The document summarizes key components and functions of the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems. It describes how blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, waste and helps regulate pH. The document also outlines the main cellular components of blood including plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Additionally, it discusses the lymphatic system's roles in draining fluid, transporting lipids and initiating immune responses through lymphatic vessels, nodes, tonsils, spleen and thymus gland.

1. Blood and the Lymphatic and Immune Systems Blood is a connective tissue composed of a liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma that dissolves and suspends various cells and cell fragments. Functions of the Blood 1. Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body and carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs for exhalation. 2. It carries nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to body cells and hormones from endocrine glands to other body cells. 3. Blood also transports heat and waste products to various organs for elimination from the body. 4. Circulating blood helps maintain homeostatic of all body fluids, and blood helps regulate pH through the use of buffers. 5. Blood osmotic pressure influences the water content of cells, mainly thorugh interactions of dissolved ions and proteins. 6. Blood can clot, which protects against its excessive loss from the cardiovascular system after an injury. 7. White blood cells protect against dieases by carrying on phagocytes.

2. Plasma Liquid plasma composes about 55% of whole blood in the average adult and is 90 to 92% water, and the remaining 8 to 10% portion of plasma is dissolved substances, especially plasma proteins such as albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Erythrocytes Erythrocytes which is also called red blood cells contain the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin, which is a pigment that gives whole blood its red color. There are about five million erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood. Leukocytes Leukocytes which is also known as white blood cells have nuclei and do not contain hemoglobin. They are classified as either granular or agranular, depending on whether they contain conspicuous chemical-filled cytoplasmic granules that are made visible by staining. Platelets Thrombocyte which is the modern term of platelets, is the smallest of all the formed blood elements. Platelets are not whole cells, but rather are formedwhen the cytoplasm of a large precursor cell shatters into small plate-like frgments.

3. Blood Type ABO System Type A, Type AB Type B, Type O Universal Donor, Universal Recipient Some Abbreviations. ALL Acute lymphocytic leukemia AML Acute Myelogenous leukemia Basos Basophils BMT Bone Marrow Transplant CBC Complete Blood Count CLL Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia WBC White blood cell RBC Red Blood Cell Rh- Rh- negative Rh+ Rh-positive

4. The Lymphatic and Immune Systems The Lymphatic and Immune Systems consists of fluid called lymph, vessels called lymphatic vessels that transport the lymph, a number of structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue, and red bone marrow, where stem cells develop into the various types of blood cells, including lymphocytes. When the interstitial fluid passes into lymphatic vessels, it is call Lymph. Interstitial fluid is found between cells, and lymph is located within lymphatic vessels and lymphatic tissue. Functions of the Lymphatic System 1. Draining excess interstitial fluid. Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid from from tissue spaces and return it to the blood. 2. Transporting dietary lipids. Lymphatic vessels transport lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract to the blood. 3. Carrying out immune responses. Lymphatic tissue initiates highly specific responses directed against particular microbes or abnormal cells. Lymphatic Vessels It begins as lymphatic capillaries. They are tiny vessels, which are located in the spaces between cells, are closed at one end. Lymph Nodes They are small organs composed of lymphatic tissue located along the route of the lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are also called lymph glands.

5. Tonsils It is the collections of lymphatic tissue located on each side of the throat or pharynx. There are three set of tonsils, palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils, and lingual tonsils. Spleen It shape looks like the oval and the largest single mass of lymphatic tissues in the body, measuring about 12 cm (5 in) in length. It is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. Thymus Gland It is a bilobed organ located in the mediastinum between the sternum and the aorta. It’s shape is like enveloped layer of connective tissue holds the two lobes closely together, but a connective tissue cpsule separates the two.