Motor Cortex
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•375 views
The motor cortex is located on both sides of the brain and contains three regions: the primary motor cortex which controls movements, the premotor cortex which prepares movements, and the supplementary motor area which aids in motor planning. An experiment on monkeys showed that different neurons in the motor cortex reacted at different stages of a button pressing task: some fired after the first light cue, some after the second light, and one important neuron fired from the first light through the movement. Malfunctions in the motor cortex can cause muscle twitching, weakness, and even paralysis.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
How Reflex Works
Reflexes are involuntary fast reactions of the nervous system that protect the body from external dangers. There are two types of body movements: voluntary movements that are consciously controlled by the brain, and involuntary or reflex movements that occur automatically in response to a stimulus before the brain is aware. Reflexes work by stimuli being received from outside the body, signals being transmitted to the spinal cord via sensory neurons, and the spinal cord sending signals to muscles via motor neurons to move automatically, while also informing the brain.
Nervous system
The nervous system has several functions including sending sensory information to the brain, sending commands from the brain to the body, and enabling movement, balance, coordination, reflexes, instincts, thinking, reasoning, memory, emotions, and dreams. It has two main parts - the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system comprising nerves in the rest of the body. Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system, having a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. They transmit impulses through electrical signals and neurotransmitters.
10 motor unit sr2002 2013 al
A motor unit is composed of an α motor neuron, its axon, and the muscle fibers it innervates. There are three main types of motor units - S, FR, and FF - that are recruited in order of size according to the Henneman size principle, with S units recruited first and FF units recruited only during high force generation. Electromyography can be used to study individual motor units and their recruitment patterns during different levels of exercise.
jy RIC summer poster
This case study looked at using an intelligent stretcher robot to reduce tremors in the forearms and hands of two subjects with Parkinson's disease. Electromyography sensors were used to measure muscle activity in the extensor carpi radialis longus and flexor carpi radialis muscles. For both subjects, tremors were found to be present in both muscles and induced when the muscles were in a shortening state, such as during movement. The stretcher robot was able to reduce tremors by stretching the muscles and increasing damping. For the second subject, angle and damping changes were also able to reduce tremors without consistent results. The study suggests intelligent stretching may help reduce tremors but more research is needed on different patients.
Chapter 4 our trade & our art
The document discusses how the amygdala responds to threats by taking control of learning and focusing on survival, interrupting normal learning processes. When an individual feels in control of their environment and recognizes positive signs, the amygdala becomes less active which allows learning to be facilitated again through the release of dopamine.
MNsMM
Mirror neurons help make meaning in communication in 3 key ways:
1) Mirror neurons fire both when we perform an action and when we observe another performing the same action, allowing us to understand others' intentions and have empathy.
2) Through mirroring others' gestures, words and actions in conversation, mirror neurons enable understanding without explicit meaning.
3) Mirror neurons are thought to have played a role in the evolution of language and culture by facilitating learning through imitation.
Chapter#3
A distributor is a network that distributes power from a substation at a high transmission voltage to consumers at a lower distribution voltage. It has multiple taps along its length to supply various consumers. The voltage along the distributor's length can vary depending on the load current and cross-sectional area of the conductors. A three-wire DC distributor is fed from one end and has two outer conductors at +/-V and a middle neutral wire, allowing loads to connect at either V volts or 2V volts. Distributors can also be fed at both ends to reduce voltage drop when carrying heavy loads over long distances. Examples are then given of calculating voltage drops in uniformly loaded distributors fed from one or both ends
The anatomy of brain & cerebral hemispheres
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla. The cerebrum controls higher functions and is divided into sensory, motor, and association areas. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance, while the medulla regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate. Specific areas of the brain control motor and sensory functions for different parts of the body. Language abilities are localized to Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the left hemisphere for most right-handed individuals.
Recommended
How Reflex Works
Reflexes are involuntary fast reactions of the nervous system that protect the body from external dangers. There are two types of body movements: voluntary movements that are consciously controlled by the brain, and involuntary or reflex movements that occur automatically in response to a stimulus before the brain is aware. Reflexes work by stimuli being received from outside the body, signals being transmitted to the spinal cord via sensory neurons, and the spinal cord sending signals to muscles via motor neurons to move automatically, while also informing the brain.
