This chapter covers:
- The most common approaches to program design and development
- The phases of the program development life cycle (PDLC)
- Tools that can be used to design and develop a program
- Good program design techniques and types of program errors
- Common programming languages
This chapter covers:
- The most common approaches to program design and development
- The phases of the program development life cycle (PDLC)
- Tools that can be used to design and develop a program
- Good program design techniques and types of program errors
- Common programming languages
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
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A computer languages are the languages by which a user command a computer to work on the algorithm which a user has written to get an output.
View it to know more about computer language !!!
The computer itself the hardware cannot do anything. The ingredient that enables a computer to perform a specific task is software, which consists of electronic instructions. These instructions tell the machine’s physical components what to do; without them, a computer could not do anything at all.
System Software:
The program directly related to the hardware of the computer and which perform the fundamental task are termed as system software.
Several programs may be included in system software but the following are essential for any computer.
Language Translators
A Particular translator is required to execute any high-level language program.
Each language has a different language translator, while the function of each translator is to convert the high-level program into machine code.
These translators are categorized into the following groups.
Interpreter:
These translators translate only one instruction at a time and execute it. After execution, the translation is erased from memory and the next instruction is loaded for translation. Therefore translation is required again if the program is executed again.
It is a limitation of interpreters that it forgets translation after the execution of the instruction.
A GWBASIC interpreter is required to run GWBASIC programs.
Each programming language has its separate interpreter if it is designed.
Compiler
These translators are used to translate the entire program at once and store their translated program on disk.
The original program is called “Source Program” while its translated program is called “Object Program”.
These translators can not execute an object program.
The object program has to go through some other stages to be able to execute.
Assembler
The assemblers are language translators for low-level symbolic language programs.
Assemblers can translate a source program into an object program.
An assembler translates one source instruction into exactly one machine code.
The linking process is required on the object program to be able to execute it.
Each low-level symbolic language has its assembler.
Software:
Systems and Application Software
Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software
Outline the role of the operating system and identify the features of several popular operating systems
Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives
Identify three basic approaches to developing application software and discuss the pros and cons of each
Outline the overall evolution and importance of programming languages and clearly differentiate among the generations of programming languages
Identify several key software issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals
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2. CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
• Main categories of software
– Operating system
– Application
– Programming
• Functions of the operating system
• Types of programming languages
• Software for multimedia development
2
3. SOFTWARE
• A collection of computer programs that
govern the operation of a computer.
– Program: list of instructions that can be carried
out by the computer.
• Three categories of software:
– Operating systems
– Programming languages
– Applications.
3
4. YOU DECIDE … Software
1. Word
2. Photoshop
3. Java
4. OS X
5. Visual Basic
6. Flash
7. Windows 8
8. C+
4
Label each as an operating system, programming
language, application.
9. Linux
10. Open Office
11. HTML
12. Javascript
13. Browser
14. Director
15. Unix
16. Assembly
5. OPERATING SYSTEM
• Collection of programs that:
– Provides a user interface
– Manages computer resources
– Executes application programs.
• User interface: a means to communicate with the
programs and hardware.
– Command line interface
– Graphical user interface (GUI)
– Natural user interface (NUI).
5
6. OPERATING SYSTEM
• Manages computer resources such as:
– Processor
– Memory
– Peripheral devices
– Networks.
6
7. MANAGE COMPUTER RESOURCES
• Manage the processor
– Controls how and when programs are executed.
– Control methods:
• Single user, single tasking
• Single user, multi-tasking
– If the processor is sufficiently powerful users are
not aware of sharing the resources.
7
8. MANAGE COMPUTER RESOURCES
• Manage memory
– Controls how much memory is accessed and used
by application programs.
• Virtual memory: operating system assigns a
portion of the hard disk to simulate RAM.
– Problem: access to files in virtual memory is
slowed.
– Solution: install more RAM.
