Cns 6
•Download as PPT, PDF•
20 likes•10,749 views
The document discusses the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. It describes that motor and sensory areas are localized in discrete cortical domains, while higher functions like memory and language have overlapping domains. It then focuses on motor areas of the cortex, describing the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca's area, and their functions in controlling voluntary movement. Finally, it discusses descending motor pathways from the cortex to the spinal cord, including the direct pyramidal tracts and indirect extrapyramidal tracts.
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Cerebral Cortex ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cns6-100510031113-phpapp02/85/Cns-6-1-320.jpg)
![Cerebral Cortex - Generalizations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
Ppt parietal lobe
The parietal lobe is located at the top of the brain and is responsible for processing sensory information and integrating it with motor commands. It has clear boundaries defined by sulci and gyri. The parietal lobe can be divided into anterior and posterior zones, with the anterior zone processing somatic sensations and the posterior zone integrating visual and somatosensory information for movement. The parietal lobe plays an important role in functions like processing tactile information, visual control of movement, and spatial awareness.
Motor system
1) The motor cortex and corticospinal tract provide conscious control of voluntary skeletal muscle movements. The corticospinal tract contains fibers that cross to the opposite side of the body and fibers that remain on the same side.
2) Sensory information travels through ascending tracts in the spinal cord including the posterior, lateral, and spinocerebellar tracts to the brain.
3) The medial and lateral motor pathways issue subconscious motor commands through tracts like the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts to control gross movements and posture.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired symmetrical structure located in the center of the brain that relays sensory and motor signals between the brainstem and cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that have distinct connections and functions. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy, physiology, functional organization and clinical syndromes associated with lesions of different thalamic nuclei. Key points include a description of the gross anatomy and location of the thalamus, its blood supply, the nuclei and their connections, and syndromes associated with infarcts in the posterolateral and medial thalamic territories.
Motor system overview 2011
This document summarizes the organization and function of the motor system, including the spinal motor neuron, motor unit, neuromuscular junction, muscle spindles, stretch reflex, Golgi tendon organ, and feedback inhibition. It describes the role of alpha and gamma motor neurons in voluntary movements and locomotion. It discusses the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and their involvement in motor planning, control, execution, learning, and adaptation. Key structures and pathways that converge on the anterior horn neuron to regulate precise movement are outlined.
hippocampal formation
The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe and resembles a seahorse in shape. It contains several layers of cells including the pyramidal cell layer and polymorphic layer. The hippocampus receives input from the entorhinal cortex and sends output primarily through the fornix to structures like the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei. It plays a key role in forming long term memories by converting short term memories through long term potentiation. Diseases like Alzheimer's can damage the hippocampus and impair memory.
Parietal lobe and its functions
The parietal lobe is involved in somatosensory processing and integration. It has several subdivisions and connections to other brain regions. Lesions can cause various sensory deficits like impaired localization of touch. They can also result in asomatognosias like denial of illness in one side of the body. Parietal lesions are associated with different types of apraxia including limb apraxia and constructional apraxia. Visual disorders like neglect of one side of space can also occur due to parietal damage.
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspects
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
Cerebral cortex - physiology
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebral cortex. It discusses the functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex, including its layers of neurons. It describes the relations of the cortex to the thalamus, and specific functions of motor, sensory, and association areas. Association areas integrate signals from multiple regions. Important association areas discussed include the parieto-occipitotemporal area, prefrontal area, and limbic area. The document also covers concepts such as the dominant hemisphere, functions in communication including language input and output, and thoughts, consciousness, and memory.
Recommended
Ppt parietal lobe
The parietal lobe is located at the top of the brain and is responsible for processing sensory information and integrating it with motor commands. It has clear boundaries defined by sulci and gyri. The parietal lobe can be divided into anterior and posterior zones, with the anterior zone processing somatic sensations and the posterior zone integrating visual and somatosensory information for movement. The parietal lobe plays an important role in functions like processing tactile information, visual control of movement, and spatial awareness.
Motor system
1) The motor cortex and corticospinal tract provide conscious control of voluntary skeletal muscle movements. The corticospinal tract contains fibers that cross to the opposite side of the body and fibers that remain on the same side.
2) Sensory information travels through ascending tracts in the spinal cord including the posterior, lateral, and spinocerebellar tracts to the brain.
3) The medial and lateral motor pathways issue subconscious motor commands through tracts like the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts to control gross movements and posture.
Thalamus
The thalamus is a paired symmetrical structure located in the center of the brain that relays sensory and motor signals between the brainstem and cerebral cortex. It is divided into several nuclei that have distinct connections and functions. The document provides detailed information on the anatomy, physiology, functional organization and clinical syndromes associated with lesions of different thalamic nuclei. Key points include a description of the gross anatomy and location of the thalamus, its blood supply, the nuclei and their connections, and syndromes associated with infarcts in the posterolateral and medial thalamic territories.
Motor system overview 2011
This document summarizes the organization and function of the motor system, including the spinal motor neuron, motor unit, neuromuscular junction, muscle spindles, stretch reflex, Golgi tendon organ, and feedback inhibition. It describes the role of alpha and gamma motor neurons in voluntary movements and locomotion. It discusses the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and their involvement in motor planning, control, execution, learning, and adaptation. Key structures and pathways that converge on the anterior horn neuron to regulate precise movement are outlined.
hippocampal formation
The hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe and resembles a seahorse in shape. It contains several layers of cells including the pyramidal cell layer and polymorphic layer. The hippocampus receives input from the entorhinal cortex and sends output primarily through the fornix to structures like the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei. It plays a key role in forming long term memories by converting short term memories through long term potentiation. Diseases like Alzheimer's can damage the hippocampus and impair memory.