Nervous system
The nervous system has several functions including sending sensory information to the brain, sending commands from the brain to the body, and enabling movement, balance, coordination, reflexes, instincts, thinking, reasoning, memory, emotions, and dreams. It has two main parts - the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system comprising nerves in the rest of the body. Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system, having a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and an axon that transmits signals. They transmit impulses through electrical signals and neurotransmitters.
10 motor unit sr2002 2013 al
A motor unit is composed of an α motor neuron, its axon, and the muscle fibers it innervates. There are three main types of motor units - S, FR, and FF - that are recruited in order of size according to the Henneman size principle, with S units recruited first and FF units recruited only during high force generation. Electromyography can be used to study individual motor units and their recruitment patterns during different levels of exercise.
jy RIC summer poster
This case study looked at using an intelligent stretcher robot to reduce tremors in the forearms and hands of two subjects with Parkinson's disease. Electromyography sensors were used to measure muscle activity in the extensor carpi radialis longus and flexor carpi radialis muscles. For both subjects, tremors were found to be present in both muscles and induced when the muscles were in a shortening state, such as during movement. The stretcher robot was able to reduce tremors by stretching the muscles and increasing damping. For the second subject, angle and damping changes were also able to reduce tremors without consistent results. The study suggests intelligent stretching may help reduce tremors but more research is needed on different patients.
Chapter 4 our trade & our art
The document discusses how the amygdala responds to threats by taking control of learning and focusing on survival, interrupting normal learning processes. When an individual feels in control of their environment and recognizes positive signs, the amygdala becomes less active which allows learning to be facilitated again through the release of dopamine.
MNsMM
Mirror neurons help make meaning in communication in 3 key ways:
1) Mirror neurons fire both when we perform an action and when we observe another performing the same action, allowing us to understand others' intentions and have empathy.
2) Through mirroring others' gestures, words and actions in conversation, mirror neurons enable understanding without explicit meaning.
3) Mirror neurons are thought to have played a role in the evolution of language and culture by facilitating learning through imitation.
Chapter#3
A distributor is a network that distributes power from a substation at a high transmission voltage to consumers at a lower distribution voltage. It has multiple taps along its length to supply various consumers. The voltage along the distributor's length can vary depending on the load current and cross-sectional area of the conductors. A three-wire DC distributor is fed from one end and has two outer conductors at +/-V and a middle neutral wire, allowing loads to connect at either V volts or 2V volts. Distributors can also be fed at both ends to reduce voltage drop when carrying heavy loads over long distances. Examples are then given of calculating voltage drops in uniformly loaded distributors fed from one or both ends
The anatomy of brain & cerebral hemispheres
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla. The cerebrum controls higher functions and is divided into sensory, motor, and association areas. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance, while the medulla regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate. Specific areas of the brain control motor and sensory functions for different parts of the body. Language abilities are localized to Broca's and Wernicke's areas in the left hemisphere for most right-handed individuals.
Emotion panal powerpoint
The document discusses evolutionary psychology and emotions. It argues that the brain evolved specialized programs to solve adaptive problems, and that emotions evolved as superordinate programs to manage these other programs in recurrent ancestral situations. Emotions help coordinate physiology, feelings, and behavior. Facial expressions of emotions also evolved to communicate mental states to others in ways that were reliably informative over human evolution. Some emotions are more readily expressed than others depending on the selection pressures of different ancestral situations.
Ch01
This document provides an overview of the structure and content of the Biological Psychology I course. The course will meet over three sessions on Thursdays and Fridays in October, November, and December. Each session will include a 50-minute frontal lecture followed by a 10-minute break and practical exercises. The course will cover 13 chapters on topics ranging from the historical and cellular aspects of neuroscience to specific sensory and motor systems. Students are expected to read the recommended textbook and additional materials posted online. The course aims to provide students with substantial knowledge across the field of neuroscience.
Ch14
The motor system is hierarchically organized, with the highest level involving strategy in the neocortex and basal ganglia, the middle level involving tactics in the motor cortex and cerebellum, and the lowest level involving execution in the brainstem and spinal cord. Descending pathways in the lateral and ventromedial regions of the spinal cord control voluntary distal movements and posture/locomotion respectively. Key structures involved in motor control include the motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.
