Ch. 12 the nervous system-JBS
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The nervous system receives sensory information and sends motor commands. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves). The document discusses medical suffixes -plegia (paralysis) and -paresis (weakness) as they relate to nervous system disorders. Examples are given such as Bell's palsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and spinal cord injury for -plegia and Parkinson's disease, transient ischemic attack, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and myasthenia gravis for -paresis. Causes and treatments are described for some of these conditions.
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Nervous system chapter 12
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The presentation focuses on two suffixes related to the nervous system: -phasia, relating to speech, and -esthesia, relating to sensation. Aphasia refers to loss of ability to communicate through language and can result from stroke or head injury. Paresthesia is a burning or tingling sensation that can be a symptom of neurological disorders or nerve damage. Hyperesthesia is increased sensitivity of the senses.
Nervous system
Dysphasia refers to difficulty with speech caused by brain damage. It can cause problems expressing and comprehending language. Ataxia is a lack of muscle coordination that affects movements, speech, eyes, and swallowing. It has several types including cerebellar ataxia from cerebellum damage, sensory ataxia from loss of position sense, and vestibular ataxia involving the inner ear. Causes include vitamin deficiencies, brain lesions, drugs, and mercury exposure. Treatment focuses on physical and occupational therapy, mobility devices, and managing daily challenges.
The Nervous System
The document discusses the nervous system and defines two medical suffixes: -plegia and -esthesia. -Plegia refers to paralysis, such as monoplegia which is paralysis of one limb, or paraplegia which is paralysis of the lower body and legs. -Esthesia refers to sensation, such as paresthesia which is an abnormal sensation like tingling, or hyperesthesia which is an excessive sensation that may involve feeling things that are not present. The nervous system coordinates all body activities by sending and receiving information.
The nervous system, parts, function, illness and diseases
The nervous system is the body's information gatherer, storage center and control system. It collects information from inside and outside the body and sends it to the brain for analysis, then sends signals to initiate responses. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves connecting to the rest of the body). The peripheral system includes the somatic system for voluntary movement and autonomic system for involuntary functions like heart rate. The autonomic system has the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions that work in opposition to regulate normal and stress responses. Common nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's, which causes dementia, and Parkinson's, characterized by movement issues from dopamine neuron loss.
Nervous system
The document discusses the nervous system and different types of paralysis. It explains that the nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. It then defines several medical terms related to paralysis, including hemiplegia as partial or total paralysis on one side of the body. Hemiplegia can be present at birth or occur later in life, and is often caused by a brain lesion or stroke disrupting blood flow to the brain.
Chapter 12 ppt to post
This document discusses medical terminology related to the nervous system. It defines terms ending in -plegia, meaning paralysis, and -esthesia, meaning feeling or sensation. Specific terms discussed include paraplegia (paralysis of the lower half of the body), quadriplegia (paralysis of the arms and legs), and hyperesthesia (excessive sensation). Causes of paralysis include strokes, spinal cord injuries, and neurological diseases. Treatments for conditions like hyperesthesia include analgesics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants.
Parkinson
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. It occurs when dopamine-producing neurons in the brain die or become impaired. Over time, this leads to motor symptoms like shaking, rigidity, and difficulty walking. While the cause is unknown, it likely involves both genetic and environmental factors. Common symptoms include tremors at rest, slow movements, and stiff muscles, but there is no single test to diagnose it.
Chapter 12 presentation
The suffix -plegia means paralysis and can refer to paralysis of different parts of the body. Some examples are:
1) Monoplegia refers to paralysis of one limb.
2) Quadriplegia refers to paralysis of all four limbs.
3) Hemiplegia refers to paralysis of one side of the body.
4) Paraplegia refers to paralysis of the lower half of the body.
The suffix -esthesia means feeling or sensation. It can refer to abnormal sensations like anesthesia (loss of sensation), hyperesthesia (excessive sensation), or paresthesia (abnormal sensations like burning or tingling).
Recommended
Nervous system chapter 12
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The presentation focuses on two suffixes related to the nervous system: -phasia, relating to speech, and -esthesia, relating to sensation. Aphasia refers to loss of ability to communicate through language and can result from stroke or head injury. Paresthesia is a burning or tingling sensation that can be a symptom of neurological disorders or nerve damage. Hyperesthesia is increased sensitivity of the senses.