8
9. MANAGE COMPUTER RESOURCES
• Control peripherals
– Built-in programs control devices such as
monitors, printers, storage drives.
– Additional device drivers can be
downloaded or come with the installation
CD.
• Plug and Play
– Operating system senses that a new device
is plugged into the system board and
immediately responds to "play" the device.
9
10. MANAGE COMPUTER RESOURCES
• Manage access and security of network
computers through:
– Built in protocols to connect to WANs (TCP/IP)
– Built in protocols to connect to LANs (Ethernet)
– Support for WiFi and Bluetooth connectivity
– Network firewall protection.
10
11. MANAGE COMPUTER RESOURCES
• Utility programs
– Tools to optimize operating system functions such as:
• CD and DVD recording
• Screen savers
• Speech recognition for basic commands
• Text editors
• Multimedia utilities.
– Disk management utility
• Partition and format drives.
• Defragment and detect disk errors.
11
12. MANAGE COMPUTER RESOURCES
• File management.
– Operating systems govern storage and retrieval of
files.
– Basic file management includes:
• Copy
• Delete
• Rename
• Move.
– File extensions identify a file as data or program
for the operating system.
12
13. FILE MANAGEMENT
• Directories are storage locations for
groups of files.
– Directory path is identified by the operating
system.
– Directories (or folders) are created, moved,
copied, deleted using file management utility.
13
15. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
• Low-Level Languages.
– Programs are written for a specific computer
system.
– Machine code — binary code the processor
directly executes.
– Assembly code — text abbreviations for binary
commands.
• Requires a program (assembler) to convert the
abbreviations to binary code.
15
16. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
• High-Level Languages.
– Syntax and semantics are not dependent on a
specific computer system.
– More English-like commands.
– Easier to debug errors.
• Two methods to convert to machine code:
– Interpreter converts and executes one line of code
at a time.
– Compiler converts entire program to an
executable file.
16
17. Approaches to Programming
• Procedural approach:
– Follows a series of computational steps that focus
on a specific result.
• Divides complex tasks into subroutines, functions that can
be reused within a single program environment.
• Code modules cannot be ported to other applications
without significant modification which leads to
inefficiency in programming tasks.
• Non-procedural:
– Maximizes programmer productivity by recycling
modules from one program into other applications.
17
18. Two Non-procedural options
• Object-Oriented languages.
– Modular approach reduces time to recode similar
object routines.
• Visual programming.
– Use graphical interface to expedite programming
process.
– Enables Rapid Application Development.
18
20. APPLICATION SOFTWARE
• Two main categories for multimedia
development.
– Media-specific applications.
• Create and edit specific media content.
– Authoring applications.
• Tools to integrate media components and provide a
user interface.
20
21. MEDIA-SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
• Text media applications include:
– Word processors
– Text editors
– Portable document generators.
• Graphics media applications include:
– Paint programs
– Draw programs
– 3-D imaging applications.
21
22. MEDIA-SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
• Sound media.
– Sound capture applications.
– Synthesized sound applications.
• Video applications combine:
– Source material
– Synchronize clips to sound track
– Add special effects
– Save as a digital video.
22
23. MEDIA-SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
• Animation applications.
– Software to create and edit animated sequences.
– Objects are drawn or imported into the software
where they are manipulated in a series of frames.
• Media utilities.
– Add functionality to media-specific applications
such as file compression and file conversion.
23
24. AUTHORING SOFTWARE
• Programs designed to facilitate the
creation of multimedia products.
– Assemble media elements
– Synchronize content
– Design user interface
– Provide user interactivity.
• Authoring metaphors are:
– Card based
– Timeline
– Icon.
24
PowerPoint uses a card metaphor.
Authorware uses a icon metaphor.
Flash uses a timeline metaphor.
25. WRAP UP
• Three software categories.
• Functions of operating system.
• Disk and file management practices.
• Levels of programming languages.
• Application software for multimedia.
– Media-specific software.
– Authoring software.
25