Parietal lobe and its functions
The parietal lobe is involved in somatosensory processing and integration. It has several subdivisions and connections to other brain regions. Lesions can cause various sensory deficits like impaired localization of touch. They can also result in asomatognosias like denial of illness in one side of the body. Parietal lesions are associated with different types of apraxia including limb apraxia and constructional apraxia. Visual disorders like neglect of one side of space can also occur due to parietal damage.
Thalamus-Anatomy,Physiology,Applied aspects
Thalamus is a very important relay station.
All general and special sensory impulses (except smell) & afferent impulses from RAS are integrated here.
Thalamus however is the center of pain and protopathic sensations.
It has other non sensory functions as well, like motor control, sleep, wakefulness.
It is the largest structure deriving from the embryonic diencephalon, the posterior part of the forebrain situated between the midbrain and the cerebrum.
The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of 4 parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus (formerly called ventral thalamus) and dorsal thalamus.
Cerebral cortex - physiology
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebral cortex. It discusses the functional anatomy of the cerebral cortex, including its layers of neurons. It describes the relations of the cortex to the thalamus, and specific functions of motor, sensory, and association areas. Association areas integrate signals from multiple regions. Important association areas discussed include the parieto-occipitotemporal area, prefrontal area, and limbic area. The document also covers concepts such as the dominant hemisphere, functions in communication including language input and output, and thoughts, consciousness, and memory.
NEURAL PLASTICITY
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS OF RECOVERY FROM BRAIN INJURY OR INSULT. NEURAL PLASTICITY IS THE PROCESS WHICH HELPS IN RECOVERY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Function of Thalamus & thalamic syndrome
The thalamus is located in the middle of the brain between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It acts as a relay station for all sensory pathways and regulates states of sleep and wakefulness. The thalamus is divided into sensory, motor, limbic, and association nuclei that receive and project different types of sensory and motor information to various parts of the cerebral cortex. Damage to the thalamus can lead to a condition called thalamic syndrome, also known as Dejerine-Roussy syndrome, which involves loss of fine sensation, exaggerated pain sensation, and motor problems due to disturbances in thalamocortical connections.
Thalamus ppt
The thalamus is a structure located in the middle of the brain between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is the largest component of the diencephalon. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information (except smell) sending signals to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. It is divided into nuclei that each have distinct functions and connections related to motor control, sensory processing and integration, arousal, memory and cognition. Damage to different thalamic nuclei can disrupt various functions and result in sensory deficits, movement problems or changes to consciousness.
Motor system introduction
The motor system consists of upper motor neurons originating in the motor cortex and lower motor neurons originating in the spinal cord. The motor cortex is located in the frontal lobe and contains a somatotopic map called the motor homunculus. Primary motor areas like the primary motor cortex directly control muscle contraction, while secondary areas like the premotor cortex plan movements. Upper motor neurons descend through tracts like the corticospinal tract to synapse on lower motor neurons, which innervate muscles. Damage to different parts of the motor system can cause muscle weakness or changes in tone like spasticity or flaccidity.
Cerbral cortex.
The document provides information about the cerebral cortex. It discusses that the cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum and is divided into left and right hemispheres. It plays a key role in functions such as memory, attention, language, and consciousness. The cerebral cortex has six layers and is folded into gyri and sulci. It also describes the different lobes of the cerebral cortex including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Each lobe has different functional areas that control motor skills, sensory processing, hearing, and other cognitive functions.
Temporal lobe ppt
The temporal lobe plays important roles in processing sensory input such as auditory and visual information. It is involved in functions such as memory formation, emotion processing, and language comprehension. Damage to temporal lobe structures can cause symptoms like auditory or visual processing issues, memory impairments, and changes in emotional behavior or personality. The superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri and medial temporal structures each contribute to these various temporal lobe functions.
Functional anatomy of Frontal lobe
The document discusses the anatomy and functional areas of the frontal lobes, including the motor cortex, premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and their connections. It also examines frontal lobe circuits and the neurotransmitters that project to the frontal lobes. Common frontal lobe syndromes and deficits associated with lesions to different frontal areas are described.
Basalganglia
The basal ganglia consists of 5 structures that work together to regulate motor control and cognitive functions. It has two pathways - the direct pathway facilitates movement while the indirect pathway inhibits movement. In Parkinson's disease, loss of dopamine neurons tips the balance towards the indirect pathway, causing rigidity, tremors and slowed movement. Huntington's disease results from damage to the indirect pathway alone, causing uncontrolled, continuous movements instead.
Cns 9
The cerebellum is located under the occipital lobe and consists of cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. It can be divided into three lobes - the anterior lobe, posterior lobe, and flocculonodular lobe. The cerebellum receives proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensory input and coordinates voluntary movement through outputs to motor areas of the cortex and brainstem. Damage to the cerebellum results in ataxia and impaired motor coordination.
Behavior and motivational mechanism of brain, the limbic system and the hypot...
