1. Every magnet has two poles, north and south, and magnetic fields are described by field lines that run from the north to the south pole. 2. A current-carrying wire in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to both the current and the magnetic field. Fleming's left hand rule can be used to determine the direction of this force. 3. Charged particles like electrons moving through a magnetic field experience a force perpendicular to their motion, causing them to travel in a circular path. The magnetic field provides the centripetal force.

1. 6.3 – Magnetic Force and Field

2. Magnetic Poles
Every magnet has two poles (North & South) and is therefore called a Dipole
Unlike Electric Fields it is impossible to have a Monopole.
If you cut a magnet in half you end up with another dipole.
N S
N S N S
Unlike poles attract, Like poles repel.
N S N S
N S
S N
These magnets will turn so that UNLIKE poles come together.

3. Earth’s Magnetic Field
Because magnets will turn so that UNLIKE poles come together, the poles
are really called ‘North seeking poles’ or ‘South seeking poles’
Compasses contain
small magnets which
turn towards the
Earth’s poles.
N
S
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/magn
ets-and-electromagnets

4. Magnetic Field Lines
Magnetic Field
This is a region of space where a test magnet experiences a turning force
http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/mfbar.htm
Field Lines
They point from the North Pole to the South Pole.

5. Magnetic Flux Density (B)
The strength of the magnetic field seems
linked to the density of the magnetic field
lines.
There is a stronger field at the poles where
there are more field lines.
Magnetic Flux Density (B)
This is the equivalent of:
g for Gravitational Fields (Nkg-1)
E for Electric Fields (NC-1)
The unit of Magnetic Flux Density (B) is the Tesla (T) and like the other
field strengths it is a Vector.
A good way to think about it is that it is just a measure of how many Field
Lines there are in a certain area. A magnetic field is often called a ‘B Field’
Until we know more about Magnetism it isn’t possible to define The
Magnetic Field Density (B) in the same way as we do for Gravitational
Field Strength (g) and Electric Field Strength (E)

6. Fields Caused by Currents
It turns out that if a small
compass is placed near a
wire carrying a current it
experiences a weak turning
force.
This led scientists to realise
that Magnetism is actually
caused by moving charges.
The field is strongest closest The fingers show
the direction of
to the wire. the field.
The direction of the field can
be found using the Right
Hand Corkscrew Rule.
http://www.walter-
fendt.de/ph14e/mfwire.htm

7. Field inside a coil
When a current flows All these circles add This makes a really
around a circular loop together. strong field in the
the magnetic field centre of the circular
forms circles. loop.

8. Field inside a solenoid
A solenoid is a coil of
wire, carrying a current.
The field that is created
by a solenoid is just like
that of a bar magnet but
the field lines go
through the centre.

9. Force on a current carrying conductor review

10. Changing the direction of the force review
The direction of the force acting on a wire in an
electromagnetic field can be reversed by:
Reversing the Current Reversing the Magnetic Field
The direction of the force is therefore relative to both the
direction of the magnetic field and the current.

11. Fleming’s left-hand rule review
It is possible to predict the direction of the force acting on a
wire – its motion – if the direction of the current or the
magnetic field are known. Fleming’s left-hand rule is used
to do this.
thuMb = Motion
First finger = magnetic Field
seCond finger = Current

12. Increasing the size of the force review

13. Force in a Magnetic Field equation
As you have just seen the size of the force depends on:
B – Magnetic Flux Density
I – current in the wire
l – length of wire
If the field is not at Right Angles to the wire then the perpendicular component
of the field is used and the equation is:

14. Force in a Magnetic Field alternative equation
B – Magnetic Flux Density
I – current in the wire
l – length of wire
1. 2. 3. 4.

15. Charges in Magnetic Fields . = B Field coming out of page
1. Electrons moving in a wire ⨯ B Field going away into page
=
Imagine an arrow coming towards
you or going away from you.
In the picture above, the electron is moving to the right, so Conventional Current (I) is
moving to the left.
From Fleming’s Left Hand Rule the electron experiences a force downwards at right
angles to it’s motion. It’s the sum of all the forces on all the electrons that gives the
total force on the wire.
2. Electrons moving freely through a magnetic field
The force is always perpendicular to it’s motion, so it
ends up moving in a circle.
The Magnetic Field provides the Centripetal Force.

16. What forces are there between two current carrying wires?
Step 1 – What does I2 do to I1 ?
Use the Right Hand Corkscrew rule to see what the field lines do.
Step 2 – Which way does I1 move?
Use Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
to see what the force is on I1
F

17. Now repeat for the other wire:
Force caused by I2 on I1 Force caused by I1 on I2
F
F
The two wires move together!

18. If the currents are flowing in opposite directions:
I I
If the currents are flowing in opposite directions:

19. What would happen to a coil?
What happens to the shape of the coils?

20. What would happen to a coil?
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/magnetostatics/15
-MagneticForceAttract/MagForceAtt_640.mpg

21. Aurora Borealis
Knut Birkeland (1867–1917) is on
the 200 Norwegian kroner note.
He was a Physicist best known for
his studies on the aurora borealis.
Timelapse of the Aurora
http://vimeo.com/16917950

22. Aurora Borealis – the Physics
The Earth has a magnetic field caused by currents in its core, which channels
charged particles from solar flares and from our upper atmosphere towards
the poles

23. Aurora Borealis – the Physics
Charged particles from space
experience a force on them from
the earth’s magnetic field which
makes them spiral around the
magnetic field lines and head
towards the poles.
As they meet air molecules they
excite the molecules causing
them to give out light.
Without the protection of the
earth’s magnetic field we would
be constantly bombarded with
high energy particles.
This is one of the reasons that Space flight is so difficult. Astronauts report
white flashes in their vision as Cosmic rays pass straight through their heads.
Without shielding missions to Mars will be impossible.