Circulatory model
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Gives a brief description on the anatomy and the physiology of the heart. Explains the generation and conduction of cardiac action potential in detail. It also describes the mathematical modelling diagram of the cardiac system in short.
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Chapter 27.3
There are two main types of circulatory systems - open and closed. In an open system, blood is only partially contained as it travels through sinuses and vessels to directly contact tissues before returning to the heart. In a closed system, blood is entirely contained within vessels that extend throughout the body. Most vertebrates have a closed system. Circulatory patterns also differ - single-loop systems have one pump moving blood unidirectionally while double-loop systems have two pumps moving blood to and from the lungs or gills in two separate loops. Modern mammals have evolved four-chambered hearts that act as two separate pumps to separately oxygenate blood.
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The document discusses the human circulatory system. It describes how the heart pumps blood throughout the body, transporting materials and gases to different parts. The human circulatory system is a closed system, with the heart containing four chambers to pump both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The double circulation allows for sufficient oxygen to be delivered to cells through the lungs and body. Blood pressure is also discussed, with systolic and diastolic pressure measurements provided. High blood pressure occurs when artery diameter decreases due to cholesterol, forcing the heart to work harder to maintain blood flow.
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Cardiac and skeletal muscles1
Cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart and is made up of myocardial and electrical cells. It contracts involuntarily to pump blood through the heart. Skeletal muscle tissue allows for voluntary physical movements and is composed of long, fibrous myocytes found in the muscular system. The main difference between the tissues is that cardiac muscle contracts involuntarily while skeletal muscle contracts voluntarily.
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The document discusses the circulatory system, including its components and functions. It describes the closed circulatory system in humans, which involves the heart pumping blood through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, wastes and more throughout the body. Blood consists of plasma and formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding.
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There are two main types of circulatory systems - open and closed. In an open system, blood is only partially contained as it travels through sinuses and vessels to directly contact tissues before returning to the heart. In a closed system, blood is entirely contained within vessels that extend throughout the body. Most vertebrates have a closed system. Circulatory patterns also differ - single-loop systems have one pump moving blood unidirectionally while double-loop systems have two pumps moving blood to and from the lungs or gills in two separate loops. Modern mammals have evolved four-chambered hearts that act as two separate pumps to separately oxygenate blood.
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This document provides an introduction to cardiac muscle tissue. It discusses that cardiac muscle tissue forms the heart and contracts involuntarily to pump blood through the body. Cardiac muscle fibers are long, branched, and cylinder-shaped cells that are joined end to end. The fibers contain striations and are crossed by intercalated discs. The document outlines the main components of cardiac muscle tissue, including cardiomyocytes, intercalated discs, myofibrils, sarcomeres, and cardiac conducting cells. It describes how calcium ions trigger the myosin and actin filaments to slide past each other, causing contraction of the cardiac muscle fibers.
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The document summarizes the three main types of muscle tissue in the human body: skeletal, cardiac, and visceral muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and controls physical movement. Cardiac muscle is exclusively located in the heart and is involuntary. Visceral muscle is smooth muscle that controls internal organs. Each muscle type has distinct anatomical features and functions essential for movement, pumping blood, and digestion.
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Cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart and is made up of myocardial and electrical cells. It contracts involuntarily to pump blood through the heart. Skeletal muscle tissue allows for voluntary physical movements and is composed of long, fibrous myocytes found in the muscular system. The main difference between the tissues is that cardiac muscle contracts involuntarily while skeletal muscle contracts voluntarily.
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The document discusses the circulatory system, including its components and functions. It describes the closed circulatory system in humans, which involves the heart pumping blood through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, wastes and more throughout the body. Blood consists of plasma and formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding.
The Cardiovascular System -- HEART -- Histology -- جهاز الدوران
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6_2_Transport_Louis
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The three main layers of blood vessels are the endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue. The thickness of each layer varies between arteries, capillaries, and veins due to differences in blood pressure. Arteries have the thickest walls to withstand higher blood pressure from the heart. Capillaries are the thinnest vessels where oxygen and nutrient exchange occurs. Veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart with thinner walls and one-way valves to aid blood flow.
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This document discusses the three classifications and types of muscle tissue:
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The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system. It discusses the main components which include the heart and blood vessels. The heart is made up of four chambers - two atria and two ventricles separated by valves. Blood flows from the heart through arteries to the body and returns to the heart via veins. The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones and waste products around the body. There are two main types of blood circulation - closed circulation found in vertebrates and open circulation in invertebrates.
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Here are the key points about the baroreceptor reflex:
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- When blood pressure increases, the baroreceptors are stimulated and send action potentials to the cardioregulatory center in the medulla oblongata.
- The cardioregulatory center responds by increasing parasympathetic stimulation and decreasing sympathetic stimulation to the heart. This lowers heart rate and stroke volume.
- The end result is a decline in blood pressure, providing a negative feedback loop to maintain normal blood pressure levels.
The baroreceptor reflex is an important autonomic mechanism that helps regulate short-term blood pressure through adjustments to
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This document provides information on hemodynamics, cardiac electrophysiology, and the pharmacology of drugs acting on the cardiovascular system. It discusses topics like blood flow forces in the circulatory system, cardiac output, the generation and conduction of electrical impulses in the heart, electrocardiography, and the mechanisms of action and effects of cardiac glycosides like digoxin.
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Here are the most common forms of abdominal trauma:
1. Blunt trauma - This is caused by blunt, non-penetrating forces applied to the abdomen, such as a kick, punch, fall, or car accident. Blunt trauma can cause bruising, bleeding, and organ damage or rupture without breaking the skin. The liver, spleen, and kidneys are most commonly injured in blunt trauma.