Behavior and motivational mechanism of brain, the limbic system and the hypot...DR MUHAMMAD MUQEEM MANGI
ppt of behavioral and motivational mechanism of brain in human Physiology Limbic system and HypothalmusFrontal lobe and its functions
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of different areas of the frontal lobe. It describes the primary motor cortex (area 4), premotor cortex (area 6), supplementary motor area (medial area 6), frontal eye fields (area 8), Broca's speech area (areas 44 and 45), orbital prefrontal cortex (areas 10 and 11), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (areas 9, 10, 46). It provides details on the connections, functions, and effects of lesions for each area. Bedside tests are also described to assess functions localized to different frontal lobe regions.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that receive input from and send output back to the cerebral cortex to assist with motor control and learning. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia help control skilled movements through circuits involving the putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, and motor cortex. Damage to parts of these circuits can cause movement disorders like chorea, hemiballismus, and athetosis. Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to rigidity, tremors, and akinesia
Frontallobe dr prashant mishra
The document discusses the anatomy, functions, and circuits of the frontal lobe. It describes the evolution, connections, and roles of different regions of the frontal lobe like the motor cortex, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and their related subcortical circuits. Dysfunctions of the frontal lobe that are mentioned include frontal lobe syndromes, frontotemporal dementia, frontal lobe epilepsy, and others.
Neuro circuit
Presentation on Default mode network, salience network, human connectome project and recent advances on connectomics
Limbic system
The limbic system is a ring of structures located in the medial temporal lobe that is involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory. It includes structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hypothalamus that are interconnected. Damage or dysfunction of the limbic system can cause disorders like abnormal emotional states, changes in motivation and drives, and episodic memory problems. The limbic system generates emotions and interprets sensory experiences as pleasant or unpleasant, influencing behavior. It also plays a role in learning, addiction, and various psychological disorders through its effects on neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.
Brodmann's areas of the cerebral cortex
This document summarizes the functional anatomy of the cerebral hemispheres. It describes the six layers of the cerebral cortex and areas related to somatosensory, motor, visual, auditory, and olfactory functions. It discusses association areas including the parietooccipitotemporal area, prefrontal cortex, Wernicke's area, and angular gyrus. It also briefly mentions control of eye movements, face recognition, speech processing, and functions of the non-dominant hemisphere.
Cerebellum Physiology
The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and coordination. It receives input from various sources, including the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. This input is processed within the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. The cerebellum then sends output to motor areas of the brainstem and cerebral cortex to coordinate movement, balance, and posture. It acts as a comparator, receiving feedback on actual movements and comparing them to intended movements, in order to calibrate motor output and prevent overshooting during voluntary motor acts such as walking and running. Damage to the cerebellum can cause ataxia or lack of coordination.
White matter of cerebrum dr.gosai
The white matter of the cerebrum contains three main types of nerve fibers: commissural fibers, association fibers, and projection fibers. Commissural fibers such as the corpus callosum connect the two cerebral hemispheres. Association fibers like the superior longitudinal bundle connect different regions within the same hemisphere. Projection fibers including those in the internal capsule connect the cerebral cortex to lower brain centers. The internal capsule specifically contains fibers that project to and from the cortex and plays an important role in motor function. Damage to the internal capsule can thus cause contralateral hemiplegia.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected brain structures that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in regulating movement and certain movement disorders. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus and brainstem areas. Dopamine from the substantia nigra helps modulate input and output signaling in the basal ganglia circuits. Disorders of these circuits can result in dyskinesias like tremors, chorea, athetosis, and ballismus or disturbances of muscle tone.
Basal ganglia - Anatomy, Neurochemistry, Connections, Disorders
Anatomy and Physiology of the Basal Ganglia, Neuro-circuitry, Neurochemistry, Mathematical Models, Disorders, Deep Brain Stimulation
Primary motor cortex
The primary motor cortex is responsible for planning, initiating, and directing voluntary movements. It contains the precentral gyrus and posterior parts of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri. The primary motor cortex encodes movement intentions and is involved in both voluntary movements and the expression of emotions through facial gestures and body posture. Brainstem motor centers help control posture and reflexes. The lateral corticospinal tract governs distal limb muscles for skilled movements while the ventromedial tract governs proximal muscles and posture. The motor cortex has a fractured somatotopic organization and single neurons can activate multiple muscles.
Motor cortex areas and physiology of stroke
The motor cortex controls voluntary movement. It contains four main areas - the primary motor cortex, premotor area, supplementary motor area, and some specialized areas. The primary motor cortex directly controls fine skilled movements and facilitates stretch reflexes. The premotor area produces large muscle group movements. The supplementary motor area programs complex motor activity. Specialized areas include Broca's area for speech and the frontal eye field for eye movements. Damage to motor areas or their connections causes upper motor neuron signs like spasticity, hyperreflexia, and weakness due to loss of fine movement control. Damage to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord or periphery causes flaccid paralysis, wasting, and fasciculations.
More Related Content
What's hot
NEURAL PLASTICITY
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE PROCESS OF RECOVERY FROM BRAIN INJURY OR INSULT. NEURAL PLASTICITY IS THE PROCESS WHICH HELPS IN RECOVERY OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Function of Thalamus & thalamic syndrome
The thalamus is located in the middle of the brain between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It acts as a relay station for all sensory pathways and regulates states of sleep and wakefulness. The thalamus is divided into sensory, motor, limbic, and association nuclei that receive and project different types of sensory and motor information to various parts of the cerebral cortex. Damage to the thalamus can lead to a condition called thalamic syndrome, also known as Dejerine-Roussy syndrome, which involves loss of fine sensation, exaggerated pain sensation, and motor problems due to disturbances in thalamocortical connections.
