This document discusses the motor nervous system and motor paralysis from multiple levels including:
- The motor cortex and its connections to other brain areas
- The extrapyramidal and pyramidal systems
- Different types of apraxia and their lesion locations
- Lesions of the brainstem, spinal cord, nerves and muscles that can cause hemiplegia, monoplegia, or paraplegia
- The clinical features and localization of upper and lower motor neuron lesions
- Specific motor syndromes and their etiologies
It provides an overview of the organization of the motor system and localization of lesions throughout the nervous system that can result in different clinical motor deficits.
Brown sequard syndrome or transverse hemisection syndrome
Causes symptoms and treatment of brown sequard syndrome
Background about the disease
Neural tracts
Ascending and descending pathways of the spinal cord (motor and sensory pathways)
Pathophysiology of brown sequard syndrome
Brown sequard syndrome or transverse hemisection syndrome
Causes symptoms and treatment of brown sequard syndrome
Background about the disease
Neural tracts
Ascending and descending pathways of the spinal cord (motor and sensory pathways)
Pathophysiology of brown sequard syndrome
Detailed description of clinical examination of higher mental functions like conscoiusness, cognition, memory, pereception,etc. in neurological conditions.
How to manage patient with limb weakness?
animated guide with comments.
for medical students and teachers.
algorithm based.
Davidson Macleod step up to medicine.
neurology emergency
neurology lecture.
Detailed description of clinical examination of higher mental functions like conscoiusness, cognition, memory, pereception,etc. in neurological conditions.
How to manage patient with limb weakness?
animated guide with comments.
for medical students and teachers.
algorithm based.
Davidson Macleod step up to medicine.
neurology emergency
neurology lecture.
First Semester Exam: Building a Bionic Armahsengineering
Bionic limbs have evolved to suit a great variety of needs. From applications of power to dexterity, mechanical devices have begun to merge with the human body to help heal injuries in hundreds of people. An online simulator is sued to create a bionic arm and learn bout the basic components behind it.
This presentation looks at some of the common conditions that can present with hemiplegia. Stroke is the commonest, however, there are several other causes that need to be considered in a patient presenting with hemiplegia.
Approach to a patient with CNS diseaseAhsan Sajjad
Approach and management of a patient showing signs and symptoms of CNS disease. Although its an extensive Presentation but it contains all the relevant knowledge which was possible by me to Gather.
Banyak pasien neuro dengan keluhan gangguan motorik, terutama kelemahan anggota badan. Tapi ternyata gangguan motorik tu nggak cuma "parese" aja.. ada banyak macemnya! (Ada yg pernah bikin stats-nya??)
File ini cuma menceritakan sekelumit tentang gangguan motorik, dan si desainer ppt ini pun cuma sempet baca sedikit. Tapi dari yang sedikit ini, rasanya bikin pengen belajar lebih banyak lagi! (karena itu dikasi subtitle "Appetizer"..)
Menarik banget cerita tentang jenis2 gangguan motorik ini, lokasi lesi-nya, ciri2 khususnya, n penyebabnya..
Oia, insyaAllah ppt ini akan selalu dilengkapi & diupdate sesuai referensi yg sanggup dibaca si desainer^^v
(Tugas modul ini pun digarap dengan sangat senang hati, hehehehe..)
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegiaPS Deb
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a descriptive term for a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by chronic, progressive, bilateral, and usually symmetric ocular motility deficit and ptosis, without pain, proptosis and pupil involvement. Commonly a syndrome of Mitochondrial Cytopathy.
This is a short presentation at Down Town Hospital clinical meeting for DNB Medicine students. It dose not cover the all aspects of stroke care especially Thrombolysis, since it is difficult to practice for Medical specialist, and ischemic stroke is not common in North East India
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
3. MOTOR CORTEX
Cell types : Betz cell 35000
Origin of pyramidal tract in monkey – Russel
Demayer
Frontal lobe - Area 4 31%, Area 6 29%,
Parietal lobe 40%
No of pyramidal fibers at medulla 10,00,000
4. MOTOR CORTEX AFFERENT
1. Adjacent cortex
1. the somatosensory areas of the
parietal cortex,
2. theadjacent areas of the frontal
cortex anterior to the motor cortex,
and
3. the visual and auditory cortices.
2. Opposite cerebral hemisphere.
3. Somatosensory fibers directly from
the ventrobasal complex of the
thalamus.
4. Tracts from the ventrolateral and
ventroanterior nuclei of the
thalamus, which in turn receive
signals from the cerebellum and
basal ganglia
5. Fibers from the intralaminar nuclei
of the thalamus (RAS).