2. Penetrating trauma - Sharp objects like knives, bullets, or fragments can penetrate the abdominal wall and damage internal organs. Gunshot wounds and stab wounds are examples of penetrating trauma.
3. Blast injuries - Explosions can cause penetrating or blunt force trauma to the abdomen from bomb fragments or the blast wave itself
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The document contains questions and answers about various topics related to transport systems in the human body. It discusses the differences between arteries, capillaries and veins, the flow of blood through the heart, and the mechanism of blood clotting. It also describes the formation of interstitial fluid and lymph, the structure and role of the lymphatic system, and its relationship to the circulatory system.
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Cardiovascular disease is now the leading cause of death worldwide due to the epidemiologic transition driven by industrialization and lifestyle changes. By 2030, 33% of all deaths are expected to be from cardiovascular disease, with coronary heart disease accounting for 14.9% of male deaths and 13.1% of female deaths, and stroke accounting for 10.4% of male deaths and 11.8% of female deaths. Behavioral risk factors like tobacco use, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity associated with modernization are major contributors to the growing burden of cardiovascular disease globally.
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The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart is a four-chambered dual pump contained within one organ. It pumps blood from the low-pressure veins to the high-pressure arteries. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to the body. Two circulatory loops - pulmonary and systemic - distribute and collect blood throughout the body.
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This document discusses the physiology of the heart. It begins by describing the different types of cardiac muscle and how cardiac muscle cells are interconnected. It then covers the cardiac cycle, including diastole and systole. Action potentials in cardiac muscle are longer than in skeletal muscle due to slow calcium channels. Contraction is triggered by calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellular fluids. The heart pumps in two stages - the atria prime the ventricles, then the ventricles eject blood. Various waves in pressures, ECG, and sounds are related to the different cardiac cycle events.
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一比一原版(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
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办理(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
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校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(psu学位证书)美国匹兹堡州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
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Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
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#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
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Circulatory model
- 1. Presented by- Namrata Kadambi(14005) Saurabh Nair(14007) Urvashi Pachpute(14008) Rajdatt Vernekar(14015) Circulatory system and its mathematical model Date : 26th August 2016
- 2. INDEX Anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system. Variation of po2 levels in the blood. Generation of action potential • Cardiac conducting system • Electrophysiology • Cardiac action potential Excitation-contraction coupling. Mathematical modeling of the circulatory system.
- 3. Anatomy and Physiology of the Circulatory System
- 4. Layers of the heart 1. Heart is made up of 3 layers . a) Epicardium . b) Myocardium. c) Endocardium .
- 5. Epicardium i. Outermost layer. ii. Thin layer . iii. Lubricate & protect . Myocardium i. Muscular middle layer . ii. Contains . iii. Majority of thickness & mass of the heart . Endocardium i. Simple squamous endothelium . ii. Lines inside the heart. iii. Function: Prevents blood from sticking to the inside surface of the heart.
- 6. Anatomy of the heart
- 7. 1. Size 2. Weighs (200-425 gms). 3. Location. Between lungs in the middle of the chest ,behind & slightly to the left of the sternum. 4. Pericardium double layered membrane. Produces fluid to lubricate the heart & prevent friction. Outer layer surrounds the roots of heart blood vessels & attached by ligament to spinal column , diaphragm . Inner layer attached to heart muscle .
- 8. 5. Heart has 4 chambers a) Upper chamber consists of left & right atrium. b) Lower chamber consists of left & right ventricle . Atria i. Size . ii. Less Muscular walls . iii. Receiving chambers . iv. Connected to veins that carry blood to heart. Ventricles i. Size. ii. Stronger pumping chambers . iii. Connected to arteries that carry blood away from the heart .
- 9. Physiology of the cardiac system Right atrium : Receives blood from the veins & pumps it to the right ventricle . Right ventricle : Receives blood from the right atrium & pumps it to the lungs where it is loaded with oxygen. Left atrium : Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs & pumps it to the left ventricle . Left ventricle : pumps oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body. Left ventricle is the largest & strongest chamber.
- 11. Variation of po2 levels in the blood
- 12. What is Po2 level? Varying of Po2 levels when the blood reaches the lungs. Po2 levels in the pulmonary veins and pulmonary arteries. Variation of po2 levels in the blood
- 14. Generation of action potential
- 15. Conduction of an impulse
- 16. Electrophysiology Two main forces drive ions across cell membranes: Chemical potential: an ion will move down its concentration gradient. Electrical potential: an ion will move away from ions/molecules of like charge.
- 17. Ion Channels The transmembrane potential (TMP) is the electrical potential difference (voltage) between the inside and the outside of a cell. When there is a net movement of +ve ions into a cell, the TMP becomes more +ve, and when there is a net movement of +ve ions out of a cell, TMP becomes more –ve.
- 19. Cardiac action potential Phase 4: The resting phase Phase 0: Depolarization Phase 1: Early repolarization Phase 2: The plateau phase Phase 3: Repolarization
- 22. Contractile proteins a) Main contractile elements: Myosin: thick filaments with globular heads evenly spaced along their length; contains myosin ATPase. Actin: smaller molecule (thin filaments) consisting of two strands arranged as an alpha-helix, woven between myosin filaments. b) Regulatory elements: Tropomyosin: double helix that lies in the groove between actin filaments. It prevents contraction in the resting state by inhibiting the interaction between myosin heads and actin. Troponin: complex with three subunits that sits at regular intervals along the actin strands.
- 25. Mathematical modeling of the circulatory system
- 26. Block diagram of the circulatory system
- 28. Bibliography www.google.com www.pathophys.org En.wikipedia.org www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.siam.org
- 29. Thank You