Thalamus ppt
The thalamus is a structure located in the middle of the brain between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is the largest component of the diencephalon. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information (except smell) sending signals to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. It is divided into nuclei that each have distinct functions and connections related to motor control, sensory processing and integration, arousal, memory and cognition. Damage to different thalamic nuclei can disrupt various functions and result in sensory deficits, movement problems or changes to consciousness.
Motor system introduction
The motor system consists of upper motor neurons originating in the motor cortex and lower motor neurons originating in the spinal cord. The motor cortex is located in the frontal lobe and contains a somatotopic map called the motor homunculus. Primary motor areas like the primary motor cortex directly control muscle contraction, while secondary areas like the premotor cortex plan movements. Upper motor neurons descend through tracts like the corticospinal tract to synapse on lower motor neurons, which innervate muscles. Damage to different parts of the motor system can cause muscle weakness or changes in tone like spasticity or flaccidity.
Cerbral cortex.
The document provides information about the cerebral cortex. It discusses that the cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum and is divided into left and right hemispheres. It plays a key role in functions such as memory, attention, language, and consciousness. The cerebral cortex has six layers and is folded into gyri and sulci. It also describes the different lobes of the cerebral cortex including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Each lobe has different functional areas that control motor skills, sensory processing, hearing, and other cognitive functions.
Temporal lobe ppt
The temporal lobe plays important roles in processing sensory input such as auditory and visual information. It is involved in functions such as memory formation, emotion processing, and language comprehension. Damage to temporal lobe structures can cause symptoms like auditory or visual processing issues, memory impairments, and changes in emotional behavior or personality. The superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri and medial temporal structures each contribute to these various temporal lobe functions.
Functional anatomy of Frontal lobe
The document discusses the anatomy and functional areas of the frontal lobes, including the motor cortex, premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and their connections. It also examines frontal lobe circuits and the neurotransmitters that project to the frontal lobes. Common frontal lobe syndromes and deficits associated with lesions to different frontal areas are described.
Basalganglia
The basal ganglia consists of 5 structures that work together to regulate motor control and cognitive functions. It has two pathways - the direct pathway facilitates movement while the indirect pathway inhibits movement. In Parkinson's disease, loss of dopamine neurons tips the balance towards the indirect pathway, causing rigidity, tremors and slowed movement. Huntington's disease results from damage to the indirect pathway alone, causing uncontrolled, continuous movements instead.
Cns 9
The cerebellum is located under the occipital lobe and consists of cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. It can be divided into three lobes - the anterior lobe, posterior lobe, and flocculonodular lobe. The cerebellum receives proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensory input and coordinates voluntary movement through outputs to motor areas of the cortex and brainstem. Damage to the cerebellum results in ataxia and impaired motor coordination.
Behavior and motivational mechanism of brain, the limbic system and the hypot...
Behavior and motivational mechanism of brain, the limbic system and the hypot...DR MUHAMMAD MUQEEM MANGI
ppt of behavioral and motivational mechanism of brain in human Physiology Limbic system and HypothalmusFrontal lobe and its functions
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of different areas of the frontal lobe. It describes the primary motor cortex (area 4), premotor cortex (area 6), supplementary motor area (medial area 6), frontal eye fields (area 8), Broca's speech area (areas 44 and 45), orbital prefrontal cortex (areas 10 and 11), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (areas 9, 10, 46). It provides details on the connections, functions, and effects of lesions for each area. Bedside tests are also described to assess functions localized to different frontal lobe regions.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that receive input from and send output back to the cerebral cortex to assist with motor control and learning. They include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia help control skilled movements through circuits involving the putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, and motor cortex. Damage to parts of these circuits can cause movement disorders like chorea, hemiballismus, and athetosis. Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to rigidity, tremors, and akinesia
Frontallobe dr prashant mishra
The document discusses the anatomy, functions, and circuits of the frontal lobe. It describes the evolution, connections, and roles of different regions of the frontal lobe like the motor cortex, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and their related subcortical circuits. Dysfunctions of the frontal lobe that are mentioned include frontal lobe syndromes, frontotemporal dementia, frontal lobe epilepsy, and others.
Neuro circuit
Presentation on Default mode network, salience network, human connectome project and recent advances on connectomics
Limbic system
The limbic system is a ring of structures located in the medial temporal lobe that is involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory. It includes structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hypothalamus that are interconnected. Damage or dysfunction of the limbic system can cause disorders like abnormal emotional states, changes in motivation and drives, and episodic memory problems. The limbic system generates emotions and interprets sensory experiences as pleasant or unpleasant, influencing behavior. It also plays a role in learning, addiction, and various psychological disorders through its effects on neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin.
Brodmann's areas of the cerebral cortex
This document summarizes the functional anatomy of the cerebral hemispheres. It describes the six layers of the cerebral cortex and areas related to somatosensory, motor, visual, auditory, and olfactory functions. It discusses association areas including the parietooccipitotemporal area, prefrontal cortex, Wernicke's area, and angular gyrus. It also briefly mentions control of eye movements, face recognition, speech processing, and functions of the non-dominant hemisphere.