Nervous system
Dysphasia refers to difficulty with speech caused by brain damage. It can cause problems expressing and comprehending language. Ataxia is a lack of muscle coordination that affects movements, speech, eyes, and swallowing. It has several types including cerebellar ataxia from cerebellum damage, sensory ataxia from loss of position sense, and vestibular ataxia involving the inner ear. Causes include vitamin deficiencies, brain lesions, drugs, and mercury exposure. Treatment focuses on physical and occupational therapy, mobility devices, and managing daily challenges.
The Nervous System
The document discusses the nervous system and defines two medical suffixes: -plegia and -esthesia. -Plegia refers to paralysis, such as monoplegia which is paralysis of one limb, or paraplegia which is paralysis of the lower body and legs. -Esthesia refers to sensation, such as paresthesia which is an abnormal sensation like tingling, or hyperesthesia which is an excessive sensation that may involve feeling things that are not present. The nervous system coordinates all body activities by sending and receiving information.
The nervous system, parts, function, illness and diseases
The nervous system is the body's information gatherer, storage center and control system. It collects information from inside and outside the body and sends it to the brain for analysis, then sends signals to initiate responses. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves connecting to the rest of the body). The peripheral system includes the somatic system for voluntary movement and autonomic system for involuntary functions like heart rate. The autonomic system has the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions that work in opposition to regulate normal and stress responses. Common nervous system diseases include Alzheimer's, which causes dementia, and Parkinson's, characterized by movement issues from dopamine neuron loss.
Nervous system
The document discusses the nervous system and different types of paralysis. It explains that the nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. It then defines several medical terms related to paralysis, including hemiplegia as partial or total paralysis on one side of the body. Hemiplegia can be present at birth or occur later in life, and is often caused by a brain lesion or stroke disrupting blood flow to the brain.
Chapter 12 ppt to post
This document discusses medical terminology related to the nervous system. It defines terms ending in -plegia, meaning paralysis, and -esthesia, meaning feeling or sensation. Specific terms discussed include paraplegia (paralysis of the lower half of the body), quadriplegia (paralysis of the arms and legs), and hyperesthesia (excessive sensation). Causes of paralysis include strokes, spinal cord injuries, and neurological diseases. Treatments for conditions like hyperesthesia include analgesics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants.
Parkinson
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. It occurs when dopamine-producing neurons in the brain die or become impaired. Over time, this leads to motor symptoms like shaking, rigidity, and difficulty walking. While the cause is unknown, it likely involves both genetic and environmental factors. Common symptoms include tremors at rest, slow movements, and stiff muscles, but there is no single test to diagnose it.
Chapter 12 presentation
The suffix -plegia means paralysis and can refer to paralysis of different parts of the body. Some examples are:
1) Monoplegia refers to paralysis of one limb.
2) Quadriplegia refers to paralysis of all four limbs.
3) Hemiplegia refers to paralysis of one side of the body.
4) Paraplegia refers to paralysis of the lower half of the body.
The suffix -esthesia means feeling or sensation. It can refer to abnormal sensations like anesthesia (loss of sensation), hyperesthesia (excessive sensation), or paresthesia (abnormal sensations like burning or tingling).
Nervous system normal and abnormal findings
This document provides guidance on assessing the nervous system in geriatric patients. It lists normal findings such as reduced nerve cells and cerebral blood flow. It also lists abnormal findings including increased risk of falls, short term memory loss, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, dementia, stroke, and depression. The document instructs nurses to illustrate and paste examples of five normal and abnormal findings for the nervous system on an illustration board as part of a classroom activity.
Chapter 12
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a motor neuron disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing muscle weakness. As the disease progresses, it causes the loss of function in voluntary muscles as motor neurons degenerate and die, resulting in muscle atrophy. Early symptoms may include twitching or stiffness in muscles, slurred speech, or difficulty swallowing. As the disease worsens, patients experience increasing difficulty with tasks like breathing, speaking, walking, and moving, which can lead to paralysis and eventual death usually within 3-5 years due to respiratory failure.
Chapter 12
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a motor neuron disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing muscle weakness. As the disease progresses, it causes the loss of function in voluntary muscles as motor neurons degenerate and die, resulting in muscle atrophy. Early symptoms may include twitching or stiffness in muscles, slurred speech, or difficulty swallowing. As the disease worsens, patients experience increasing difficulty with tasks like breathing, speaking, walking, and moving, which can lead to paralysis and eventual death usually within 3-5 years due to respiratory failure.
