The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular, lymphatic, and nervous systems. It discusses the components of blood and different types of blood vessels. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, which work together to circulate blood throughout the body. The lymphatic system drains excess fluid from tissues, transports lipids, and carries out immune responses through lymph nodes and vessels. The nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.
A mathematical model of two phase, (One phase is Newtonian and other is non-N...iosrjce
In the present paper we have formulated the renal blood flow along the capillaries in case of renal
disease Diabetes . keeping in the view the nature of renal circulatory system in human body. P.N.Pandey and
V.Upadhyay have considered the blood flow has two phased one of which is that of red blood cells and other is
plasma. According to Fahreaus-Lindqvist effect the blood flow in two separated layers while passing through
capillaries. The plasma layer which flows along the surface of the capillaries contains almost no blood cells.
The second layer the core layer containing blood cells which flows in plasma along the axis of capillary. We
have collected a clinical data in case of Diabetes for hematocrit v/s blood pressure. The graphical presentation
for particular parametric value is much closed to the clinical observation. The overall presentation is in
tensorial form and solution technique adapted is analytical as well as numerical. The role of hematocrit is
explicit in the determination of blood pressure drop in case of renal disease Diabetes
HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CHAPTER 8 - CBSE BIOLOGY CLASS-VIIBIOLOGY TEACHER
* Circulatory System: This system is concerned with the circulation of body fluids to distribute various substances to various body parts. The circulatory system is also known as the cardiovascular system.
Gives a brief description on the anatomy and the physiology of the heart. Explains the generation and conduction of cardiac action potential in detail. It also describes the mathematical modelling diagram of the cardiac system in short.
Not 100 % genuine slides, took from a couple of sources --> credits to those sources.
#important thing is students are able to learn conveniently
BIOLOGY GCE O level Syllabus
NOTE: NEED TO DOWNLOAD BECAUSE THERE ARE MANY MANY ANIMATIONS THAT HIDE SOME OF THE CONTENT
what is Fish blood.reading this you will know about fish blood.a short description about fish blood
source:<a>bd tips tech</a> the best bangla tech site http://www.bdtipstech.com
A mathematical model of two phase, (One phase is Newtonian and other is non-N...iosrjce
In the present paper we have formulated the renal blood flow along the capillaries in case of renal
disease Diabetes . keeping in the view the nature of renal circulatory system in human body. P.N.Pandey and
V.Upadhyay have considered the blood flow has two phased one of which is that of red blood cells and other is
plasma. According to Fahreaus-Lindqvist effect the blood flow in two separated layers while passing through
capillaries. The plasma layer which flows along the surface of the capillaries contains almost no blood cells.
The second layer the core layer containing blood cells which flows in plasma along the axis of capillary. We
have collected a clinical data in case of Diabetes for hematocrit v/s blood pressure. The graphical presentation
for particular parametric value is much closed to the clinical observation. The overall presentation is in
tensorial form and solution technique adapted is analytical as well as numerical. The role of hematocrit is
explicit in the determination of blood pressure drop in case of renal disease Diabetes
HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CHAPTER 8 - CBSE BIOLOGY CLASS-VIIBIOLOGY TEACHER
* Circulatory System: This system is concerned with the circulation of body fluids to distribute various substances to various body parts. The circulatory system is also known as the cardiovascular system.
Gives a brief description on the anatomy and the physiology of the heart. Explains the generation and conduction of cardiac action potential in detail. It also describes the mathematical modelling diagram of the cardiac system in short.
Not 100 % genuine slides, took from a couple of sources --> credits to those sources.
#important thing is students are able to learn conveniently
BIOLOGY GCE O level Syllabus
NOTE: NEED TO DOWNLOAD BECAUSE THERE ARE MANY MANY ANIMATIONS THAT HIDE SOME OF THE CONTENT
what is Fish blood.reading this you will know about fish blood.a short description about fish blood
source:<a>bd tips tech</a> the best bangla tech site http://www.bdtipstech.com
Circulation involves the movement of blood in the body which carries nutrients, enzyme etc. to the respective cells and tissues.Moreover the slide is focused on the different parts involved the process of circulation, along with blood grouping and blood coagulation.
DETAILED CHAPTER OF BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION.
WELL EXPLAINED WITH DIAGRAM. WELL ORGANISED POWER[POINT TEMPLATES. SHORT AND PRECISE NOTES. WELL DEFINED TOPICS FOR EACH SUBJECTS.