Lecture 02: Locomotion
This document discusses various forms of locomotion including crawling, sliding, running, jumping, walking and rolling. It covers relationships between different types of locomotion like swimming to walking. Forms of locomotion found in nature like a horse's gallop are discussed as well as how robots are starting to imitate natural locomotion. Characteristics of locomotion like stability and contact points are examined. Specific locomotion types like walking, wheeled locomotion, and climbing are described in detail. The document concludes by discussing actuators and encoders used for locomotion and providing homework on further exploring locomotion concepts.
CDE CONFERENCE POSTER Metaphor & elearning
This document discusses the implications of neuroscience research on metaphor for e-learning. It finds that mirror neurons activate both motor and language areas of the brain, allowing metaphors to embody meaning through physical experience. Effective e-learning may incorporate movement, hands-on activities, and physical manipulation to more fully engage both brain hemispheres. Work-based learning is given as an example that mirrors the brain's use of metaphor through detailed projects and reflective thinking.
05b motor system upper motor neuron
The document discusses the organization and function of motor control systems in the brain. The primary motor cortex codes for force, direction of movement, and precise digit control via direct connections to the spinal cord. The dorsal premotor cortex encodes sensorimotor transformations for visual and sensory cues and fires before movement. The ventral premotor cortex encodes learned motor acts and also fires before movement. All cortical motor areas are plastic and adaptable. The basal ganglia and cerebellum also contribute to motor control through modulating and coordinating movement.
Y3 s1 locomotion muscle dysfunction slideshare
The document outlines the physiology of motor units and their neural control, how disorders at different levels can affect muscle function including lesions in the cortex, brainstem, spinal cord, nerve, neuromuscular junction or muscle, and how electromyography can be used to investigate nerve injuries, anterior horn cell diseases, muscle disorders, and diagnose conditions like myasthenia gravis.
Chapter 08: Movement
The document discusses several topics related to brain mechanisms of movement:
1) The primary motor cortex and areas near it such as the premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex are involved in controlling movement, with the primary motor cortex sending axons to the basal ganglia and brainstem/spinal cord.
2) The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and learned motor behaviors through connections with other parts of the brain and spinal cord.
3) Basal ganglia structures like the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus are important for habit learning and movement selection, and disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's disease impact these areas.
10a motor system locomotion
The document discusses the organization and control of voluntary motor movements in the human body. It describes how the association cortex, premotor cortex, motor cortex, and basal ganglia plan and initiate movements, while the lateral cerebellum aids in movement execution. It also outlines the spinal motor neuron pathway from the spinal cord to muscles, including motor units, the neuromuscular junction, and muscle contraction. Finally, it examines central pattern generators, sensory feedback and locomotor centers that regulate walking in mammals like cats and humans.
Central nervous-system-09-10
The document summarizes the functional organization and anatomy of the central nervous system (CNS). It describes how the CNS is organized hierarchically from the spinal cord up to the cerebral cortex. It also discusses the lateralized organization of the left and right hemispheres and localized organization of different brain functions. Key components of the CNS discussed include the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. The document also provides an overview of reflex arcs and their significance in assessing CNS function.
Sensory motor processing in planning and execution of movement
The presentation focuses on one of the important aspects of Neurophysiology-- The sesnsorimotor integration for planning and execution of movement.
It highlights on the brain regions associated with motor functions, the crosstalk between association areas, hierarchical levels of movement execution and the diseases related to it.
motor areas of cerebral cortex
motor areas of cerebral cortex with reference to their lesion disorders . and some of the tracts connecting them to the motor nerves nuclei in the spinal cord and cranial nerves
Cns 10
1. The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that integrate motor, cognitive, and limbic functions through loops with the cerebral cortex and thalamus.
2. The basal ganglia receive input from the entire cerebral cortex and influence muscle movement through outputs to the thalamus and motor cortex.
3. Disorders of the basal ganglia can result in hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, which involves reduced dopamine in circuits regulating voluntary movement.
Anatomy of Motor system2
The document discusses the motor system and descending motor pathways. It identifies the major cortical inputs to the motor pathways as the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and cingulate motor area. It describes the lateral descending pathways of the corticospinal, rubrospinal, and reticulospinal tracts which control fine voluntary movement and distal muscles. The medial pathways of the anterior corticospinal, tectospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts control postural and reflex movement and proximal/axial muscles. It traces the path of the lateral corticospinal tract from the motor cortex through the brainstem and spinal cord.
