Acute Transverse Myelitis
Blockage of the Spinal Cord’s Blood Supply
Cervical Spondylosis
Compression of the Spinal Cord
Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis
Subacute Combined Degeneration
Syrinx of the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem
Acute Transverse Myelitis
Blockage of the Spinal Cord’s Blood Supply
Cervical Spondylosis
Compression of the Spinal Cord
Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis
Subacute Combined Degeneration
Syrinx of the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem
Spinal Cord Injuries are uncommon, but they are a leading cause of high cost disability, and with ageing population, the incidence is expected to increase. This presentation looks at the many facets of spinal cord injuries.
TRANSVERSE MYELITIS
The term myelitis refers to inflammation of the spinal cord; transverse simply describes the position of the inflammation, that is, across the width of the spinal cord.
A pathogenically heterogeneous focal inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord characterized by acute or sub acute development of motor weakness, sensory impairment, bowel or bladder dysfunction and autonomic dysfunction
Spinal Cord Injuries are uncommon, but they are a leading cause of high cost disability, and with ageing population, the incidence is expected to increase. This presentation looks at the many facets of spinal cord injuries.
TRANSVERSE MYELITIS
The term myelitis refers to inflammation of the spinal cord; transverse simply describes the position of the inflammation, that is, across the width of the spinal cord.
A pathogenically heterogeneous focal inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord characterized by acute or sub acute development of motor weakness, sensory impairment, bowel or bladder dysfunction and autonomic dysfunction
Anatomical localisation of function is a fundamental principle in the neurosciences. This presentation highlights the basics neuroanatomy and correlate major brain structure with their functions.
Lecture 2 from a college level neuropharmacology course taught in the spring 2012 semester by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University. Includes major areas of the central nervous system, anatomical terminology, brain imaging techniques
This is the ppt that describes about organization of nerve in central nervous system. It also classify the nerves in various ways. Functions of different nerves and its characteristics are also described in this ppt.
Nervous system - Arun Kumar Beborta, Tutor, SON, Christian Hospital Mungeli ruhiarun
This presentation was prepared for the GNM 1st year students with objectives: they will be able to:
1. define nervous system
2. describe neurones
3. explain different parts of brain and their function
4. list down types of nerves and their functions
5. differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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2. •Neurons conduct impulses
•The passage of Action potential
•RMP of muscle and nerves: The resting membrane potential in
skeletal muscle cells is similar to that in neurons, i.e. −70 to −90
mV. Unlike nerve cells, where the resting membrane potential is
predominantly a result of K+ permeability, skeletalmuscle cell
resting membrane potential receives a significant contribution
from Cl− conductance. (structure of cell memberane protein
bilipid and stacked with protein molecules)
•Neurons are the most sensitive cells to change in pH, pCO2,pO2
and blood glucose levels
•Neurons are classified into
3. • Sensory neuron: cell body outside the CNS and function is to
conduct impulses from periphery to CNS (for eg. Irritative
impulses)
• Depends on the direction of the action potential (afferent /
efferent, so afferent cell bodies are outside the CNS)
4. Interneurons: completely within the CNS: pass impulses within the CNS to the
motor neuron network (very complex) (eg. Motor functions centrally
governed and glandular secretions)
5. • Motor neurons: cell body in the CNS
and axons in outside the CNS (muscle
movement)
• Motor neurons are classified into
UMN and LMN
• UMN: cell bodies in the cerebral
cortex or brain stem and axons
forming the descending fasciculi (long
tracts)
• The LMN: Cell bodies in the
brainstem/spinal cord and axons for
the motor fibers which innervate the
muscular structures.
• The clinical signs of UMN and LMN
are different
• It can be related with the fact that if
nerve cells are destroyed no
regeneration but it is possible if the
axon is destroyed.
6. •Axons and some
dendrites and its branches
are covered with a layer
of white fatty substance
known as myelin sheath.
