somatomotor system.pptx
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The somatomotor system is organized in a 3-tier hierarchical system, with the highest level in the cerebral cortex, middle level in subcortical structures like the basal ganglia and cerebellum, and lowest level in the spinal cord and brainstem. The motor cortex plans voluntary movements and issues commands to the spinal cord via pyramidal tracts. Basal ganglia and cerebellum help coordinate skilled movements and maintain posture and tone. Spinal motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles to enable movement. Proprioceptive feedback integrates signals across these levels of the motor system.
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The brainstem consists of three parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and contains nuclei that control vital functions like breathing and heart rate. It also contains tracts that relay signals between the spinal cord and higher brain centers. The reticular formation is a network of fibers and neurons throughout the brainstem that plays roles in motor control, sensory processing, autonomic functions, and maintaining alertness. Important structures in the brainstem include the cranial nerve nuclei, pyramidal tract, olives, and red nucleus.
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The document provides an overview of the main anatomical divisions and structures of the human brain. It discusses that the brain can be divided into three main divisions - the forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain, and hindbrain. The cerebrum is the largest part and can be further divided into four lobes. The brain stem connects the forebrain and hindbrain and contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The cerebellum is located beneath the tentorium cerebelli and coordinates muscle movements and balance.
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The white matter of the cerebrum contains three main types of nerve fibers: commissural fibers, association fibers, and projection fibers. Commissural fibers such as the corpus callosum connect the two cerebral hemispheres. Association fibers like the superior longitudinal bundle connect different regions within the same hemisphere. Projection fibers including those in the internal capsule connect the cerebral cortex to lower brain centers. The internal capsule specifically contains fibers that project to and from the cortex and plays an important role in motor function. Damage to the internal capsule can thus cause contralateral hemiplegia.
Development of brain
1. The brain develops from three primary vesicles and their outgrowths that appear during the 4th and 5th weeks of development. Brain flexures form and influence the shape and organization of brain regions.
2. Specific cell groups in the basal and alar plates of the hindbrain, midbrain, and developing brainstem give rise to various nuclei and nerve fibers that contribute to different functional components involved in motor and sensory functions.
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White matter of cerebrum dr.gosai
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Pons
The reference material used to make video is: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson.
Pons is part of brain stem, present superior to medulla, inferior to mid brain and anterior to cerebellum.
Pons means a bridge. As the name denotes, it connects other areas of brain.
Neurons extending from cerebral cortex to pons makes corticopontine tract.
Pons is connected to cerebellum by middle cerebral peduncle.
Pons has vestibular nuclei, which is part of equilibrium pathways from inner ear to brain.
Pons has also respiratory nuclei. Along with rhythmicity area of medulla, pons controls basal respiratory rhythm.
Pons also contains nuclei for cranial nerve number V, VI,VII, and VIII.
For the video, Kindly visit my you tube channel.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7xXKrK7pDObSfXvk9aOgDA.
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Pons
The reference material used to make video is: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson.
Pons is part of brain stem, present superior to medulla, inferior to mid brain and anterior to cerebellum.
Pons means a bridge. As the name denotes, it connects other areas of brain.
Neurons extending from cerebral cortex to pons makes corticopontine tract.
Pons is connected to cerebellum by middle cerebral peduncle.
Pons has vestibular nuclei, which is part of equilibrium pathways from inner ear to brain.
Pons has also respiratory nuclei. Along with rhythmicity area of medulla, pons controls basal respiratory rhythm.
Pons also contains nuclei for cranial nerve number V, VI,VII, and VIII.
For the video, Kindly visit my you tube channel.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7xXKrK7pDObSfXvk9aOgDA.
Brain stem
The brainstem consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and controls vital functions like breathing, heart rate, swallowing and sneezing. The medulla regulates breathing and circulation. The pons relays messages between the brain and cerebellum and is involved in sleep, hearing, taste and balance. The midbrain coordinates eye and body movements and processes vision and sound.
Third ventricle
The third ventricle is a midline cavity located between the two thalami and hypothalami. It communicates with the lateral ventricles via the foramen of Monroe and with the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct. The third ventricle's roof is formed by the fornix and tela choroidea, while its floor extends from the optic chiasm to the posterior perforated substance. The third ventricle can be accessed surgically through various anterior or posterior approaches between brain structures such as the fornix.