Y2 s2 locomotion coordination 2013
The document discusses the role of the cerebellum in motor coordination. It describes how the cerebellum receives input from motor areas and provides output to modify movements on a minute to minute basis. It is involved in planning, timing, and adjusting movements as well as learning new motor skills. Neurological diseases that impact the cerebellum, like strokes or ataxias, can cause movement disorders characterized by incoordination, gait issues, dysmetria, and intentional tremors.
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to change and form new connections, is key to recovery after spinal cord injury. Repeated sensory feedback training can enhance motor responses by changing synaptic activity in the spinal cord. Studies show that complete spinal cord injuries can sometimes recover limited voluntary control of walking with intensive locomotor training stimulating the spinal cord's pattern generators, demonstrating the potential for neuroplasticity after injury. Strategies like treadmill training, pharmacology, and regenerative techniques aim to further promote plasticity and improve functional recovery.
Mirror-neuron-draft-4-21
This study examined mirror neurons in macaque monkeys through electrophysiological recordings. The researchers recorded from 37 mirror neurons in the F5 region of the monkeys' brains. They found that mirror neurons responded both when the monkey performed hand actions like grasping and when they observed the experimenter perform the same actions. Mirror neurons responded more strongly during the late movement and holding periods of the observed actions. The results support the hypothesis that mirror neurons are involved in action recognition. The study provides evidence that mirror neurons encode the meaning and intention of observed actions.
Motor functions
The document summarizes the key motor areas and pathways in the brain that control voluntary movement. It discusses the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area that project to the spinal cord to control muscle movement. The basal ganglia and cerebellum also integrate with these motor areas to coordinate complex movements and ensure smooth motor execution. Damage to different motor areas can impact abilities like fine motor control, bimanual coordination, or lead to conditions like tremors or rigidity.
Musculoskeletal Lecture
The document discusses the skeletal and muscular systems involved in animal locomotion. It describes different types of skeletons including exoskeletons, which encase the body, and endoskeletons, which are internal rigid structures. The structure and function of bones and joints are also covered. Several aspects of muscle tissue and function are then examined, including muscle contraction via the sliding filament mechanism, motor unit recruitment, and muscle fiber types. Finally, different modes of locomotion are reviewed for various environments like water, land and air.
Anatomy and Physiology of Motor disorder
The document summarizes motor systems and movement disorders. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the motor system, including motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. The motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brainstem are involved in motor control. Feedback from proprioceptors, the vestibular system, and vision help monitor posture and movement. Movement disorders can result from neural degeneration, injuries, chemicals, infections, tumors or genetics. Specific disorders include hypokinesia, hyperkinesia, spasticity, ataxia, and gait disturbances.
8. motor control-08-09
The brainstem controls movement through three motor pathways - the medial, lateral, and corticospinal pathways. The medial pathway controls posture and arises from the reticular formation, vestibular nuclei and tectum. The lateral pathway controls limb movements and arises from the red nucleus. The corticospinal pathway provides precise control of individual muscles and arises from the motor cortex. Damage to upper motor neurons can cause either negative signs like weakness or positive signs like increased muscle tone.
Motor control-09-10
The brainstem and cerebral cortex contain upper motor neurons that project to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord to control movement. There are three main upper motor pathways - the corticospinal pathway arising from the motor cortex controls fine distal movements, the lateral brainstem pathway from the red nucleus controls limb movements, and the medial brainstem pathway from the reticular formation controls posture. Damage to upper motor neurons can cause signs of weakness from loss of function or spasticity from disinhibition of motor circuits.
More Related Content
Viewers also liked
Emotion panal powerpoint
The document discusses evolutionary psychology and emotions. It argues that the brain evolved specialized programs to solve adaptive problems, and that emotions evolved as superordinate programs to manage these other programs in recurrent ancestral situations. Emotions help coordinate physiology, feelings, and behavior. Facial expressions of emotions also evolved to communicate mental states to others in ways that were reliably informative over human evolution. Some emotions are more readily expressed than others depending on the selection pressures of different ancestral situations.
Ch01
This document provides an overview of the structure and content of the Biological Psychology I course. The course will meet over three sessions on Thursdays and Fridays in October, November, and December. Each session will include a 50-minute frontal lecture followed by a 10-minute break and practical exercises. The course will cover 13 chapters on topics ranging from the historical and cellular aspects of neuroscience to specific sensory and motor systems. Students are expected to read the recommended textbook and additional materials posted online. The course aims to provide students with substantial knowledge across the field of neuroscience.