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This document discusses various parkinsonian disorders including Parkinson's disease, atypical parkinsonian disorders (Progressive supranuclear palsy, Multisystem atrophy, Corticobasal degeneration), and other causes of parkinsonism such as medications, cerebrovascular disease, Wilson's disease, and Huntington's disease. It provides details on the clinical features, investigations, pathology, and management of these conditions.
Suffixes of the Nervous System
The document discusses two suffixes related to the nervous system: -esthesia and -plegia. -Esthesia refers to sensation, sensitivity, or perception. It is combined with prefixes to form terms describing conditions affecting sensation, such as hypoesthesia (diminished sensitivity). -Plegia means stroke or paralysis and is combined with prefixes to form terms like paraplegia (paralysis of the legs) and hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body). Examples are provided of medical terms using each suffix related to nervous system functions, dysfunctions, and injuries.
Medulla, Reticular Formation, Thalamus, and Hippocampus
The medulla regulates vital involuntary functions like breathing and heart rate. Damage to the medulla is often fatal or causes vegetative states, as it controls crucial tasks necessary for life. The reticular formation in the medulla regulates arousal, attention, sleep, and awareness. Damage can cause fatigue, sexual dysfunction, or coma. The thalamus relays sensory information to processing areas. Damage results in sensory confusion as information is wrongly directed. The hippocampus processes long-term memory and emotions. Alzheimer's or damage impairs memory formation and recall of object and event locations.
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This document provides information about neurological diseases and neurologists. It discusses common neurological diseases like Alzheimer's, migraines, and Parkinson's. It then lists some common symptoms that may indicate neurological issues like paralysis, weakness, loss of sensation, and seizures. The document recommends adopting a healthier lifestyle with exercise to help prevent neurological disorders and slow their progression. It suggests seeing a doctor regularly and provides information on the top neurology hospital in Varanasi, Jamuna Sewa Sadan and Research Centre.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder characterized by abnormal brain activity that causes seizures. Seizures can vary in their symptoms but commonly involve temporary confusion, staring spells, jerking movements, loss of awareness, or changes in emotions and senses. A diagnosis of epilepsy requires at least two unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy affects people of all ages, races and backgrounds. Treatment options include medications or surgery which can control seizures for most people with epilepsy.
Chapter 12 presentation
Paraplegia is an impairment of motor or sensory function in the lower extremities, usually caused by spinal cord injury or a congenital condition like spina bifida. It affects the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions of the spinal canal. Paraplegia can result from traumatic spinal cord injury, inflammation/swelling, or non-traumatic factors like tumors, scoliosis, or spina bifida. Spinal cord injuries causing paraplegia are classified as complete or incomplete based on the retention of feeling or function below the injury point.
[Int. med] motor symptoms from SIMS Lahore
This document discusses motor symptoms such as weakness, paresis, and increased fatigability. It describes upper and lower motor neuron lesions, providing signs of each. Upper motor neuron lesions can be caused by cerebrovascular accidents, tumors, or demyelination. Lower motor neuron lesions involve anterior horn cells or the peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, or muscles. Types of weakness like hemiparesis and paraparesis are explained. The evaluation and etiology of hemiparesis is covered, noting it can be caused by cortical, cranial nerve, or high cervical spine lesions. The exam of the motor system and investigations for hemiparesis are also summarized.
Cranial nerves examination
This document provides an overview of how to examine the 12 cranial nerves. It describes how to test each nerve's motor, sensory and reflex functions. For example, it explains how to test the optic nerve by checking visual acuity, color perception and visual fields. It also provides details on potential abnormalities for each nerve, such as ptosis indicating issues with the 3rd cranial nerve. The overview aims to guide practitioners on systematically examining each cranial nerve.
Seizures
Epilepsy is a brain disorder caused by disturbed neuronal activity in the brain, which can cause strange sensations, emotions, behaviors, or sometimes convulsions. It is classified as either primary generalized or partial seizures. Diagnosis involves EEG, brain imaging, and blood tests to identify potential causes. Treatment primarily consists of anti-seizure medications, but may also include dietary therapies, vagus nerve stimulation, or surgery to remove the affected part of the brain.
