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1. Fish Blood
• Similar to that of any other vertebrates
• Consist of plasma and cellular components
– Cellular Components – Red blood cells (RBC), White
blood cells (WBC) and thrombocytes
– Plasma – Liquid portion and consists of water

2. What makes up fish blood?
• Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in
blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a
protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to cells.
• White Blood Cells (Leucocytes) – They are part of the
immune system and destroy infectious agents called
pathogens.
• Plasma – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,
clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight
infection.
• Platelets (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

3. Formed elements of the blood
There are three varieties of cells or corpuscles present in blood
a) Red blood corpuscles or Erythrocytes
b) White blood corpuscles or Leucocytes
1. Agranulocytes: Have no granules in the cytoplasm; two varieties:
i) Lymphocytes ii) Monocytes
2. Granulocytes: Possess specific granules & retain nucleus; three
varieties:
i) Neutrophils ii) Eosinophils iii) Basophils
c) Platelets or Thrombocytes

4. Functions of blood cells:
 Respiration- Transport of Oxygen
 Nutritive- Carries nutrient material (glucose, amino
acid & fatty acids, vitamin)
 Excretory- Carries waste materials (urea, uric acid,
creatine etc.)
 Exchange of electrolyte and other molecules
 Contains regulatory agent such as hormones

5. Blood Circulatory System
Circulatory Systems: system of organs and tissues, including the heart, blood,
blood vessels, lymph, lymphatic vessels and glands, involved in circulating blood
and lymph through the body
The two types of animal circulation systems are:
1. Open Circulatory Systems: pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood
diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells. Blood is pumped by a heart
into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood.
(Circulatory fluid: hemolymph, also called haemolymph found in molluscs and
arthropods.
2. Closed Circulatory Systems: blood flows through closed vessels of different
size and wall thickness; blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not
normally fill body cavities
(Circulatory fluid: blood. Blood is constrained within the heart and blood vessels)

6. Two types of closed circulation systems are:
1. Single Circulatory Systems: blood passes through the heart
only once on each circuit around the whole of the blood
circulation system of the animal
e.g. in fish
2. Double Circulatory Systems: blood passes through the
heart twice during one complete circuit around the blood
system through the body of the animal e.g. in mammals

8. The circulatory system of fish:
The circulatory system of fish of fish is quite simple. It consists of a heart,
blood, and blood vessels. The heart of a fish is a simple muscular structure that
is located behind (and below) the gills. It is enclosed by the pericardial
membrane or pericardium.
The heart consists of an atrium, a ventricle, a thin-walled structure known as
sinus venosus, and a tube called bulbus arteriosus. Though it has four parts, the
heart of a fish is considered two-chambered. Unlike humans, the four parts of a
fish heart do not form a single organ. Usually, they are found one behind
another.

9. Blood and Blood Vessels:
The blood contains plasma (the fluid portion) and blood cells. The red
blood cells or the erythrocytes contain hemoglobin, a protein that carries
oxygen throughout the body. The white blood cells comprise an
indispensable part of the immune system. The thrombocytes perform
functions that are equivalent to the role of platelets in the human body,
i.e. they help in blood clotting.

10. Fish Circulatory System – Parts:
Bulbus arteriosus: pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor,
maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches.
Atrium: each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is
passed to the ventricles (each of the two main chambers of the heart, left
and right)

11. Blood Circulation:
Blood vessels carry the blood throughout the body. While arteries carry
oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body, veins return
deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body to the heart.
Arterioles are small, thin-walled arteries that end in capillaries, while
venules are tiny veins that are continuous with capillaries. Capillaries are
minute blood vessels located within body tissues, and they form the link
between arteries and veins.

13. The cardiovascular system of fish:
The cardiovascular system of a fish comprise a heart, veins, arteries, blood, and
fine capillaries. The capillaries are microscopic vessels that form a network
called a capillary bed, where the arterial and venous blood get linked. Capillaries
have thin walls that facilitate diffusion, a process through which oxygen and
other nutrients from the arterial blood are transferred into the cells. At the same
time, carbon dioxide and waste materials are moved into the capillaries.
Capillaries with deoxygenated blood (contains carbon dioxide) drain into small
veins called venules, which in turn drain into larger veins. The veins carry the
deoxygenated blood into the sinus venosus, which is like a small collection
chamber. The sinus venosus has pacemaker cells that are responsible for
initiating contractions, so that the blood is moved into the thin-walled atrium,
which has very few muscles.

14. The atrium generates weak contractions so as to push blood into the ventricle. The
ventricle is a thick-walled structure with lots of cardiac muscles. It generates enough
pressure to pump the blood throughout the body. The ventricle pumps blood inside it
into bulbus arteriosus, a small chamber with elastic components.
While bulbus arteriosus is the name of the chamber in teleosts (rayfinned, bony fish),
the structure is known as conus arteriosus in elasmobranchs (fish with cartilaginous
skeleton and placoid scales). Conus arteriosus has many valves and muscles, whereas
bulbus arteriosus has no valves. The main function of this structure is to reduce the
pulse pressure generated by the ventricle, in order to avoid damage to the thin-walled
gills.

15. Gills are the primary respiratory organs of fish. They facilitate exchange of gases,
i.e. absorption of oxygen from water and elimination of carbon dioxide. Arteries
carry the oxygenated blood (from the gills) throughout the body.
Arteries branch into arterioles, which drain into capillaries, where the arterial blood
becomes venous blood, as it supplies oxygen and other nutrients to the cells and
absorbs carbon dioxide and waste materials. The venous blood is carried to the heart,
which pumps it to the gills, where the carbon dioxide gets replaced with oxygen.
The oxygenated blood is supplied to the cells in the body, and the cycle continues.