Who is it important that the lymphatic system operate separately f.pdfarihantmobileselepun
Who is it important that the lymphatic system operate separately from the cardiovascular
system? Explain
Describe the relationship between the lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
Who is it important that the lymphatic system operate separately from the cardiovascular
system? Explain
Describe the relationship between the lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
Describe the relationship between the lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
Solution
It is important that the lymphatic system operate separately from the cardiovascular system
becuase lymphatic system is a closed circulatory system that consists of lymph capillaries, lymph
vessels, and lymph nodes different to blood vessels. The lymph present in capillaries flows into
lymphatic vessels, which are presented deep or superficial but blood vessels are deep innervating
various parts of body to maintain pheripheral resistance & mean arterial blood pressure. Blood
flows through three types of blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins) distributed throughout
the body. Capillaries are the fine endings of blood vessels. These capillaries are responsible for
the exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients and waste products. The molecules move across the
capillaries through a process called “diffusion.” These lymph vessels combine to form lymphatic
trunks that empty into the large collecting vessels of lymphatic system called “thoracic duct and
right lymphatic duct.”
The lymphoid tissue is mostly composed of a reticular connective tissue (a type of loose
connective tissue). The fibres of the reticular network contain macrophages. A number of
lymphocytes from the postcapillary venule walls occupy this network and leave to the body
again. This ensures the lymphocytes to identify the infected sites at a faster rate.
Lymphatic system is a closed circulatory system that consists of lymph capillaries, lymph
vessels, and lymph nodes. Lymph is a tissue fluid, which is formed by the diffusion of
substances from blood capillaries into tissue spaces. The lymph present in capillaries flows into
lymphatic vessels, which are presented deep or superficial. These lymph vessels combine to form
lymphatic trunks that empty into the large collecting vessels of lymphatic system called “thoracic
duct and right lymphatic duct.”
It is important that the lymphatic system operate separately from the cardiovascular system due
to the follwoing reasons and exerts differentail effects of innate immune system. The lymph is
generated to produce defensive mechanisms via innate immunity include physical barriers,
phagocytes, immune surveillance,interferons, complement system, inflammation and fever.
1. Fluid recovery: Filtration of the fluid into the tissue spaces from the blood capillaries will
occur continuously. 85% of it will be absorbed by the blood capillaries. About 15% will be
remained unabsorbed. This unabsorbed portion of the fluid is about 2-4 litres of water and 1/4th
to 1/2th of plasma protein. If this water protein an.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Lecture: 3
2SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY
•What is a cardio-vascular system
•What are the different types of circulatory systems present in the human body
•What are the components of blood
•What are the different types of blood vessels present in the body
•What are the different types of immunity and its function in the body
•What is a lymphatic system and importance of lymph in the body
•What is an autonomic system and its importance in the body
3. Chapter 07: The Cardio-Vascular system
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 3
4. Introduction
oThe cardiovascular system consists of three interrelated components: blood, the heart, and blood
vessels.
oThe branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the
disorders associated with them is hematology.
oFunctionally, the cardiovascular system transports substances to and from body cells. To perform
its functions, blood must circulate throughout the body.
oThe heart serves as the pump for circulation, and blood vessels carry blood from the heart to
body cells and from body cells back to the heart.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 4
5. Two Division of Circulatory System
A- BLOOD-VASCULAR SYSTEM
Blood vascular system consists of
1. Heart (Pump-Like Organ)
2. Blood vessels (Arteries-Capillaries-veins)
Blood is a liquid connective tissue that consists of
cells surrounded by extracellular matrix.
Blood constitutes about 8 percent of the total
body weight. The blood volume is 5 to 6 liters
(1.5 gal) in an average-sized adult male and 4 to 5
liters (1.2 gal) in an average-sized adult female.
The difference in volume is due to differences in
body size.
B- LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
It consists of lymph nodes and vessels in which
the lymph circulates.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 5
6. Composition of Blood
Blood is composed of two portions
1- BLOOD PLASMA
oA liquid extracellular matrix that contains
dissolved substances.
oPlasma is about 91.5 percent water, 7 percent
proteins, and 1.5 percent solutes other than
proteins.
oProteins in the blood, the plasma proteins, are
synthesized mainly by the liver.
oThe most plentiful plasma proteins are the
albumins, which account for about 54 percent of
all plasma proteins.
2- FORMED ELEMENTS
These are cells and cell fragments.
The formed elements of the blood are the
following.
1- Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
2- White blood cells (leukocytes)
3- Platelets
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 6
9. Classification of Blood Vessels
1. Arteries are the vessels which carries blood
away from the heart.
2. Division of Arties are called arterioles which
will be proximal to the capillary. The size of
arterioles varies from 100 micro meter to 12
micro meters.
3. Capillaries are the minute vessels that
connect the arterioles and venules forming a
network in nearly all parts of the body.