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This document provides an outline for taking a patient's history. It begins with sections on personal history, complaint, history of present illness, past history, family history, and diagnosis. Each section of the history of present illness examines a different body system, including motor, sensory, cranial nerves, speech, sphincters, and cognition. Questions are provided as examples to elicit relevant details from the patient for each system. The overall summary is an outline for obtaining a comprehensive medical history by systematically exploring each body system and area of the patient's health.
Epilepsija (ang
The document discusses epilepsy, including its definition, causes, classification of seizures, and treatment. Epilepsy is defined as a group of disorders that cause recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain and can have various causes including genetic defects, brain injuries, tumors, or lack of sleep. Seizures are classified as either partial/focal or generalized depending on where they originate and spread in the brain. Treatment involves anticonvulsant drugs which work by various mechanisms to prevent neuronal overexcitation as well as surgical removal of epileptic brain regions.
Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis
Paralysis is a complete loss of motor power in any muscle group. When paralysis affects all four extremities, it is called quadriplegia when it affects only the lower extremities, paraplegia and when it affects the extremities on one side of the body, hemiplegic. For this reason, the term paralysis is generally reserved for more focal, less stereotyped weakness, for instance, affecting all the muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve. Many different anatomical lesions and etiologies can cause paralysis and determine its treatment. Bikash Debsingha | Dr. Gourav Kr. Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/45108/review-of-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-paralysis/bikash-debsingha
INTRODUCTION TO NEURO NURSING
The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. It discusses the lobes of the cerebrum and their functions. It also describes the peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, neurons, neuroglia cells, neurotransmitters, and the 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
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This document summarizes the pathophysiology of seizures. It outlines predisposing factors like family history and precipitating factors like sensory stimuli. It then describes how an epileptogenic focus becomes hyperexcitable, leading to partial depolarization and neurotransmitter release. This lowers the seizure threshold and can be activated by precipitating factors, spreading abnormal electrical discharges between hemispheres. During the tonic phase, muscles stiffen and consciousness is lost. The clonic phase involves rapid muscle contractions and jerking. Finally, the post-ictal phase involves exhaustion and impaired coordination or consciousness.
Different Sleep Disorders
This document discusses several lesser known sleep disorders, including Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS) which involves recurring breathing events and difficulty breathing during sleep similar to sleep apnea. It also describes Restless Leg Syndrome, a neurological disorder causing uncontrollable sensations in the legs and arms, and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder where people physically act out their dreams and can endanger partners. Finally, it mentions Circadian Rhythm Disorder which includes conditions like jetlag and phase delay where electronic device use close to bedtime can interfere with sleep patterns.
T H E B R A I N(Ensayo)
The brain is the center of the nervous system located in the head and protected by the skull. It contains billions of neurons that communicate through long fibers called axons. While protected, the human brain is susceptible to damage from head injuries, strokes, diseases, and disorders. The cerebral cortex is divided into left and right hemispheres, each with four lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. Each hemisphere primarily interacts with the opposite side of the body through crossed connections in the brain and spinal cord.
Nervous System: Suffixes and Implications
This document discusses different types of paralysis that affect the nervous system. Hemiplegia is paralysis of one side of the body, monoplegia is paralysis of a single limb, and quadriplegia/tetraplegia is paralysis of all four limbs. Paraplegia is paralysis of the lower extremities. Congenital paralysis seen in premature or low birth weight babies can result from maternal illness or chemical exposure. It is often associated with cerebral palsy, which causes lack of motor skills. Acquired paralysis can come from spinal cord injuries, which sever communication between nerves and the brain, causing paralysis below the injury site. Different types of aphasia are discussed which affect speech abilities.
Terminology of nervous system ترمینولوژی سیستم عصبی
This document contains definitions of numerous medical prefixes, suffixes, and root words used in neurology and related fields. It provides the Greek or Latin origins and definitions for prefixes like neuro-, psycho-, meningo-, radiculo-, and suffixes like -algia, -esthesia, -phobia. It also defines several neuroanatomical terms based on their roots such as hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, ventricles, and more. The document serves as a reference for understanding the meanings behind many medical terminology terms.
