Body fluid and circulation

 Living organisms are made up of cells .
 This cells need oxygen and nutrients for their growth.
 These are supplied through circulatory system.
 In lower organisms like sponges and hydra circulation
is through water but in higher organisms it through
blood and lymph.

 Plasma
 Formed Elements;
(a) Erythrocytes
(b) Leucocytes
(c) Thrombocytes

 It has 90_92% of water,6_8% of proteins.
There are 3 types of proteins.
 Fibrinogen –Helps in coagulation of blood.
 Globulin-Involved in defense mechanism.
 Albumin- Helps in osmotic balance.
 It has minerals.
 Plasma without fibrinogen is called serum.
BLOOD PLASMA

 Human RBC Is devoid of
nucleus
 Biconcave in shape.
 RBC contains
Hemoglobin.
 Life span is 120 days.
 Total count of RBC is 5-
5.5 millions/mm3
 Transport of respiratory
gases.

 Colorless.
 Nucleated.
 Total count 6000 to
8000mm3.
 Short lived.

TYPES OF LEUCOCYTES
 Granulocytes
 Agranulocytes

• 2-3% of Leucocytes.
• Resist infections.
• Associated with allergic reactions.
• NEUTROPHILS
• 60-65% of Leucocytes.
• Phagocytes in nature.
• It secretes histomine, serotonin& heparin.
• Involved in inflammatory reactions.
EOSINOPHILS

LYMPHOCYTES
• It forms 20-25 % of formed element.
• It is of 2 types
• B-Lymphocytes &T-Lymphocytes.
• Both are responsible for immune responses of the body.
• MONOCYTES
• These are phagocyte in nature .It forms 6 –8% of formed
element.

BLOOD CLOTTING
 Thrombokinase
 Prothrombin Thrombin
 Calcium
 Fibrinogen Thrombin Fibrin

 Fibrin +Formed Elements Bloodclot

Blood group Antigens Antibody DONATE
BLOOD TO
A A anti-B A,AB
B B anti-A B,AB
AB A,B -------- AB
O ------- Anti-
A,B
ALL

RH GROUPING
 Another surface antigen is also present in
RBC.
 This surface antigen was first reported in
Rhesus Monkey. So it is called Rhesus
factor or RH factor.
 80% of people are Rh+ve ,they have Rh
factor.

RH INCOMPATIBILIITY
 FEMALE * MALE
 Rh-ve Rh+ve
FOETUS (Rh+ve)
safe
At child birth
Anti Rh
antibody
Second Foetus
Destroy the 2nd
foetus

 As the blood passes through the capillaries in tissues, some
water along with many small water soluble substances move
out into the spaces between the cells of tissues leaving the
larger proteins and most of the formed elements in the blood
vessels.
 This fluid released out is called the interstitial fluid or tissue
fluid.
 This fluid present in the lymphatic system is called the lymph.
 It has lymphocytes.
 It is colorless.
 Fats are absorbed through lymph.

CIRCULATORY PATHWAY
OPEN CIRCULATION
• In this blood pumped by
the heart enters into
the open spaces called
sinuses.
• Blood flow is not
regulated
Closed circulation
• In this blood is confined
to the blood vessels.
• Blood flow is regulated.

Structure of Human heart
 It is located in thoracic
cavity in between 2
lungs.
 It is protected by
pericardium.
 It has 4 chambers (2
Atria& 2 ventricles)

 Heart is made up of
cardiac muscle.
 Right auricle is separated
from Right ventricle by
means of a septum with 3
flaps called tricuspid
valve.
 Left auricle is separated
from left ventricle by
means of a septum with
2flaps called bicuspid
valve/mitral valve.

 Cardiac cycle initiates from SA node(
Pace maker). It also maintains the
rhythm of heart beat.
 It is located in the right upper corner of
right atrium.
 From SA node the electrical impulses
reach the AV node.
 AV node is located in the lower left
corner of the right atrium.
 From AV node it reaches the Bundle of
His.
 Finally it reaches the ventricles
through Purkinjee fibers.
 Human heart is myogenic in nature.

CARDIAC OUTPUT
• It is the amount of blood pumped by heart
per minute is called heart output or
cardiac output.
• Cardiac output =72x70 ml
=5040 ml.

TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS
 Carry blood from heart
to different parts of the
body.
 Carry oxygenated
blood except
pulmonary artery.
 Deeply seated.
 Valves are absent.
 Have thick walls
 Carry blood from
different parts of the
body to heart.
 Carry deoxygenated
blood except
pulmonary vein.
 Superficially seated.
 Valves are present.
 Have thin walls.
ARTERIES VEINS

DOUBLE CIRCULATION
 Pulmonary circulation
 Systemic circulation

Right Atria Right ventricle Pulmonary artery
Systemic arota Left ventricle Left atria
Pulmonary vein
Body parts
Lungs
Deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood
oxygenated blood
oxygenated blood
oxygenated bloodoxygenated blood
oxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

ECG; It is the graphical
representation of electrical activity
of cardiac chambers.
P wave-Depolarization of atria
QRS _Depolarization of ventricles.
TWAVE Repolarisation of cardiac
chambers.

DISORDER OF
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 High Blood Pressure
(Hypertension)
 Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
 Angina Pectoris
 Heart Failure

 A persistent rise in diastolic pressure
above 90 mmHg and or systolic
pressure above 140mmHg is termed as
hypertension.

 It is due to the deposition of cholesterol on the walls of
arteries leading to narrowing of arteries.
 This also causes hypertension.
 Blood supply to the cardiac muscle is reduced.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
 Loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries
due to ageing.

MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION
 Very low blood flow to the cardiac muscle. As a result
cardiac muscle cannot sustain its function.

• Acute pain in the chest due to very less
supply of oxygen to the heart muscle.

MD. SARWAR AZAD
TIRTHA MAITRA
RAZIUR RAHMAN
S.V.S HEMANT KUMAR
ANUBHUTI
CHAURASIA

Body fluid and circulation

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