The document discusses the organization and function of motor control systems in the brain. The primary motor cortex codes for force, direction of movement, and precise digit control via direct connections to the spinal cord. The dorsal premotor cortex encodes sensorimotor transformations for visual and sensory cues and fires before movement. The ventral premotor cortex encodes learned motor acts and also fires before movement. All cortical motor areas are plastic and adaptable. The basal ganglia and cerebellum also contribute to motor control through modulating and coordinating movement.

1. Voluntary Motor Control

2. Motor Cortex

3. Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex

4. The major inputs to the motor cortex in monkeys

6. Corticospinal Tract

7. Convergence of Motor Control on the Anterior Motor Neuron

8. Experimental apparatus developed to record the activity of single neurons
in awake primates trained to perform specific movements : Ed Evarts 1960

9. Direct corticospinal control of motor neurons is necessary for fine control of
the digits

10. Activity in Individual Neurons of the Primary Motor Cortex Is Related to
Muscle Force and Direction of Movement

11. Spike Triggered Averaging 1970

12. Motor Cortical Cell Firing with Force Generated

13. Directional tuning of an upper motor neuron in the primary motor cortex

14. Corticomotoneuronal (CM) cell is active depends on the motor task

15. Different areas of cortex are activated during simple, complex, and
imagined sequences of finger movements (Xenon PET)

16. Cell activity in the motor cortex depends on whether a sequence of
movements is guided by visual cues or by prior training

17. A set-related neuron in the dorsal premotor area becomes active while the
monkey prepares to make a movement to the left

18. The visuomotor transformations required for reaching and grasping involve
two different pathways

19. Individual neurons
in the ventral
premotor area fire
during specific hand
actions only

20. An individual cell in the ventral premotor area is active whether the monkey
performs a task or observes someone else perform the task

21. The Somatotopic Organization of the Motor Cortex Is Plastic

22. As a movement becomes more practiced, it is represented more
extensively in primary motor cortex

23. Summary
Primary Motor Cortex:
– Codes force and direction of movement
– Spinal motor neuron are directly under control for precise
movement.
Dorsal Premotor Cortex
– Movement related neuron encodes sensorimotor
transformation for visual and sensory cue
– Fire before movement
Ventral Premotor Cortex
– Encodes learned motor act fire before movement
All cortical neurons are adaptable and plastic

24. Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia

25. Motor components of the human basal ganglia

26. Anatomical Organization of Basal Ganglia Input

27. Output of Basal Ganglia

28. The somatotopic organization of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor circuit

29. Disinhibition

32. Organization of Cerebellum

33. Functional organization of cerebellum

34. Input of Cerebellum

35. Cerebellar Output

36. Vestibulocerebellum

37. Neocerebellum

38. The spinocerebellum contains two somatotopic neural maps of the body

41. Cerebellar Pathway