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Nervous system normal and abnormal findings
This document provides guidance on assessing the nervous system in geriatric patients. It lists normal findings such as reduced nerve cells and cerebral blood flow. It also lists abnormal findings including increased risk of falls, short term memory loss, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, dementia, stroke, and depression. The document instructs nurses to illustrate and paste examples of five normal and abnormal findings for the nervous system on an illustration board as part of a classroom activity.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a motor neuron disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing muscle weakness. As the disease progresses, it causes the loss of function in voluntary muscles as motor neurons degenerate and die, resulting in muscle atrophy. Early symptoms may include twitching or stiffness in muscles, slurred speech, or difficulty swallowing. As the disease worsens, patients experience increasing difficulty with tasks like breathing, speaking, walking, and moving, which can lead to paralysis and eventual death usually within 3-5 years due to respiratory failure.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a motor neuron disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing muscle weakness. As the disease progresses, it causes the loss of function in voluntary muscles as motor neurons degenerate and die, resulting in muscle atrophy. Early symptoms may include twitching or stiffness in muscles, slurred speech, or difficulty swallowing. As the disease worsens, patients experience increasing difficulty with tasks like breathing, speaking, walking, and moving, which can lead to paralysis and eventual death usually within 3-5 years due to respiratory failure.
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Suffixes of the Nervous System
The document discusses two suffixes related to the nervous system: -esthesia and -plegia. -Esthesia refers to sensation, sensitivity, or perception. It is combined with prefixes to form terms describing conditions affecting sensation, such as hypoesthesia (diminished sensitivity). -Plegia means stroke or paralysis and is combined with prefixes to form terms like paraplegia (paralysis of the legs) and hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body). Examples are provided of medical terms using each suffix related to nervous system functions, dysfunctions, and injuries.
Medulla, Reticular Formation, Thalamus, and Hippocampus
The medulla regulates vital involuntary functions like breathing and heart rate. Damage to the medulla is often fatal or causes vegetative states, as it controls crucial tasks necessary for life. The reticular formation in the medulla regulates arousal, attention, sleep, and awareness. Damage can cause fatigue, sexual dysfunction, or coma. The thalamus relays sensory information to processing areas. Damage results in sensory confusion as information is wrongly directed. The hippocampus processes long-term memory and emotions. Alzheimer's or damage impairs memory formation and recall of object and event locations.
Best Neurosurgeon in Varanasi
This document provides information about neurological diseases and neurologists. It discusses common neurological diseases like Alzheimer's, migraines, and Parkinson's. It then lists some common symptoms that may indicate neurological issues like paralysis, weakness, loss of sensation, and seizures. The document recommends adopting a healthier lifestyle with exercise to help prevent neurological disorders and slow their progression. It suggests seeing a doctor regularly and provides information on the top neurology hospital in Varanasi, Jamuna Sewa Sadan and Research Centre.
Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder characterized by abnormal brain activity that causes seizures. Seizures can vary in their symptoms but commonly involve temporary confusion, staring spells, jerking movements, loss of awareness, or changes in emotions and senses. A diagnosis of epilepsy requires at least two unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy affects people of all ages, races and backgrounds. Treatment options include medications or surgery which can control seizures for most people with epilepsy.
Chapter 12 presentation
Paraplegia is an impairment of motor or sensory function in the lower extremities, usually caused by spinal cord injury or a congenital condition like spina bifida. It affects the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions of the spinal canal. Paraplegia can result from traumatic spinal cord injury, inflammation/swelling, or non-traumatic factors like tumors, scoliosis, or spina bifida. Spinal cord injuries causing paraplegia are classified as complete or incomplete based on the retention of feeling or function below the injury point.
[Int. med] motor symptoms from SIMS Lahore
This document discusses motor symptoms such as weakness, paresis, and increased fatigability. It describes upper and lower motor neuron lesions, providing signs of each. Upper motor neuron lesions can be caused by cerebrovascular accidents, tumors, or demyelination. Lower motor neuron lesions involve anterior horn cells or the peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, or muscles. Types of weakness like hemiparesis and paraparesis are explained. The evaluation and etiology of hemiparesis is covered, noting it can be caused by cortical, cranial nerve, or high cervical spine lesions. The exam of the motor system and investigations for hemiparesis are also summarized.
Cranial nerves examination
This document provides an overview of how to examine the 12 cranial nerves. It describes how to test each nerve's motor, sensory and reflex functions. For example, it explains how to test the optic nerve by checking visual acuity, color perception and visual fields. It also provides details on potential abnormalities for each nerve, such as ptosis indicating issues with the 3rd cranial nerve. The overview aims to guide practitioners on systematically examining each cranial nerve.