Ch14
The motor system is hierarchically organized, with the highest level involving strategy in the neocortex and basal ganglia, the middle level involving tactics in the motor cortex and cerebellum, and the lowest level involving execution in the brainstem and spinal cord. Descending pathways in the lateral and ventromedial regions of the spinal cord control voluntary distal movements and posture/locomotion respectively. Key structures involved in motor control include the motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.
Lecture 02: Locomotion
This document discusses various forms of locomotion including crawling, sliding, running, jumping, walking and rolling. It covers relationships between different types of locomotion like swimming to walking. Forms of locomotion found in nature like a horse's gallop are discussed as well as how robots are starting to imitate natural locomotion. Characteristics of locomotion like stability and contact points are examined. Specific locomotion types like walking, wheeled locomotion, and climbing are described in detail. The document concludes by discussing actuators and encoders used for locomotion and providing homework on further exploring locomotion concepts.
CDE CONFERENCE POSTER Metaphor & elearning
This document discusses the implications of neuroscience research on metaphor for e-learning. It finds that mirror neurons activate both motor and language areas of the brain, allowing metaphors to embody meaning through physical experience. Effective e-learning may incorporate movement, hands-on activities, and physical manipulation to more fully engage both brain hemispheres. Work-based learning is given as an example that mirrors the brain's use of metaphor through detailed projects and reflective thinking.
05b motor system upper motor neuron
The document discusses the organization and function of motor control systems in the brain. The primary motor cortex codes for force, direction of movement, and precise digit control via direct connections to the spinal cord. The dorsal premotor cortex encodes sensorimotor transformations for visual and sensory cues and fires before movement. The ventral premotor cortex encodes learned motor acts and also fires before movement. All cortical motor areas are plastic and adaptable. The basal ganglia and cerebellum also contribute to motor control through modulating and coordinating movement.
Y3 s1 locomotion muscle dysfunction slideshare
The document outlines the physiology of motor units and their neural control, how disorders at different levels can affect muscle function including lesions in the cortex, brainstem, spinal cord, nerve, neuromuscular junction or muscle, and how electromyography can be used to investigate nerve injuries, anterior horn cell diseases, muscle disorders, and diagnose conditions like myasthenia gravis.
Chapter 08: Movement
The document discusses several topics related to brain mechanisms of movement:
1) The primary motor cortex and areas near it such as the premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex are involved in controlling movement, with the primary motor cortex sending axons to the basal ganglia and brainstem/spinal cord.
2) The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and learned motor behaviors through connections with other parts of the brain and spinal cord.
3) Basal ganglia structures like the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus are important for habit learning and movement selection, and disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's disease impact these areas.
10a motor system locomotion
The document discusses the organization and control of voluntary motor movements in the human body. It describes how the association cortex, premotor cortex, motor cortex, and basal ganglia plan and initiate movements, while the lateral cerebellum aids in movement execution. It also outlines the spinal motor neuron pathway from the spinal cord to muscles, including motor units, the neuromuscular junction, and muscle contraction. Finally, it examines central pattern generators, sensory feedback and locomotor centers that regulate walking in mammals like cats and humans.
Central nervous-system-09-10
The document summarizes the functional organization and anatomy of the central nervous system (CNS). It describes how the CNS is organized hierarchically from the spinal cord up to the cerebral cortex. It also discusses the lateralized organization of the left and right hemispheres and localized organization of different brain functions. Key components of the CNS discussed include the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. The document also provides an overview of reflex arcs and their significance in assessing CNS function.
Sensory motor processing in planning and execution of movement
The presentation focuses on one of the important aspects of Neurophysiology-- The sesnsorimotor integration for planning and execution of movement.
It highlights on the brain regions associated with motor functions, the crosstalk between association areas, hierarchical levels of movement execution and the diseases related to it.
motor areas of cerebral cortex
motor areas of cerebral cortex with reference to their lesion disorders . and some of the tracts connecting them to the motor nerves nuclei in the spinal cord and cranial nerves
Cns 10
1. The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that integrate motor, cognitive, and limbic functions through loops with the cerebral cortex and thalamus.
2. The basal ganglia receive input from the entire cerebral cortex and influence muscle movement through outputs to the thalamus and motor cortex.