Cerebellum Physiology
The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and coordination. It receives input from various sources, including the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. This input is processed within the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. The cerebellum then sends output to motor areas of the brainstem and cerebral cortex to coordinate movement, balance, and posture. It acts as a comparator, receiving feedback on actual movements and comparing them to intended movements, in order to calibrate motor output and prevent overshooting during voluntary motor acts such as walking and running. Damage to the cerebellum can cause ataxia or lack of coordination.
White matter of cerebrum dr.gosai
The white matter of the cerebrum contains three main types of nerve fibers: commissural fibers, association fibers, and projection fibers. Commissural fibers such as the corpus callosum connect the two cerebral hemispheres. Association fibers like the superior longitudinal bundle connect different regions within the same hemisphere. Projection fibers including those in the internal capsule connect the cerebral cortex to lower brain centers. The internal capsule specifically contains fibers that project to and from the cortex and plays an important role in motor function. Damage to the internal capsule can thus cause contralateral hemiplegia.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected brain structures that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in regulating movement and certain movement disorders. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus and brainstem areas. Dopamine from the substantia nigra helps modulate input and output signaling in the basal ganglia circuits. Disorders of these circuits can result in dyskinesias like tremors, chorea, athetosis, and ballismus or disturbances of muscle tone.
Basal ganglia - Anatomy, Neurochemistry, Connections, Disorders
Anatomy and Physiology of the Basal Ganglia, Neuro-circuitry, Neurochemistry, Mathematical Models, Disorders, Deep Brain Stimulation
What's hot (20)
Behavior and motivational mechanism of brain, the limbic system and the hypot...
Behavior and motivational mechanism of brain, the limbic system and the hypot...
Basal ganglia - Anatomy, Neurochemistry, Connections, Disorders
Basal ganglia - Anatomy, Neurochemistry, Connections, Disorders
Similar to Cns 6
Primary motor cortex
The primary motor cortex is responsible for planning, initiating, and directing voluntary movements. It contains the precentral gyrus and posterior parts of the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri. The primary motor cortex encodes movement intentions and is involved in both voluntary movements and the expression of emotions through facial gestures and body posture. Brainstem motor centers help control posture and reflexes. The lateral corticospinal tract governs distal limb muscles for skilled movements while the ventromedial tract governs proximal muscles and posture. The motor cortex has a fractured somatotopic organization and single neurons can activate multiple muscles.
Motor cortex areas and physiology of stroke
The motor cortex controls voluntary movement. It contains four main areas - the primary motor cortex, premotor area, supplementary motor area, and some specialized areas. The primary motor cortex directly controls fine skilled movements and facilitates stretch reflexes. The premotor area produces large muscle group movements. The supplementary motor area programs complex motor activity. Specialized areas include Broca's area for speech and the frontal eye field for eye movements. Damage to motor areas or their connections causes upper motor neuron signs like spasticity, hyperreflexia, and weakness due to loss of fine movement control. Damage to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord or periphery causes flaccid paralysis, wasting, and fasciculations.
The brain motor centers and descending pathways
The document discusses the motor cortex and its role in motor control. It is divided into the primary motor cortex, pre-motor area, and supplementary motor cortex, which together make up the sensorimotor cortex located in the frontal lobe. The primary motor cortex generates movements, while the pre-motor and supplementary motor cortices plan movements in coordination with other areas like the somatosensory and parietal cortices. Subcortical structures in the basal ganglia and cerebellum also interact with the motor cortex to control movements.
Y2 s2 locomotion seminar coordination 2011
The document discusses the role of the cerebellum in motor coordination. It explains that the cerebellum receives input from motor areas of the cortex and provides output to these areas via the thalamus to coordinate movement. It is involved in planning, timing, and sequencing movements. When there is damage to the cerebellum, motor coordination is affected, leading to movement disorders. The cerebellum helps correct errors in movement and prevent overshooting by preplanning ballistic movements based on feedback from prior movements.
Motor system3 cerebellum
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain and is divided into 3 lobes. It coordinates movement and maintains balance and posture. The cerebellum receives input from sensory systems and the motor cortex and sends output through cerebellar nuclei to affect movement. At its core are Purkinje cells that help the cerebellum detect errors and coordinate precise movements through inhibition and excitation of deep nuclear cells and motor areas. Damage results in ataxia and loss of coordinated movement.
Motor system2 pathways
The motor system begins with the motor cortex located in the frontal lobe. Within the motor cortex, different areas control different parts of the body in a somatotopic map called the motor homunculus. The primary motor cortex contains Betz cells whose axons form the corticospinal tract which descends through the internal capsule and brainstem to synapse on alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord. Secondary motor areas like the premotor and supplementary motor areas help plan and coordinate movements that are executed through the primary motor cortex and corticospinal tract. Both upper motor neurons from the cortex and lower motor neurons initiate muscle contraction through motor units consisting of an alpha motor neuron and innervated muscle fibers.
Movement II
The brain controls movement through a hierarchy with three levels - strategy, tactics, and execution. The highest level of strategy is in the neocortex and basal ganglia. Tactics are handled by the motor cortex and cerebellum. Execution occurs via signals from the brainstem and spinal cord to muscles. Sensory feedback is essential at each level. Voluntary movement involves cortical areas planning strategies that activate the basal ganglia and cerebellum to initiate and coordinate movement signals sent to the spinal cord.