Seizures
Epilepsy is a brain disorder caused by disturbed neuronal activity in the brain, which can cause strange sensations, emotions, behaviors, or sometimes convulsions. It is classified as either primary generalized or partial seizures. Diagnosis involves EEG, brain imaging, and blood tests to identify potential causes. Treatment primarily consists of anti-seizure medications, but may also include dietary therapies, vagus nerve stimulation, or surgery to remove the affected part of the brain.
Neurologiy History taking
This document provides an outline for taking a patient's history. It begins with sections on personal history, complaint, history of present illness, past history, family history, and diagnosis. Each section of the history of present illness examines a different body system, including motor, sensory, cranial nerves, speech, sphincters, and cognition. Questions are provided as examples to elicit relevant details from the patient for each system. The overall summary is an outline for obtaining a comprehensive medical history by systematically exploring each body system and area of the patient's health.
Epilepsija (ang
The document discusses epilepsy, including its definition, causes, classification of seizures, and treatment. Epilepsy is defined as a group of disorders that cause recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain and can have various causes including genetic defects, brain injuries, tumors, or lack of sleep. Seizures are classified as either partial/focal or generalized depending on where they originate and spread in the brain. Treatment involves anticonvulsant drugs which work by various mechanisms to prevent neuronal overexcitation as well as surgical removal of epileptic brain regions.
Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis
Paralysis is a complete loss of motor power in any muscle group. When paralysis affects all four extremities, it is called quadriplegia when it affects only the lower extremities, paraplegia and when it affects the extremities on one side of the body, hemiplegic. For this reason, the term paralysis is generally reserved for more focal, less stereotyped weakness, for instance, affecting all the muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve. Many different anatomical lesions and etiologies can cause paralysis and determine its treatment. Bikash Debsingha | Dr. Gourav Kr. Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/45108/review-of-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-paralysis/bikash-debsingha
INTRODUCTION TO NEURO NURSING
The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. It discusses the lobes of the cerebrum and their functions. It also describes the peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, neurons, neuroglia cells, neurotransmitters, and the 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
Pathophysiology of tonic clonic seizure
This document summarizes the pathophysiology of seizures. It outlines predisposing factors like family history and precipitating factors like sensory stimuli. It then describes how an epileptogenic focus becomes hyperexcitable, leading to partial depolarization and neurotransmitter release. This lowers the seizure threshold and can be activated by precipitating factors, spreading abnormal electrical discharges between hemispheres. During the tonic phase, muscles stiffen and consciousness is lost. The clonic phase involves rapid muscle contractions and jerking. Finally, the post-ictal phase involves exhaustion and impaired coordination or consciousness.
Different Sleep Disorders
This document discusses several lesser known sleep disorders, including Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS) which involves recurring breathing events and difficulty breathing during sleep similar to sleep apnea. It also describes Restless Leg Syndrome, a neurological disorder causing uncontrollable sensations in the legs and arms, and REM Sleep Behavior Disorder where people physically act out their dreams and can endanger partners. Finally, it mentions Circadian Rhythm Disorder which includes conditions like jetlag and phase delay where electronic device use close to bedtime can interfere with sleep patterns.
T H E B R A I N(Ensayo)
The brain is the center of the nervous system located in the head and protected by the skull. It contains billions of neurons that communicate through long fibers called axons. While protected, the human brain is susceptible to damage from head injuries, strokes, diseases, and disorders. The cerebral cortex is divided into left and right hemispheres, each with four lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. Each hemisphere primarily interacts with the opposite side of the body through crossed connections in the brain and spinal cord.
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Medulla, Reticular Formation, Thalamus, and Hippocampus
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This document discusses different types of paralysis that affect the nervous system. Hemiplegia is paralysis of one side of the body, monoplegia is paralysis of a single limb, and quadriplegia/tetraplegia is paralysis of all four limbs. Paraplegia is paralysis of the lower extremities. Congenital paralysis seen in premature or low birth weight babies can result from maternal illness or chemical exposure. It is often associated with cerebral palsy, which causes lack of motor skills. Acquired paralysis can come from spinal cord injuries, which sever communication between nerves and the brain, causing paralysis below the injury site. Different types of aphasia are discussed which affect speech abilities.