Size of the fibres 0.5-20
microns
•The smallest axon has
very thin film of myelin
sheath so they are called
unmyelinated (because
the sheath is not visible by
staining)
7. • Slow nerve conduction in unmyelinated fiber
• 0.5M/SECOND in very small unmyelinated fiber
• 100m/second very large myelinated fiber
• Velicity increases approximately with the fuber dia in myelinated nerve
fiber and approx with the square root of fiber dia. In unmyelinated fiber
• In young ones after birth slow pick up several weeks after birth
• CD, allergic reactions ------destruction of myelin
• Axons outside the CNS have one more covering called endoneuriuim
above the myelin
8. •Nerve damage---if distal (may
regenerate)
•If cell body damages---does not
regenerate
•The degeneration may be ascending or
descending degeneration
•Nissils substance undergo chromatolysis
•The myelin is converted into lipid
droplets and aligned along the broken
axon
•The Schwann cells elongate and
interconnect with each other
•Axons grow and join
•Glial scarring in CNS prevents
regeneration
9. • Due to
– Trauma
– acute compression
• Signs & symptoms
– Loss of motor function
– Loss of sensory function
• Pathology
– Demyelination/axonal degeneration
– Disruption of the sensory/motor function of the injured nerve
– Remyelination with axonal regeneration
– Reinnervation of the sensory receptors & muscle end plates
• Degenerative changes
• Axonal injury
– Degenerative changes at proximal & distal end
• Anterograde degeneration (Wallerian Degeneration)
– Affecting the
» Injured neuron
» Neurons functionally connected to the injured neuron
– Transneural degeneration
» also degenerate neurons that synapses with the injured neuron
– Starts in 24 hours
Peripheral nerve injury
10. • Retrograde Degeneration
– Extends up to the first node of Ranvier proximal to the injury
– Changes in the dendritic tree
» the parent cell body & the part of the axon still attached
to the cell body
– Chromatolytic changes
– Swelling of the cell
– Displacement of the nucleus to periphery
» sometimes extruded out
– Fragmentation & reduction of Golgi apparatus
– Disappearance of neurofibrils
11. • Chromatolysis
• disintegration of the Nissl substance
– begins within 24 – 48 hours
– begins near the axon hillock & spreads to other parts
• occurs in certain infectious or degenerative diseases of the
nervous system
– poliomyelitis
– progressive muscular atrophy
• degree of chromatolysis depends on
– proximity of the site of injury to the nerve cell
• more in motor neurons
• Wallerian degeneration
12.
13. • Reg. Rate of nerves
• 0.5-2.0 mm / day in canine. There is down growth of
neurobifibrils from the proximal portion of severed nerve (if
connected with other nerves and AP is there), then chances
of regeneration will be more.
• The nerve impulse: AP, RMP
• Thicker fibers carry faster impulse
• Synapse: one neuron joins the other/ effectors
• May transmit signals/ may block signals/ may change it from
single impulse to repetitive impulses
• Reduce the signals
• Integrate the impulses with other neuron
• Excitatory transmitter: hyperesthesis, hyperalgesia and
excessive motor responses visual and tactile stimuli
14. • Inhibitory transmitter: very important because CNS
continuously receives a barrage of stimuli from the
peripheral nerves . Inhibition plays a role in selecting
the imp. Signals at a particular set of circumstances
• Strychnine poisoning : muscular rigidity
• Sensory receptors
• They turn specific form of energy into nerve impulses
• Mechanoreceptors: touch, pressure, kinesthetic, sound
equilibrium, lung stretch, heart stretch
• Thermo receptors: heat and cold
• Chemoreceptor
• Pain , taste smell and oxygen tension in blood
• Electromagnetic radiations receptors; sight—Rods and
cones of eye
15. • Effectors
• Reflexes: myotactic or stretch reflex- knee jerk
• The antigravity muscles are responsible for muscle
tone
• Knee jerk: when patella is hammered the stifle goes
into extension
• Neuroglia
• Meninges
• Internal cavities of the brain
• CSF
• Hydrocephalous
• BBB
16. Choroid plexus; made of ependydymal
cells and responsible for the synthesis
of CSF
17.
18. •Blood CSF barrier-----At the choroid plexus
•CSF brain barrier------- at the CSF
•BBB--- Is actually due to the pedicular processes of the astrocytes which
cover the capillaries of the CNS. These interposition of the glial cells
provides the selectivity of the entrance of materials into the CNS tissue.
19. The Blood –CSF barrier : is based on organization of the choroid
plexus its capillaries
20. •The CSF brain barrier: selectivity of the ependymal cells lining the ventricles
and ependymal cells lining the ventricles and the cerebral aqueduct and the
astrocytes adjacent to the ependyma.
•Certain regions are devoid of BBB like pineal body, optic recess of the third
ventricle, the saccular eminence of the hypophyseal stalk and posterior lobe of
hypophysis.
21. Blood supply•Cerebrum: Anterior , middle
and posterior cerebral
arteries
•Cerebellar: Anterior and
posterior cerebellar artery
22. • Important for the
clinician who does
cerebral angiograms
for diagnostic
purposes to
recognize the normal
vascular pattern
• Clinical sign with
sudden flaccid hemi-
paresis suggest an
acute vascular
accident
24. Venous drainage is from the Dural sinuses (vascular channels
within the structure of the Dura mater)
25. • Brain metabolism utilizes about 14 per cent of the total
oxygen consumption of the body
• Carbohydrate oxidation to glucose is the chief energy
source
• Autoregulation of blood flow to the CNS
• Autonomic system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
• Co2 is dominant than O2
• When carbon dioxide partial pressure PCO2 increases in the
capillaries the BV dilate allow rapid blood flow to remove
the excess co2 and other metabolites which can lower the
Co2 back to normal
• In brain edema: Vasoconstriction is brought about by
hyperventillation and oxygenation at the tissue site
• This process reduces the blood flow to tissue and edema
subsides
• It should not be excessive otherwise problem occurs