Motor system
The motor system includes tracts like the corticospinal tract and extrapyramidal tracts as well as structures like the basal ganglia and cerebellum that regulate movement. The corticospinal tract originates in the motor cortex and projects to motor neurons in the spinal cord or brainstem to control voluntary movement. Other tracts like the rubrospinal tract help with posture and balance. Together, these motor pathways and structures allow for different types of motor activities and precise control of movement.
Pyramidal system
Pyramidal system.Upper motor neuron,Corticospinal tract,
Corticobulbar tract,Giant pyramidal cells ,reticular formation ,
Babinski sign ,
Reflex and Voluntary Control of Movement
This document discusses motor control in the nervous system. It describes three levels of motor control hierarchy: the spinal cord, brainstem, and cortical motor areas. The spinal cord controls locomotion reflexes through central pattern generators and receives input from brainstem areas involved in postural reflexes and locomotion. Voluntary control of movement originates from cortical motor areas and is coordinated with spinal cord and brainstem regions through descending motor tracts in the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems.
Motor division of nervous system
for downloading go to
http://medicalpresentation.blogspot.in/2012/09/clinical-approach-to-hemiplegia.html
8. motor control-08-09
The brainstem controls movement through three motor pathways - the medial, lateral, and corticospinal pathways. The medial pathway controls posture and arises from the reticular formation, vestibular nuclei and tectum. The lateral pathway controls limb movements and arises from the red nucleus. The corticospinal pathway provides precise control of individual muscles and arises from the motor cortex. Damage to upper motor neurons can cause either negative signs like weakness or positive signs like increased muscle tone.
Motor control-09-10
The brainstem and cerebral cortex contain upper motor neurons that project to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord to control movement. There are three main upper motor pathways - the corticospinal pathway arising from the motor cortex controls fine distal movements, the lateral brainstem pathway from the red nucleus controls limb movements, and the medial brainstem pathway from the reticular formation controls posture. Damage to upper motor neurons can cause signs of weakness from loss of function or spasticity from disinhibition of motor circuits.
vinay babu.pptx
The motor system controls movement and includes tracts that connect the brain to the spinal cord and muscles. It has both voluntary and involuntary components. Voluntary movements are controlled by the motor cortex which sends signals through tracts like the corticospinal tract. Other areas like the basal ganglia and cerebellum help regulate and coordinate movement. The motor system consists of upper and lower motor neurons that connect the brain to muscles to enable both skilled and reflexive movements.
Pinel basics ch06
The document discusses the sensorimotor system and how it allows humans to perform voluntary movements and actions. It covers several key points:
1) The sensorimotor system is hierarchically organized, with the association cortex at the highest level and muscles at the lowest level. Signals flow between levels over multiple parallel paths.
2) Two major areas of the sensorimotor association cortex are the posterior parietal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The posterior parietal cortex integrates sensory information and outputs to the motor cortex.
3) Damage to the posterior parietal area can cause apraxia or contralateral neglect. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex evaluates stimuli and initiates
Physiology of movement
The document summarizes the physiology of human movement. It discusses how distinct areas of the brain plan, execute, and provide feedback for movements. The motor cortex, brainstem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and spinal cord all contribute to different types of movement like postural control, ambulation, and reaching/grasping. Descending pathways like the corticospinal tract transmit signals from the motor cortex to the spinal cord to control muscle activation. Sensory feedback through pathways like the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway provides information to coordinate movement.
Pyramida and extrapyramidal tracts
This document discusses motor neurophysiology and motor control pathways in the central nervous system. It begins by describing the hierarchy of motor control areas in the cortex, including the primary motor cortex, premotor area, and supplementary motor area. It then discusses the descending motor pathways, dividing them into direct pathways like the pyramidal tracts and indirect extrapyramidal pathways. The main pathways discussed are the lateral corticospinal tract, rubrospinal tract, reticulospinal tract, and vestibulospinal tract. The functions and locations of termination of these tracts are described. Clinical features of upper and lower motor neuron lesions are also summarized.
Motor system6 overview3
The motor nervous system is comprised of several components that work together in a hierarchical manner to control movement. At the highest level are secondary motor areas like the supplementary motor area and premotor cortex that plan movements. Lower levels include the primary motor cortex, corticospinal tract, lower motor neurons, and skeletal muscles. Other components that assist in motor control are the cerebellum for coordination, basal ganglia for movement execution, and spinal cord for reflexes. Damage at different levels of this hierarchy can result in different motor impairments.
motor cortex
This document summarizes the cortical and brain stem control of motor function. It discusses how the motor cortex, premotor area, and supplementary motor area initiate voluntary movements by activating patterns stored in lower brain areas like the brain stem and cerebellum. These lower centers then send control signals to muscles. It describes areas of the motor cortex and their functions, as well as pathways involving the brain stem, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and spinal cord that integrate to control motor functions. Damage to different areas can impact speech, eye and head movements, and dexterity.
Similar to Cns 6 (20)
More from MBBS IMS MSU
Hema practical 05 hema staining
This document provides instructions for several common pathology laboratory procedures using capillary blood samples including preparing blood films, performing Leishman's and Giemsa staining, measuring coagulation time using the slide method, and determining blood groups also using the slide method. It notes that capillary puncture is preferred for peripheral blood smears and that the site should not be squeezed to obtain blood as that alters the composition and invalidates test results. Warming extremities may facilitate blood collection.