4. Any of the small vessels that collect blood
from the capillary plexuses and join to form
veins are called venules.
5. Veins are the vessels through which blood
passes from various tissues and organs
towards heart.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 9
11. Classification of Circulation
Two main types of circulations are as follow.
1. Systemic circulation: In this circulation the
blood flows from left ventricle through the
whole body and generally returns to the
right side of the heart.
2. Pulmonary Circulation: In this circulation
the blood flows from the right ventricle,
through the lungs and returns to the left
side of the heart.
3. Hepatic Portal Circulation: In this
circulation blood has to pass through two
sets of capillaries before reaching inferior
vena cava.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 11
12. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 12
Circulatory routes. Red arrows indicate
hepatic portal circulation. The details of the
pulmonary circulation are shown here, and
the details of the hepatic portal circulation
are shown in Figure
14. Anastomosis
It is a connection between two vessels by
collateral channels
Types of Anastomosis: There are three types of
anastomoses;
1. Arterial Anastomosis. (Connection
between arteries)
2. Venous Anastomosis. (Connection
between Veins)
3. Arterio- Venous Anastomosis. (Connection
between arteries and veins).
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 14
16. What is an Immunity
Immunity or resistance is the ability to use our body’s defenses to ward off damage or disease.
Types of Immunity: There are two types of Immunity
1. Innate Immunity 2. Adaptive Immunity
1. Innate Immunity: It refers to defenses that are present at birth. They are always present and
available to provide rapid responses to protect us against disease. Innate immunity does not
involve specific recognition of a microbe and acts against all microbes in the same way.
2. Adaptive Immunity: It refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it
has breached the innate immunity defenses. Adaptive immunity is based on a specific response
to a specific microbe; that is, it adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 16
17. What is a lymphatic System
The body system responsible for adaptive
immunity (and some aspects of innate
immunity) is the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system consists of lymph,
lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and
organs containing lymphatic tissue, and red
bone marrow.
Interstitial fluid: Most components of blood
plasma filter out of blood capillary walls to
form interstitial fluid, the fluid that surrounds
the cells of body tissues.
Lymph: After interstitial fluid passes into
lymphatic vessels, it is called lymph.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 17
18. Function of Lymphatic System
All the tissues of the body are bathed with lymphatic fluid and it perform three important
functions;
1. Drains excess interstitial fluid. Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid and leaked
proteins from tissue spaces and return them to the blood. This activity helps maintain fluid
balance in the body and prevents depletion of vital plasma proteins.
2. Transports dietary lipids. Lymphatic vessels transport the lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A,
D, E, and K) absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract into the blood.
3. Carries out immune responses. Lymphatic tissue initiates highly specific responses directed
against particular microbes or abnormal cells.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 18
19. Circulation of Lymph
The sequence of fluid flow is:
Blood capillaries (blood plasma) →
Interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid) →
lymphatic capillaries (lymph) → lymphatic
vessels and lymph nodes (lymph) →
lymphatic ducts (lymph) → junction of
jugular and subclavian veins (blood
plasma).
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 19
20. Factors which regulate the flow of lymph
Lymph flow is influenced by following factors:
1. Rhythmical contraction of blood vessel.
2. Pumping action of contracting muscles.
3. Negative pressure (suction force) in the thoracic cavity.
4. Positive pressure in the abdominal cavity during inspiration.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 20
22. Chapter 09: The Nervous System
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 22
23. Cells of nervous system and their functions
The two types of cells found in the nervous
system are called neurons or nerve cells and
neuroglia, which are specialized connective
tissue cells. Neurons conduct impulses, whereas
neuroglia supports neurons.
Neurons: Each neuron consists of three parts: a
main part called the neuron cell body, one or
more branching projections called dendrites, and
one elongated projection known as an axon.
Dendrites: Dendrites are the processes or
projections that transmit impulses to the neuron
cell bodies.
Axon: axons are the processes that transmit
impulses away from the neuron cell bodies.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 23
25. Types of Neuron
Neurons can be classified structurally and
functionally. The three types of functional
classification of neurons are according to the
direction in which they transmit impulses.
1. Sensory Neuron: Sensory neurons transmit
impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all
parts of the body. Sensory neurons are also
called afferent neurons.
2. Motor Neuron: Motor neurons transmit
impulses in the opposite direction-away from
the brain and spinal cord. motor neurons are
called efferent neurons.
3. Interneurons: Interneurons conduct impulses
from sensory neurons to motor neurons.
Interneurons are called central or connecting
neurons.