Cerebellum
The document provides information about the cerebellum, including its functional divisions, histology, input and output pathways, and connections. It discusses how the cerebellum is divided into the cerebrocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum, and spinocerebellum based on their connections. It also describes the layers of the cerebellar cortex including the molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and granular layer. The input pathways to the cerebellum are the corticopontocerebellar pathway, olivocerebellar tract, vestibulocerebellar fibers, and reticulocerebellar fibers. The output of the cerebellum projects to all descending pathways
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This is the second lecture on the brainstem discussing the external features, levels of section and internal structures of both the pons and midbrain. Also discusses the important clinical syndromes affecting pons and midbrain.
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functions of basal ganglia and detail structure is discussed in the slides. Cognitive process of thinking is discussed.
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Sacral plexus
1. The sacral plexus is formed from the anterior rami of L4-S4 spinal nerves and provides branches that innervate muscles and skin in the gluteal and pelvic regions.
2. It has several branches including the superior and inferior gluteal nerves which innervate gluteal muscles, the sciatic nerve which bifurcates into the tibial and common fibular nerves, and the pudendal nerve.
3. Clinical conditions that can occur due to sacral plexus branches include piriformis syndrome caused by compression of the sciatic nerve, and sciatica which is pain along the sciatic nerve most commonly due to a herniated disc.
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The document provides information about the brainstem, which consists of the medulla, pons, and midbrain. It describes the gross anatomy and internal features of the medulla, including nuclei, tracts, and blood supply. Specific conditions that can affect the medulla, such as raised intracranial pressure and lateral/medial medullary syndromes, are also discussed. The pons is then covered, outlining its anterior and posterior surfaces, nuclei including the pontine nuclei, and blood supply from the basilar artery.
Cerebellum
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It provides details on the three physiological divisions of the cerebellum - vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and cerebrocerebellum. It also describes the input and output pathways, neuronal circuitry, and key functions of the cerebellum, including precise timing of muscle movements, programming of ballistic movements, and motor learning. The main function of the spinocerebellum is the coordination and reciprocal contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles.
Motor system
The motor system consists of lower and upper motor neurons.
Lower motor neurons originate in the spinal cord and brainstem and directly innervate skeletal muscles, controlling movement. Upper motor neurons originate in the motor cortex and brainstem and project to lower motor neurons.
Upper motor neurons are involved in encoding movement intention, expressing emotions, skilled motor behavior, and setting the gain of reflexes through pathways like the corticospinal tract. Damage results in spasticity and hyperreflexia, while sparing muscle strength.
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corticobulbar tract
The corticobulbar tract is composed of fibers that pass from the motor cortex to motor neurons in the trigeminal, facial, and hyoglossal nuclei in the brainstem. The fibers originate from pyramidal neurons in layer V of the cerebral cortex and travel through the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle to descend with the corticospinal tract in the pons and medulla. The corticobulbar tract is responsible for voluntary control of muscles of the larynx, pharynx, palate, face, jaw, and eyes. Damage to the tracts can result in pseudobulbar palsy, characterized by paralysis or weakness of muscles that control swallowing, talking, tongue,
Functional areas of the brain
The document summarizes the functional areas of the cerebral cortex. It describes the different types of cerebral cortex and their layers. It discusses the main functional areas including motor, sensory and association areas. Specific areas are outlined like the primary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, visual and auditory cortices. Brodmann areas are referenced in relation to the different functional regions of the cerebral cortex.
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The cerebellum and basal ganglia play important roles in motor control and coordination. The cerebellum helps control the timing, smoothness, and intensity of muscle movements. It receives sensory feedback and compares actual movements to planned movements, sending corrections back to the motor system. The basal ganglia help plan and control complex patterns of muscle movement. The cerebellum has distinct input and output pathways and its Purkinje cells provide inhibitory signals that help regulate the output of deep nuclear cells and coordinate movement.
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1) The motor cortex and corticospinal tract provide conscious control of voluntary skeletal muscle movements. The corticospinal tract contains fibers that cross to the opposite side of the body and fibers that remain on the same side.
2) Sensory information travels through ascending tracts in the spinal cord including the posterior, lateral, and spinocerebellar tracts to the brain.
3) The medial and lateral motor pathways issue subconscious motor commands through tracts like the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts to control gross movements and posture.