3. Disorders of the basal ganglia can result in hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, which involves reduced dopamine in circuits regulating voluntary movement.
Anatomy of Motor system2
The document discusses the motor system and descending motor pathways. It identifies the major cortical inputs to the motor pathways as the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and cingulate motor area. It describes the lateral descending pathways of the corticospinal, rubrospinal, and reticulospinal tracts which control fine voluntary movement and distal muscles. The medial pathways of the anterior corticospinal, tectospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts control postural and reflex movement and proximal/axial muscles. It traces the path of the lateral corticospinal tract from the motor cortex through the brainstem and spinal cord.
Y2 s2 locomotion coordination 2013
The document discusses the role of the cerebellum in motor coordination. It describes how the cerebellum receives input from motor areas and provides output to modify movements on a minute to minute basis. It is involved in planning, timing, and adjusting movements as well as learning new motor skills. Neurological diseases that impact the cerebellum, like strokes or ataxias, can cause movement disorders characterized by incoordination, gait issues, dysmetria, and intentional tremors.
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to change and form new connections, is key to recovery after spinal cord injury. Repeated sensory feedback training can enhance motor responses by changing synaptic activity in the spinal cord. Studies show that complete spinal cord injuries can sometimes recover limited voluntary control of walking with intensive locomotor training stimulating the spinal cord's pattern generators, demonstrating the potential for neuroplasticity after injury. Strategies like treadmill training, pharmacology, and regenerative techniques aim to further promote plasticity and improve functional recovery.
Mirror-neuron-draft-4-21
This study examined mirror neurons in macaque monkeys through electrophysiological recordings. The researchers recorded from 37 mirror neurons in the F5 region of the monkeys' brains. They found that mirror neurons responded both when the monkey performed hand actions like grasping and when they observed the experimenter perform the same actions. Mirror neurons responded more strongly during the late movement and holding periods of the observed actions. The results support the hypothesis that mirror neurons are involved in action recognition. The study provides evidence that mirror neurons encode the meaning and intention of observed actions.
Motor functions
The document summarizes the key motor areas and pathways in the brain that control voluntary movement. It discusses the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area that project to the spinal cord to control muscle movement. The basal ganglia and cerebellum also integrate with these motor areas to coordinate complex movements and ensure smooth motor execution. Damage to different motor areas can impact abilities like fine motor control, bimanual coordination, or lead to conditions like tremors or rigidity.
Musculoskeletal Lecture
The document discusses the skeletal and muscular systems involved in animal locomotion. It describes different types of skeletons including exoskeletons, which encase the body, and endoskeletons, which are internal rigid structures. The structure and function of bones and joints are also covered. Several aspects of muscle tissue and function are then examined, including muscle contraction via the sliding filament mechanism, motor unit recruitment, and muscle fiber types. Finally, different modes of locomotion are reviewed for various environments like water, land and air.
Anatomy and Physiology of Motor disorder
The document summarizes motor systems and movement disorders. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the motor system, including motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. The motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brainstem are involved in motor control. Feedback from proprioceptors, the vestibular system, and vision help monitor posture and movement. Movement disorders can result from neural degeneration, injuries, chemicals, infections, tumors or genetics. Specific disorders include hypokinesia, hyperkinesia, spasticity, ataxia, and gait disturbances.
Viewers also liked (20)
Sensory motor processing in planning and execution of movement
Sensory motor processing in planning and execution of movement
Similar to Motor Cortex
8. motor control-08-09
The brainstem controls movement through three motor pathways - the medial, lateral, and corticospinal pathways. The medial pathway controls posture and arises from the reticular formation, vestibular nuclei and tectum. The lateral pathway controls limb movements and arises from the red nucleus. The corticospinal pathway provides precise control of individual muscles and arises from the motor cortex. Damage to upper motor neurons can cause either negative signs like weakness or positive signs like increased muscle tone.
Motor control-09-10
The brainstem and cerebral cortex contain upper motor neurons that project to lower motor neurons in the spinal cord to control movement. There are three main upper motor pathways - the corticospinal pathway arising from the motor cortex controls fine distal movements, the lateral brainstem pathway from the red nucleus controls limb movements, and the medial brainstem pathway from the reticular formation controls posture. Damage to upper motor neurons can cause signs of weakness from loss of function or spasticity from disinhibition of motor circuits.