Neuroglia: Neuroglia does not specialize in
transmitting impulses. Instead, they are special
types of connective tissue cells. Their name is
appropriate because it is derived from Greek word
glia meaning "glue." One function of neuroglia cells
is to hold the functioning neurons together and
protect them.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 25
26. Classification of Nervous system
Anatomically the nervous system is classified as
follow;
1. Central Nervous System ( C.N.S): It is that
portion of the nervous system which contains
the main centers for correlation and
integration of neural information. This
portion of the nervous system is well
protected by the meninges, Cerebral Spinal
Fluid (CSF), Skull and Vertebrae. It includes;
Brain and Spinal Cord.
2. Peripheral Nervous System: It is the portion
of the nervous system which lies outside the
cranial cavity and vertebral canal. It includes;
Peripheral nerves and cranial nerves
Nervous
System
Central
Nervous system
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral
nervous system
Peripheral
Nerves
Cranial Nerves
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 26
27. Division of the Brain
The brain, one of our largest organs,
consists of the following major
division, named in ascending order
beginning with the most inferior part:
1. Brain Stem: a. Medulla Oblongata,
b. Pons, c. Midbrain.
2. Cerebellum
3. Diencephalon: a. Hypothalamus,
b. Thalamus
4. Cerebrum
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 27
28. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 28
Functions of the principal parts of the brain
PART FUNCTION
Brain Stem Medulla oblongata: Contains sensory (ascending) tracts and motor (descending) tracts. Reticular
formation (also in pons, midbrain, and diencephalon) functions in consciousness and arousal. Vital
centers regulate heartbeat, breathing (together with pons), and blood vessel diameter. Other centers
coordinate swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccupping. Contains nuclei of origin for cranial
nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII.
Pons: Contains sensory tracts and motor tracts. Together with the medulla, helps control breathing.
Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII.
Midbrain Midbrain: Contains sensory tracts and motor tracts. Superior colliculi coordinate movements of head,
eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli. Inferior colliculi coordinate movements of head, eyes, and
trunk in response to auditory stimuli. The substantia nigra and red nucleus contribute to control of
movement. Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves III and IV.
Diencephalon Thalamus: Relays almost all sensory input to the cerebral cortex. Contributes to motor functions by
transmitting information from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor areas of the cerebral cortex. Also
plays a role in maintaining consciousness.
Hypothalamus: Controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.
Regulates emotional and behavioral patterns and circadian rhythms. Controls body temperature and
regulates eating and drinking behavior. Helps maintain waking state and establishes patterns of sleep.
29. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 29
PART FUNCTION
Cerebellum: Smoothens and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles. Regulates posture and balance.
May have role in cognition and language processing.
Cerebrum: Sensory areas of cerebral cortex are involved in perception of sensory information; motor
areas control execution of voluntary movements; association areas deal with more complex
integrative functions such as memory, personality traits, and intelligence. Basal nuclei help
initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulate muscle
tone. Limbic system promotes range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection,
fear, and anger.
30. Reflex Arc
The structural unit of the nervous system is a neuron and functional unit is the reflex circuit or reflex
arc. The simplest reflex circuit is composed of following parts.
1. Receptor: It responds to a stimulus of some kind and generates the action potential e.g. sensory
nerve endings in the skin.
2. Afferent neuron or sensory neuron: It carries the sensory impulse from the receptors towards
the central nervous system.
3. Reflex center: It is located in the central nervous system and is composed of different types of
neurons which analyze the sensory impulse.
4. Efferent neuron or motor neuron: It carries the orders from the motor neuron of the central
nervous system towards the effectors.
5. Effector: It may be a muscle or a gland which starts functioning in response to orders received
from central nervous system e.g. the muscle will contract and the gland will secrete. This
functional activity is known as reflex response.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 30
32. The Autonomic Nervous System
It is that part of the central and peripheral nervous system which is concerned with the involuntary
activities of the body like respiration, circulation, sweating, Salivation peristalsis etc.
Division: The autonomic Nervous system is divided into two parts which contain both the afferent
(Sensory) and efferent (motor) nerve fibers.
A- Sympathetic: It is concerned with the preparation of the body for an acute emergency in the
following ways:
1. It accelerates the heart rate.
2. It causes peripheral vasoconstriction.
3. It raises the blood pressure.
4. It facilitates the redistribution of the blood
5. It inhibits the peristalsis of gastrointestinal tract.
6. It closes the various sphincters.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 32
33. Autonomic Nervous System.
B- Parasympathetic: It is concerned with the preparation of the body for long term emergency
in the following way.
1. It decreases the heart rate.
2. It causes peripheral vasodilation.
3. It decreases blood pressure.
4. It increases the peristalsis of gastrointestinal tract and its glandular activities.
5. It relaxes the various sphincters.
6. Its activity is aimed at conserving and restoring the energy.
SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 33