Terminology of nervous system ترمینولوژی سیستم عصبی
This document contains definitions of numerous medical prefixes, suffixes, and root words used in neurology and related fields. It provides the Greek or Latin origins and definitions for prefixes like neuro-, psycho-, meningo-, radiculo-, and suffixes like -algia, -esthesia, -phobia. It also defines several neuroanatomical terms based on their roots such as hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, ventricles, and more. The document serves as a reference for understanding the meanings behind many medical terminology terms.
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Presentation chapter 12 czarnota
The document provides examples of medical terminology suffixes and how they are used to describe conditions related to the nervous system. The suffixes -plegia, -esthesia, and -paresis are discussed. -Plegia indicates paralysis and can be combined with prefixes to specify the degree, such as monoplegia meaning paralysis of one limb. -Esthesia refers to sensation, with examples like anesthesia meaning without sensation. -Paresis describes weakness, such as hemiparesis meaning weakness on one side of the body.
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The document discusses medical terminology suffixes and two nervous system conditions. It defines the suffixes -plegia, meaning paralysis, and -cele, meaning protrusion. It then describes quadraplegia as paralysis of both arms and legs caused by spinal injury or other conditions, and meningocele as a form of spina bifida involving an out-pouching of the spinal cord coverings resulting in a defect but not significant neurological symptoms.
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The nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system of the body. It has two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord and controls sensory input, integration of information, and motor output. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body through nerves and allows for voluntary control of muscles and glands as well as involuntary reflexes. The nervous system monitors both internal and external changes through sensory receptors and responds through integration and motor functions to control the body.
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1. Neurons transmit information through electrical and chemical signals, while glia provide support. The neuron has an axon that transmits signals and dendrites that receive signals.
2. At rest, the neuron's membrane maintains a negative charge inside the cell. An action potential is generated when the membrane depolarizes past a threshold, causing an all-or-none signal to propagate along the axon.
3. Neurotransmission occurs at synapses, where a presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that may excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cell, generating graded potentials that integrate to determine whether an action potential occurs.
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This document discusses medical terminology suffixes, focusing on -plegia and -taxia. -Plegia means paralysis and is used in words to describe paralysis of different parts of the body, such as nephroplegia (kidney paralysis) and ophthalmoplegia (eye muscle paralysis). -Taxia refers to muscle coordination and is used in words like ataxia to describe diseases that damage the nervous system and impair coordination, such as those caused by head trauma, stroke, or multiple sclerosis. The document provides examples of medical conditions that use each suffix.
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Aphasia is a dysfunction of linguistic abilities caused by abnormal neurological conditions like head trauma or stroke. It can affect comprehension or expression and come in sensory (not understanding language) or expressive (unable to form words) forms, sometimes together. Analgesia is a decreased or absent sensation of pain and is the goal of painkillers. There are two types of painkillers - non-narcotic drugs for mild to moderate pain and narcotic (opioid) drugs for severe pain, acting on the central nervous system. Opioids include natural alkaloids from poppies, semi-synthetic drugs created from natural opioids, and fully synthetic drugs.
the nervous system
The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves). The central nervous system processes sensory information and sends motor commands to the body. The peripheral nervous system carries sensory information to the central nervous system and motor commands from it to the muscles and glands. The document then discusses two suffixes: -plegia, meaning paralysis, and -ataxia, meaning disorder. It provides paraplegia and ataxia as examples, describing their symptoms which result from damage to different parts of the central nervous system.
The nervous system
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The document discusses different types of anesthesia used in medical procedures. It defines regional anesthesia as blocking pain to a larger part of the body through injection around nerves or the spinal cord, including peripheral nerve blocks and epidural/spinal anesthesia. Local anesthesia numbs a small body part with a direct injection. General anesthesia affects the brain and entire body, making the patient unconscious and unaware of pain during surgery. It also defines the suffix -esthesia as relating to sensation or feelings and provides hyperesthesia as an example, meaning increased sensitivity or very painful sensations to touch.
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The document discusses suffixes related to the nervous system and provides examples of medical conditions associated with each suffix. It defines -phasia as related to speech and discusses aphasia and dysphasia, defining them as language disorders. It defines -plegia as related to paralysis and discusses monoplegia as paralysis of a single limb and quadriplegia as paralysis of all four limbs. Treatment options are provided for each condition.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system and provides examples of medical terminology suffixes used to describe conditions related to the nervous system. It defines the suffixes -plegia, meaning paralysis, and -phasia, meaning speech. For -plegia it provides examples like paraplegia, meaning paralysis of the lower body, and hemiplegia, meaning paralysis of one side of the body. For -phasia it defines aphasia as the inability to communicate verbally due to brain damage and dysphasia as difficulty swallowing. It also notes that the suffixes -phasia and -plegia are used to describe absence seizures, which involve a brief loss of awareness.