Hema practical 03 coagulation
This document discusses various laboratory tests used to investigate hemostasis and coagulation disorders. It outlines five primary screening tests, including platelet count, bleeding time, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and fibrinogen level. More specific coagulation factor assays and tests of fibrinolysis are also mentioned. Details are provided on procedures for common coagulation tests like PT, PTT, thrombin time (TT) and activated coagulation time (ACT). The document discusses the clinical implications of abnormal results and potential interfering factors for interpretation.
Hema practical 02 hematology
The document discusses various components of a basic blood test. It provides details on the normal composition and functions of blood, as well as procedures for blood specimen collection. It also explains the clinical implications and reference ranges for various components analyzed in a complete blood count test, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and sedimentation rate.
Pharmacology anticoagulation
The document discusses anticoagulants and their use in preventing blood clots. It describes tests like PT, INR, and PTT that are used to monitor anticoagulant therapy and provides normal ranges. PT measures clotting factors while INR standardizes PT results between labs. PTT evaluates heparin therapy and clotting factors. Warfarin users should have an INR of 2.0-3.0 for basic needs or 2.5-3.5 if at high risk of clots.
Microbiology hiv-yf
This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including its history, virology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It describes how HIV was first identified in 1981 as the cause of AIDS, belongs to the retrovirus family, and has two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Over 30 million people have died of AIDS since 1981, and approximately 2.5 million people are newly infected with HIV each year.
Forensic medicine firearms and firearm injuries
Firearms can be classified as either smooth-bore or rifled-bore weapons. Smooth-bore weapons like shotguns fire multiple projectiles at once, while rifled weapons like pistols and rifles fire a single bullet. Entry wounds vary based on the firearm caliber and distance, from contact wounds with scorching and blackening to distant wounds with scattered powder markings. Exit wounds show a torn hole dependent on the bullet's momentum and any bone fragments carried with it. Forensic analysis of entry and exit wounds can help reconstruct shooting incidents and determine factors like self-infliction, range, direction, and whether a particular weapon was involved.
Forensic medicine firearms and firearm injuries
Firearms can be classified as either smooth-bore or rifled-bore weapons. Smooth-bore weapons like shotguns fire multiple projectiles at once, while rifled weapons like pistols and rifles fire a single bullet. Entry wounds vary based on the firearm caliber and distance, from contact wounds with scorching and blackening at close range to split entry holes at a more distant range. Exit wounds show a torn hole dependent on the bullet's momentum and any bone fragments carried with it, and the entry wound may be larger than the exit wound at close range. Forensic analysis of gunshot wounds can help reconstruct shooting incidents and determine factors like self-infliction, range, direction, and whether a particular weapon
Forensic medicine changes after death
The document discusses changes that occur after death, including cooling of the body, hypostasis (livor mortis), rigor mortis, and decomposition. It provides details on the timing and processes of each change and factors that can influence them. Multiple criteria for determining brain death are also outlined from different medical organizations between 1966-1985. The document recommends brain death be recognized as death and that two specialists should diagnose it.
Pharmacology cvs medicine
1) Heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs due to issues with how the heart fills or empties.
2) Common causes include heart attacks, high blood pressure, and heart valve problems.
3) The renin-angiotensin system helps regulate blood pressure and fluid levels in the body and is activated in heart failure. Drugs that block this system such as ACE inhibitors are used to treat heart failure.
Pharmacology antiarrhythmias
1. Arrhythmias occur when the heart beats too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm due to problems with the heart's electrical conduction system.
2. Several classes of antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat arrhythmias by blocking sodium, calcium, or potassium channels to suppress abnormal automaticity or conduction in the heart.
3. Common antiarrhythmic drugs include quinidine, mexiletine, flecainide, propranolol, amiodarone, dofetilide, verapamil and diltiazem. These drugs have different mechanisms of action and potential side effects like cardiac toxicity that require careful monitoring.
Pharmacology angina
This document discusses antianginal drugs used to treat angina pectoris, or chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. There are three main classes of drugs used: organic nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Organic nitrates like nitroglycerin work by dilating blood vessels to increase blood flow to the heart and reduce its workload. Beta-blockers lower the heart rate and force of contraction to decrease oxygen demand. Calcium channel blockers inhibit calcium entry into heart and blood vessel cells to relax vessels and reduce workload. Each drug class is described in more detail regarding mechanisms, effects, pharmacokinetics, uses, and side effects.
Pathology hematology 3
Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by a point mutation in the beta globin gene, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin S. This leads to polymerization of hemoglobin and distortion of red blood cells. Clinical manifestations include anemia, bone pain, acute chest syndrome, and organ damage to tissues like the spleen, liver, and kidneys. The condition is diagnosed through blood tests detecting hemoglobin electrophoresis patterns and genetic testing.
Forensic medicine the medico-legal autopsy
The document summarizes the key steps and components of a medico-legal autopsy, including:
1) Obtaining social, medical, and psychiatric history from relatives, medical records, and police reports to understand the context of the death.
2) Identifying the deceased through visual recognition, personal effects, medical records, and fingerprints.
3) Examining the deceased's clothing and personal effects for clues about their lifestyle and the events surrounding their death.
4) Conducting an external examination of the body and documenting any injuries, markings, or other observations.
5) Performing an internal examination of the body to describe any natural diseases, injuries, or other findings.
