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Uploaded byAshish Umale
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Cardiovascular System or The Details of Heart.pptx

The Heart: A hollow, muscular, cone-shaped organ that acts as a central pump for the circulatory system. Location: Situated in the mediastinum (thoracic cavity) between the lungs, slightly to the left. Dimensions / Size : Roughly the size of a closed fist; approx. 12 cm long, 9 cm wide, and weighs 250–350g. Apex & Base: The broad upper part is the base; the pointed lower end is the apex (directed toward the left hip). Layers of the Heart Wall Epicardium (Outer): A thin, serous membrane that protects the heart and provides lubrication. Myocardium (Middle): The thickest layer made of cardiac muscle fibers. Responsible for the pumping action (contraction). Endocardium (Inner): A smooth endothelial lining that covers the chambers and valves, preventing blood from sticking to the walls. Chambers Right Atrium (RA): Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via Superior and Inferior Vena Cava. Right Ventricle (RV): Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary artery. Left Atrium (LA): Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via Pulmonary Veins. Left Ventricle (LV): Pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body via the Aorta Atrioventricular (AV) Valves Tricuspid: Between RA and RV. Bicuspid (Mitral): Between LA and LV. Semilunar (SL) Valves Pulmonary Valve: At the entrance of the pulmonary artery. Aortic Valve: At the entrance of the aorta. All blood vessels (except capillaries) have a three-layered wall structure: Tunica Intima: Inner layer; smooth endothelium to reduce friction. Tunica Media: Middle layer; contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers (thicker in arteries). Tunica Externa (Adventitia): Outer layer; strong connective tissue for protection. Arteries: Carry blood Away from heart. Veins : Carry blood To the heart. Capillaries: Site of Exchange Structure: Composed only of a single layer of endothelial cells (Tunica Intima). Function: This thinness allows for the diffusion of: Gases: Oxygen and Carbon dioxide. Nutrients: Glucose, amino acids. Waste: Urea and metabolic byproducts.

Education◦
Related topics:
B-Pharmacy• D-Pharmacy• Blood Vessels•
PREPARED BY Prof. ASHISH N. UMALE M. PHARM IN PHARMACOLOGY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SHRADDHA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, WASHIM-444505 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - I
The Heart: A hollow, muscular, cone-shaped organ that acts as a central pump for the circulatory system.  Location: Situated in the mediastinum (thoracic cavity) between the lungs, slightly to the left. Dimensions / Size : Roughly the size of a closed fist; approx. 12 cm long, 9 cm wide, and weighs 250–350g. Apex & Base: The broad upper part is the base; the pointed lower end is the apex (directed toward the left hip). Primary Function: Acts as a dual pump to maintain blood flow throughout the body. Introduction to Cardiovascular System
Layers of the Heart Wall Epicardium (Outer): A thin, serous membrane that protects the heart and provides lubrication. Myocardium (Middle): The thickest layer made of cardiac muscle fibers. Responsible for the pumping action (contraction). Endocardium (Inner): A smooth endothelial lining that covers the chambers and valves, preventing blood from sticking to the walls. Anatomy of the Heart – Layers
Chambers Right Atrium (RA): Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via Superior and Inferior Vena Cava. Right Ventricle (RV): Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via pulmonary artery. Left Atrium (LA): Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via Pulmonary Veins. Left Ventricle (LV): Pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body via the Aorta. Anatomy of the Heart –Chambers
Valves prevent the backflow of blood  Atrioventricular (AV) Valves A)Tricuspid: Between RA and RV. B)Bicuspid (Mitral): Between LA and LV.  Semilunar (SL) Valves A)Pulmonary Valve: At the entrance of the pulmonary artery. B)Aortic Valve: At the entrance of Heart Valves – Directional Flow
The heart operates as a "double pump" with two distinct circuits Pulmonary Circulation  Path: Right Ventricle > Pulmonary Artery > Lungs (oxygenation) > Pulmonary Veins >Left Atrium. Goal: Gas exchange (CO2 out, O2 in). Systemic Circulation Path: Left Ventricle > Aorta > Body Tissues > Vena Cava > Right Atrium. Goal: Deliver O_2 and nutrients to tissues; collect waste. Blood Circulation Pathways
All blood vessels (except capillaries) have a three-layered wall structure:  Tunica Intima: Inner layer; smooth endothelium to reduce friction. Tunica Media: Middle layer; contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers (thicker in arteries). Tunica Externa (Adventitia): Outer layer; strong connective tissue for protection. Blood Vessels – Structural Overview
Feature Arteries Veins Capillaries Function Carry blood Away from heart. Carry blood To the heart. Site of Exchange Wall Thickness Very thick, muscular, elastic. Thin, less muscular. Extremely thin (1 cell thick). Lumen Small/Narrow. Large/Wide. Microscopic. Pressure Very high. Low. Very low. Valves Absent (except Aorta/Pulm). Present (to prevent backflow). Absent. Composition Of Blood Vessels
Structure: Composed only of a single layer of endothelial cells (Tunica Intima).  Function: This thinness allows for the diffusion of:  Gases: Oxygen and Carbon dioxide.  Nutrients: Glucose, amino acids.  Waste: Urea and metabolic byproducts. Summary Arteries are pressure reservoirs. Veins are volume reservoirs (hold ~65% of blood). Capillaries are the functional units of the circulatory system. Microcirculation – Capillaries & Summary