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This document provides information about different types of paralysis and weakness caused by damage to the nervous system. It defines quadriplegia/tetraplegia as paralysis of all four limbs and the torso, usually caused by spinal cord injury. Plegia is defined as a suffix meaning paralysis. Specific types of plegia discussed include hemiplegia (one side of the body), paraplegia (the legs), and quadriplegia/tetraplegia (all four limbs). Paraplegia describes paralysis of the legs and possibly the trunk. Paresis is defined as muscular weakness caused by nerve damage or disease, representing partial paralysis. The key difference between plegia and paresis is that p
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The document defines medical suffixes related to paralysis or stroke. It explains that -plegia means paralysis and comes from the Greek word for blow or stroke. It then defines cardioplegia as paralysis of the heart during cardiac surgery, hemiplegia as paralysis of one side of the body, and paresthesia as an abnormal sensation like tingling or numbness without long-term physical effects, more commonly known as pins and needles.
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Ch. 12 the nervous system-JBS
- 1. Jessina Branyan-Samuel Medical Terminology-Biology 120 The Nervous System Suffixes: -plegia and -paresis
- 2. The Nervous System The nervous system is what drives the body. It receives information from sensory receptors, then sends that information to the muscles and glands. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. PNS consists of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
- 3. The Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The sensory nerves carry information to the CNS and motor nerves carry commands away from the CNS. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The PNS consists of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
- 4. The Sensory nerves carry information to the CNS and motor nerves carry commands away from the CNS.
- 5. Sometimes the sensory input and/or motor output are compromised due to disease, illness, or accidents. Two suffixes that are related to the nervous system and affected are: -plegia -paresis
- 6. -plegia -plegia means paralysis Examples of medical terms using –plegia; monoplegia meaning paralysis of one limb. paraplegia meaning paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs. quadriplegia meaning paralysis of all four extremities.
- 7. -paresis -paresis means weakness Examples of medical terms using –paresis; hemiparesis meaning weakness or loss of motion on one side of the body. monoparesis meaning muscle weakness in one limb.
- 8. Causes related to –plegia Bell’s palsy is paralysis on one side of the face due to inflammation of a facial nerve. The patient isn’t able to control saliva, tearing of the eye, or expression. However, most will recover. Guillain-Barre syndrome is disease of the nervous system causing the nerves to lose their myelin covering due to an autoimmune reaction. Loss of sensation or muscle control starts in the legs, move to the trunk eventually paralyzing the diaphragm. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord, it can be either bruised or completely severed.
- 9. Causes related to -paresis Parkinson’s Disease is a chronic disorder of the nervous system. Muscular weakness is one symptom, others are fine tremors, rigidity, and shuffle gait. Please refer to diagram on the next slide for an example of the affect of Parkinson’s disease. Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is temporary interference with blood supply to the brain. This causes symptoms like hemiparesis, dizziness, numbness, possible leading to a full stroke. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease specifically with muscle weakness due to the degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord. Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the CNS with extreme weakness and numbness because of myelin insulation loss. Myasthenia gravis is a disease with severe muscle weakness and fatigue due to missing neurotransmitter at a synapse.
- 11. Some of these pathologies can be treated with some form of medical or physical treatment such as; medication or physical therapy, with a goal of partial or full recovery. Others will demand a long term treatment plan.
- 12. References Fremgen, Bonnie F., & Frucht, Suzanne S. (2013). Medical Terminology A Living Language. Pearson Education. The Nervous System [Online image]. Retrieved July 8th, 2014 from http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/MediaLibraries/URMCMedia/hh/s ervices-centers/Neurosurgery/Nervous-System-small.jpg [Untitled image of the CNS-Sensory Input and motor output]. Retrieved July 8th, 2014 from http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTLxph2648yH5arzjM -lKFDmBpG1Q7KuwBaeqFZ_Whu1-XCR-V5Og [Untitled image of diagram showing affects of Parkinson’s Disease]. Retrieved July 9th, 2014 from http://www.science.ca/images/Brain_Calne.jpg