6) Determining the cause
Forensic medicine post mortem artefact
Animal activity after death can cause superficial tissue damage resembling abrasions on bodies found in sandy locations. Insects, ants, beetles and other scavengers will invade the body. In more covered places, mammals like rats, mice, dogs and foxes may feed on bodies when food supplies are low, destroying large areas. Birds like buzzards and crows can pick a body clean in a few days depending on the season. Water bodies host crustaceans, fish and birds that can cause extensive soft tissue damage, with characteristic marks. During autopsy, pathologists must be careful not to misinterpret accidental bone fractures or tissue damage caused by their own actions as injuries. Clinicians' resuscitation efforts or diagnostic techniques ante
Pharmacology anemia and its treatment
The document discusses anemia, including its causes, types, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines anemia as a low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin levels. The main causes are blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell destruction. Anemia can be classified as microcytic, macrocytic, or normocytic based on red blood cell size. Treatment involves iron supplements in the form of ferrous sulfate, though some patients require alternative preparations due to side effects. Precautions are needed as iron can be toxic in high doses.
Pharmacology neuromuscular blockers & anemia
Skeletal muscle relaxants are drugs that affect skeletal muscle function by decreasing muscle tone. There are two main types: neuromuscular blockers that interfere with transmission at the neuromuscular junction and have no central nervous system activity, often used during surgery; and centrally-acting muscle relaxants that are used to alleviate musculoskeletal pain and spasms by acting in the central nervous system. Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient, defined as a hemoglobin level below 13 g/dL for men and 12 g/dL for non-pregnant women. Anemia can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red
Pharmacology - Parkinsonism
Parkinsonism is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, resting tremor, and impaired balance. It can be caused by idiopathic Parkinson's disease, vascular issues, certain drugs that block dopamine, or dementia with Lewy bodies. Treatment aims to increase dopamine in the brain and involves levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO inhibitors, COMT inhibitors, amantadine, and anticholinergic drugs.
Forensic medicine medical negligence
Medical negligence occurs when a doctor breaches his duty of care owed to a patient, resulting in injury to the patient. For a claim of medical negligence to be successful, it must be proven that the doctor owed a duty of care, breached this duty, and this breach caused damages to the patient. Breaches of duty can include failing to follow approved medical practices, making inaccurate diagnoses, risks associated with treatment, and failing to communicate with other doctors. The standard of care owed depends on the doctor's specialty and level of experience. Between 1985-1989, the Malaysian Medical Council inquired into 36 cases of medical negligence and disciplinary issues, finding 21 practitioners guilty as charged.
Forensic medicine medical negligence 2-bolam principle
This document discusses medical negligence and the Bolam principle for determining negligence in medical malpractice cases. It provides background on several key cases that helped establish the standard of care. The Bolam principle determines negligence based on whether a doctor's actions fell below the standard of a responsible body of medical professionals. However, it has been criticized for being too protective of doctors. Even if a doctor's actions cause harm, they may not be found negligent under Bolam if other doctors may have acted the same way. The document examines challenges in assessing causation and damages in medical negligence cases.
More from MBBS IMS MSU (20)
Forensic medicine medical negligence 2-bolam principle
Forensic medicine medical negligence 2-bolam principle
Cns 6
- 17. DESCENDING PATHWAYS FROM THE MOTOR CORTEX SOME CORTICAL NEURONS PROJECT AXONS THAT SYNAPSE ON SPINAL MOTOR NEURONS
- 21. The Direct (Pyramidal) System Figure 12.34a
- 24. Corticospinal Tract Origin: Cerebral Cortex Brodmann Area 4 (Primary Motor Area, M I) Brodmann Area 6 (Premotor Area, PM ) Brodmann Area 3,1,2 (Primary Somesthetic Area, S I) Brodmann Area 5 (Anterior Portion of Sup. Parietal Lobule) Corona Radiata lnternal Capsule, Posterior Limb Crus Cerebri, Middle Portion Longitudinal Pontine Fiber Pyramid - pyramidal decussation Corticospinal Tracts: - Lateral (crossed) - 85% - Anterior (Not crossed) - 15% Termination: Spinal Gray (Rexed IV-IX) Spinal Cord Descending Tracts
- 26. Bilateral – 5, 7 (upper face), ambiguus Contralateral – 7 (lower face); 12
- 29. Indirect (Extrapyramidal) System Figure 12.34b
- 31. Involved in control of facial and jaw musculature, swallowing and tongue movements. From the motor cortex to several nuclei in the pons and medulla Corticobulbar tract The major function of this pathway is fine voluntary motor control of the limbs. The pathway also controls voluntary body posture adjustments. From the motor cortex to lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord Corticospinal tract Function Pathway Tract
- 37. upper motor neuron UMN SOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEM lower motor neuron LMN Brain Stem Descending Pathway Final Common Pathway EFFECTORS skeletal muscle Pyramidal Tract VOLUNTARY CONTROL AUTOMATIC CONTROL Rubrospinal Tract Tectospinal Tract Vestibulospinal Tract Reticulospinal Tract REFLEX
- 38. Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) vs. Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Syndrome UMN syndrome LMN Syndrome Type of Paralysis Spastic Paresis Flaccid Paralysis Atrophy No (Disuse) Atrophy Severe Atrophy Deep Tendon Reflex Increase Absent DTR Pathological Reflex Positive Babinski Sign Absent Superficial Reflex Absent Present Fasciculation and Absent Could be Fibrillation Present