Y2 s1 motor system 2019
The document summarizes the motor system, including voluntary and involuntary motor functions. It describes various reflexes like the stretch reflex and their components. The motor cortex and corticospinal tract are discussed. The role of upper motor neurons, lower motor neurons, and extrapyramidal tracts in motor control is explained. Various tests to examine the motor system are also mentioned.
Y2 s1 motor system reflexes basal ganglia 2018 comple lecture
This document summarizes the motor system, including reflexes, the basal ganglia, and motor functions. It describes the stretch reflex and its components like muscle spindles. It discusses the roles of alpha and gamma motor neurons and how they relate to voluntary and involuntary muscle contractions. Clinical tests of reflexes are used to locate lesions in the motor system.
Chapter 2 ciccarelli
The document provides an overview of the biological perspective and the nervous system. It discusses the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and the nervous tissue. It describes the nervous system as a network of specialized cells that carry information throughout the body. It also summarizes the key parts of the nervous system including the central nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the peripheral nervous system. It outlines the somatic and autonomic nervous systems and their functions in controlling voluntary and involuntary actions.
F.1 nervous system homeostasis
The nervous system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body. It does this through communication between the brain and body via the central and peripheral nervous systems. The brain is made up of different sections that each perform specific tasks to regulate internal conditions. Within the nervous system, there are sensory neurons that receive information, interneurons that integrate and interpret signals, and motor neurons that activate responses in the body's effectors like muscles and glands. Together these neurons form reflex arcs that allow for rapid involuntary responses essential for homeostasis.
PSY-2 Ch05 The Sensorimotor System
This document discusses the sensorimotor system, including the somatosensory system, pain, and the motor system. It describes how the somatosensory system detects body sensations via receptors and transduces physical stimuli into neural signals. It outlines the motor system hierarchy including the spinal cord, brainstem, motor cortex, and extrapyramidal structures like the basal ganglia and cerebellum that modulate motor commands. It also discusses motor control mechanisms, proprioception, reflexes, and how damage to different areas can impact movement abilities.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord runs from the foramen magnum to the lumbar vertebrae. It is surrounded by three meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) and contains gray matter in the center and white matter surrounding it. The gray matter is divided into dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns. The white matter contains ascending and descending tracts that transmit sensory and motor signals between the brain and body. Damage to the spinal cord can cause paralysis or loss of sensation depending on the location and severity of the injury.
cns_stimulants_drugs (3).ppt
1. The document discusses central nervous system (CNS) stimulant drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, effects, and examples like amphetamine, picrotoxin, and strychnine.
2. It provides details on the neuronal structure and function, as well as different neurotransmitters. CNS stimulants generally increase mood, motor activity, and alertness while decreasing sleep.
3. The lab work objectives are described as demonstrating effects of CNS stimulants on mice and learning proper injection techniques. Amphetamine causes hair erection and stereotyped behaviors in mice. Picrotoxin induces clonic seizures while strychnine causes tonic seizures.
Pyramida and extrapyramidal tracts
This document discusses motor neurophysiology and motor control pathways in the central nervous system. It begins by describing the hierarchy of motor control areas in the cortex, including the primary motor cortex, premotor area, and supplementary motor area. It then discusses the descending motor pathways, dividing them into direct pathways like the pyramidal tracts and indirect extrapyramidal pathways. The main pathways discussed are the lateral corticospinal tract, rubrospinal tract, reticulospinal tract, and vestibulospinal tract. The functions and locations of termination of these tracts are described. Clinical features of upper and lower motor neuron lesions are also summarized.
2 Human Body Nervous system.pptx
The nervous system has four primary functions: sensing the world, transmitting information, processing information, and producing responses. It is composed of neurons, which are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals around the body. The nervous system has two main divisions: the central nervous system, comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, comprising all other nerves. The central nervous system receives, interprets, and sends signals to the peripheral nervous system to coordinate body functions and responses.
Lect 5 somatosensory and somatomotor neurons
sensation is very good, because we percive a pain, hot, cold, etc sensation to our CNS parts for integration and giving a proper response.
somatomotor system.pptx
The somatomotor system is organized in a 3-tier hierarchical system, with the highest level in the cerebral cortex, middle level in subcortical structures like the basal ganglia and cerebellum, and lowest level in the spinal cord and brainstem. The motor cortex plans voluntary movements and issues commands to the spinal cord via pyramidal tracts. Basal ganglia and cerebellum help coordinate skilled movements and maintain posture and tone. Spinal motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles to enable movement. Proprioceptive feedback integrates signals across these levels of the motor system.