7. SUMMARY
Primary Motor Cortex:
Codes force and direction of movement
Spinal motor neuron are directly under control for
precise movement.
Dorsal Premotor Cortex
Movement related neuron encodes sensorimotor
transformation for visual and sensory cue
Fire before movement
Ventral Premotor Cortex
Encodes learned motor act fire before movement
All cortical neurons are adaptable and plastic
8. CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
Idea
Association
cortex
Premotor +
Motor cortex
Basal
Ganglia
Lateral
cerebellum
Movement
Intermediate
Cerebellum
ExecutionPlanning
9. APRAXIA
Loss of ability to execute learned sequence of
movement on command in absence of motor,
sensory, cerebellar or extrapyramidal derangement
in conscious cooperative patient. (Lipmann 1900)
Loss of memory of sequence of learned act.
Common disorder but missed
Usually present in acute lesion and disappear rapidly
when patient improve
Usually associated with weakness and aphasia
If not tested patient only use object but cannot
pantomime
11. APRAXIA TYPES
1. Ideational – unable to do sequential task, can do
individual task (left parietal) light a match
2. Ideomotor – unable to do even individual task (left
premotor)
3. Dressing + Construction – Right parietal
4. Buccofacial – Broca’s
5. Gait – Parasagiatal premotor
6. Limb kinetic – movement grossly resemble
intended gesture but is awkward (left premotor)
12. PYRAMIDAL LESION: UMN - CLINICAL
1. Weakness
1. Distribution: Brodbant’s law
2. Recovery pattern
3. Residual weakness
2. Synkinetic movement: Mirror movement
3. Tone changes:
1. Distribution
2. Character
4. Reflex:
1. Deep
2. Superficial
5. Other: Electrical stimulation
13. MOTOR CORTEX AND CORONA RADIATA
Cortex (Area 4)
Contralateral
Hemiplegia
Motor seizures
Aphasia (44)
Associated:
Apraxia
Agnosia
Cortical anesthesia
Hemianopia
14. MOTOR CORTEX AND CORONA RADIATA
Corona Radiata
Contralateral
hemiplegia or
monoplegia
No apraxia, agnosia,
aphasia and seizure,
26. MONOPLEGIA: LMN
Ant horn cell:
Poliomyelitis
ALS
Syringomyelia (upper limb)
Ant. Root and Plexus
Brachial and lumbosacral with sensory loss
Nerve
Focal paralysis in the distribution of nerve
With sensory loss
34. LOWER MOTOR NEURON WEAKNESS
Anatomy
Motor neuron
Roots
Plexus
Nerve
Muscle
Physology
Movement
Agonist: Prime movers
Antagonist
Synergist: Prevent other
movement of primemovers
Fixators
Speed
Fast: Phasic, ballistic
Slow: Tonic, ramp movement
Clinical pattern
Weakness: Pattern,
distribution
Tone
Wasting: 80% in two
months
Fasciculation
Fibrillation
Loss of reflex
No response to electrical
stimulation
35. LOCALIZATION OF LMN LESIONS
Ant. Horn Cells
Atrophy
Fasciculation
Proximal, distal, asymmetrical
All muscles of the same
segment not affected
Patchy involvement of muscles
Roots , Plexus
Proximal
Asymmetrical
All muscles of the same root
affected
Atrophy
Fasciculation
Areflexia
Nerves
Distal
Sensory loss
Arflexia
Anatomical distribution
Muscles
Proximal, distal rare
Symmetrical
Retained reflexes
Commands for voluntary movement originate in cortical association areas. The movements are planned in the cortex as well as in the basal ganglia and the lateral portions of the cerebellar hemispheres, as indicated by increased electrical activity before the movement. The basal ganglia and cerebellum both funnel information to the premotor and motor cortex by way of the thalamus. Motor commands from the motor cortex are relayed in large part via the corticospinal tracts to the spinal cord and the corresponding corticobulbar tracts to motor neurons in the brain stem. However, collaterals from these pathways and a few direct connections from the motor cortex end on brain stem nuclei, which also project to motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. These pathways can also mediate voluntary movement. Movement sets up alterations in sensory input from the special senses and from muscles, tendons, joints, and the skin. This feedback information, which adjusts and smoothes movement, is relayed directly to the motor cortex and to the spinocerebellum. The spinocerebellum projects in turn to the brain stem. The main brain stem pathways that are concerned with posture and coordination are the rubrospinal, reticulospinal, tectospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts and corresponding projections to motor neurons in the brain stem. Ganong 21st