz.
It is important to remember that frequency multiplication multiplies
both the carrier frequency and the deviation.
10
11. Indirect method
vWBFM(t)
vm(t)
Armstrong method
First generate NBFM. Then multiplies NBFM frequency with multiplier N. This
frequency multiplication multiplies both the carrier frequency and the deviation.
Then signal vy(t) is tuned at the frequency desired and is suitable to the ranges of
LO frequency, fLO . BPF is then used to filter the desired frequency components.
Mixer Band pass
filter
Local Oscillator
cos(ωLOt)
vz(t)
vy(t)
ωc1 Nωc1
NBFM
modulator
Freq.
multiplier, N
vNBFM(t)
~
Indirect FM: the frequency of the carrier is indirectly deviated by the
modulating signal, but the phase of the carrier is directly changed by the
modulating signal
11
12. Generation of NBFM
• FM modulation : The amplitude of the modulated carrier is held constant and the
time derivative of the phase of the carrier is varied linearly with the information
signal.
• The instantaneous frequency of FM is given by:
• Hence
)
(
)
( t
v
k
t m
f
c
i
)
(
)
( t
v
k
t m
f
c
t
dt
t
d
t c
c
c
i
)
(
)
(
where
~
∫dt kf
vm(t)
)
(t
c
X ∑
90°
vNBFM(t)
Eccos(ωct)
Ecsin(ωct)
-
+
Phase modulator
12
13. • The angle of the FM signal can be obtained by integrating
the instantaneous frequency.
• vm(t) is a sinusoidal signal, hence:
)
sin(
)
sin(
)
cos(
)
(
0
t
t
E
k
dt
t
E
k
t
m
m
m
m
f
t
m
m
f
c
1
)
(
)
(
0
t
m
f
c dt
t
v
k
t
1
)
sin(
t
m
t
m
f
c
t
m
f
c
c
dt
t
v
k
t
dt
t
v
k
t
0
0
)
(
)
(
)
(
t
t
dt
t
t c
c
t
i
c
0
)
(
)
(
t
m
f
c dt
t
v
k
t
0
)
(
)
(
Notes:
Notes:
For NBFM
Therefore
13
14. • General equation for FM signal
)]
(
sin[
)
(
sin
)]
(
cos[
)
(
cos
)]
(
[
cos
)
(
t
t
E
t
t
E
t
t
E
t
v
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
FM
)
(
sin
)
(
)
(
cos
)
( t
E
t
t
E
t
v c
c
c
c
c
NBFM
• Therefore NBFM signal can be generated using phase modulator circuit as
shown.
• To obtain WBFM signal, the output of the modulator circuit (NBFM) is fed into
frequency multiplier circuit and the mixer circuit.
• The function of the frequency multiplier is to increase the frequency deviation
or modulation index so that WBFM can be generated.
• Hence :
1
)
(
t
c
For NBFM therefore 1
)]
(
cos[
t
c
)
(
)]
(
sin[ t
t c
c
and
Summary:
14
Generation of NBFM
15. vWBFM(t)
~
Mixer
Band pass
filter
LO
cos(ωLOt)
vz(t)
vy(t)
ωc1 Nωc1
NBFM
modulator
Freq.
multiplier, N
vm(t)
vNBFM(t)
Generation of WBFM
Mathematical analysis
• The instantaneous value of the carrier frequency is increased by N
times. Let:
)
(
)
(
)
( 1 t
t
t c
c
i
)
(
)]
(
[
)
(
)
(
2
1
2
t
N
t
N
t
N
t
c
c
c
c
Output of the frequency
multiplier :
c
c N
2
Notes
15
16. And :
)
(
)
(
)
( 2
2
2 t
N
t
t
dt
d
t c
c
c
c N
2
Note:
)
sin(
)
sin(
)
(
2
1
t
t
N
t
N
m
m
c
1
2
N
• It is proven that the modulation index was increased by N
times following this equation.
)
sin(
)
sin(
)
cos(
)
(
0
t
t
E
k
dt
t
E
k
t
m
m
m
m
f
t
m
m
f
c
16
Generation of WBFM
17. • The output equation of the frequency multiplier :
• Pass the signal through the mixer, then WBFM signal is obtained :
• BPF is used to filter the WBFM signal desired either at ωc2+ ωLO or at
ωc2- ωLO .
• Hence the output equation :
)]
(
[
)]
(
[
cos
)
(
2
2
t
N
t
kos
E
t
E
t
v
c
c
c
c
FM
)]
(
)
cos[(
)]
(
)
cos[(
)
cos(
2
x
)]
(
[
cos
)
(
2
2
2
t
N
t
E
t
N
t
E
t
t
N
t
E
t
v
c
LO
c
c
c
LO
c
c
LO
c
c
c
FM
)]
(
)
[(
)]
(
)
[(
)
(
2
2
t
N
t
kos
E
t
N
t
kos
E
t
v
c
LO
c
c
c
LO
c
c
WBFM
17
18. Comparison between FM and AM
• Advantages
– SNR is much better than AM can be obtained, if the BW is
greater enough.
– SNR can be increased by increasing the transmitted power.
– Constant amplitudes made the non linear preamplifier to be
used effectively.
• Disadvantages
– BW is usually larger than AM.
– Circuitry is more complex.
18
19. PREEMPHASIS/DEEMPHASIS
In an FM system the higher frequencies contribute more to the noise than
the lower frequencies. The situation become more complex due to the
amplitude of the signal at higher frequencies are smaller than at the lower
frequencies.
Because of this all FM systems adopt a system of preemphasis at the
transmitter and deemphasis at the receiver.
Preemphasis (before the modulation process)– The higher
frequencies are increased in amplitude before being used to
modulate the carrier and therefore will be less affected to
noise.
Deemphasis (after the demodulation process)– is the mirror of
pre-emphasis process.
19
22. IF Bandwidth
200 kHz
FM Radio Receiver
Preemphasis
FM
FM
modulation
fc
88 – 108 MHz
RF amplifier
(Mixer) Limiter
FM
detector
deemphasis
Audio
amplifier
LO : fLO = fc +
10.7 MHz
Talaan sepunya
(common tuning)
fIF = 10.7 MHz
A
FM transmitter
22
23. Pemodulatan Sudut
FM Radio Channel
CH
1
CH
2
CH
3
CH
99
CH
100
88MHz 108MHz
20MHz Radio FM
BW=200kHz
fc1=88.1MHz fc2=88.3MHz
25kHz
Guard
Band
25kHz
Guard
Band
25kHz
Guard
Band
25kHz
Guard
Band
BW=200kHz
150kHz
(Δf=±75kHz)
150kHz
(Δf=±75kHz)
Channel 1 Channel 2
Modulating signal freq. range
fm = 50Hz – 15kHz
Maximum freq. deviation
Δf = ±75kHz
Range of modulation index
βmin = (75kHz/15kHz) = 5
βmax = (75kHz/50Hz) = 1500
BW for each channel
BW = 200kHz
No. of channel
N = 5(f-47.9)
23