Biological bases of human behaviour (complete) 2
1. The biological perspective examines how the brain, genes, and evolution influence human behavior. Pioneers in this field include Karl Lashley, Donald Hebb, and Charles Darwin.
2. Neurons are the basic building blocks and communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The brain is divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
3. The nervous system includes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral system regulates involuntary and voluntary functions.
Upper Motor Neuron, Lower Motor Neuron and Brown Sequard Syndrome
This document discusses upper and lower motor neurons and their roles in voluntary movement. It describes:
- Upper motor neurons originate in the brain and spinal cord, control lower motor neurons, and are involved in voluntary movement, reflexes, muscle tone, and facial expressions.
- Lower motor neurons originate in the brainstem and spinal cord, directly innervate skeletal muscles, and are the final pathway between the central nervous system and muscles.
- Damage to upper motor neurons causes spasticity, hyperreflexia, pseudobulbar palsy, and weakness without atrophy. Damage to lower motor neurons causes flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, and hypotonia.
- Brown-Sequ
Chapter 3 Biological
The document provides an overview of the biological aspects of psychology, including:
- The nervous system and endocrine system direct activities in the body. The nervous system is composed of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
- Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system and communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to senses and organs.
- The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. Techniques like EEG, PET, SPECT, fMRI, TMS provide views of brain structure and function. Key brain regions support functions like movement, memory, and emotion.
sensory_neurons.pptx
This document discusses myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers. It explains that myelinated fibers are covered by a myelin sheath that allows saltatory conduction, moving electrical signals rapidly from node to node. Non-myelinated fibers lack this sheath and conduct signals through simple propagation. The document also covers sensory and motor pathways in the spinal cord and brain, including the roles of upper and lower motor neurons in voluntary muscle movement and spinal reflexes in involuntary movement.
Motor system
1) The motor cortex and corticospinal tract provide conscious control of voluntary skeletal muscle movements. The corticospinal tract contains fibers that cross to the opposite side of the body and fibers that remain on the same side.
2) Sensory information travels through ascending tracts in the spinal cord including the posterior, lateral, and spinocerebellar tracts to the brain.
3) The medial and lateral motor pathways issue subconscious motor commands through tracts like the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts to control gross movements and posture.
Week 2 presentation
This chapter discusses how biology influences psychology. It covers the nervous system, including neurons and how they communicate. The brain is divided into regions that control basic and complex functions. The somatic nervous system detects sensory input and responds, while the autonomic nervous system regulates internal organs. Hormones from the endocrine system also influence behavior. Genes and environment both shape mental activity and behavior in an interactive way, as the brain exhibits plasticity.
Similar to Motor Cortex (20)
Y2 s1 motor system reflexes basal ganglia 2018 comple lecture
Y2 s1 motor system reflexes basal ganglia 2018 comple lecture
Upper Motor Neuron, Lower Motor Neuron and Brown Sequard Syndrome
Upper Motor Neuron, Lower Motor Neuron and Brown Sequard Syndrome
Recently uploaded
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Recently uploaded (20)
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Motor Cortex
- 1. MOTOR CORTEX (MC) Mimi Apple
- 2. LOCATION • Both sides of the brain • There are three regions of the MC: 1. Primary- main control of movements 2. Premotor- preparation of movement 3. Supplementary (SMA) a) Posterior parietal- motor planning b) Primary somatosensory- very minor part of movement
- 3. RESEARCH • Weinrich and Wise (1982) • Experiment on monkeys in the MC • A button would light up, signaling the monkey which button to press AFTER the next time the same button lit up • The same button would light up and the monkey would hit that button
- 4. RESEARCH CONTINUED • What was learned from that experiment through NEURONS? • After the first light, certain neurons in the motor cortex reacted then the same neurons ceases before the second light turned on • After the second light and during the moment when the monkey hits the button another neuron lights up, and then stops after the motion is done • But the most important neuron that reacted started after the first light and didn’t cease until after the movement; connecting the other two neurons together
- 5. MALFUNCTIONS • The person might experience muscle twitching, loss in muscle tone leading to weakness and in extreme cases then the muscles can become paralyzed