Motor pathways
1. There are two main types of somatic motor pathways - direct and indirect. Direct pathways transmit signals from the cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons, while indirect pathways involve additional structures like the basal ganglia and cerebellum.
2. Direct pathways include the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. Indirect pathways include the rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, lateral reticulospinal, and medial reticulospinal tracts.
3. Together these pathways coordinate voluntary and involuntary muscle movements through connections with lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord.
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The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers that extends from the base of the brain down to the lower back. It plays a crucial role in the central nervous system (CNS) and serves as a pathway for communication between the brain and the rest of the body. The physiology of the spinal cord involves various functions, including sensory and motor processing, reflexes, and coordination of movements. Here are some key aspects of spinal cord physiology
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It explains the types of neurons (sensory, motor, interneurons), how impulses are transmitted across synapses, and the functions of major parts of the brain and spinal cord, including processing sensory information and controlling movement. It also outlines how nerves, tracts and cranial nerves connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
nervous system
The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglia. It detects stimuli through sensory neurons, processes information in the central nervous system, and responds through motor neurons. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the body and is divided into the somatic, autonomic, and enteric systems. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites, and axon. The nervous system maintains homeostasis through detection of and response to stimuli.
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- 2. • Motor activities of the body depend upon different groups of tissues of the body. • Motor activities are divided into two types: 1. Activities of skeletal muscles, which are involved in posture and movement 2. Activities of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and other tissues, which are involved in the functions of various visceral organs.
- 3. • Various types of movements or motor activities brought about by these muscles are: 1. Execution of smooth, precise and accurate voluntary movements. 2. Coordination of movements responsible for skilled activities. 3. Coordination of movements responsible for the maintenance of posture and equilibrium. • Somatomotor system responsible for voluntary actions and postural movements, plus adjustments of muscle tone. • Sensory system of the body also plays a vital role in the control of movements. • Spinal reflexes are responsible for most of the movements concerned with voluntary actions and posture.
- 4. • Stimulation of receptor activates the motor neuron in spinal cord, leading to the contraction of muscle innervated by spinal motor neuron. • Apart from these reflexes, signals for voluntary motor activities are also sent from different areas of the brain, particularly the cerebral cortex to spinal motor neurons. • Coordination and control of movements initiated by cerebral cortex depends upon two factors: 1. Feedback signals from proprioceptors in muscle and other sensory receptors 2. Interaction of other parts of brain such as brainstem, cerebellum and basal ganglia.
- 5. • The motor system includes: a) Spinal cord and its nerves, b) Cranial nerves, c) Brainstem, d) Cerebral cortex, e) Cerebellum, f) Basal ganglia. • Neuronal circuits between these parts of nervous system, which are responsible for the motor activities are called the motor pathways.
- 7. • SOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEM IS ORGANISED IN 3 TIER SYSTEM • Highest level of motor control • Middle level • Lowest level of motor control
- 8. • Highest level of motor control = involves activities of various areas of cereberal cortex • Concerned with ideas for generating voluntary movements(motor plan) and issuing motor command for execution • Middle level of motor control= involves activities of various subcortical cortical centres= • Basal ganglion. Brain stem nuclei, Cerebellum, • Lowest level of motor control = is exerted by cranial nerve nuclei in brain stem and spinal cord • Spinal cord contains a final common pathway through which a movement is executed
- 9. SPINAL CORD AND CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI • Motor Neurons: • Spinal nerve: 1. Alpha motor neurons (lower motor neuron) or ‘final common pathway’ in the spinal cord, which innervate the extrafusal fibers of skeletal muscles are responsible for the contraction of muscles in upper limbs, trunk and lower part of the body. 2. Gamma motor neurons, which innervate the intrafusal fibers of muscle, are responsible for the maintenance of muscle tone. • Cranial nerve nuclei: • Motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei situated in brainstem send their signals to the muscles of neck and upper part of trunk via cranial nerves.
- 10. Functions of Motor Neurons: • Motor neurons responsible for the contraction of skeletal muscles are arranged topographically in the ventral (anterior) gray horn of spinal cord.
- 11. CEREBRAL CORTEX: • Cortical areas concerned with origin of motor signals are: 1. Primary motor area. 2. Premotor area. 3. Supplementary motor area in frontal lobe. 4. Sensory area in the parietal lobe. • Cortical areas send their output signals to spinal cord via corticospinal tracts and to brainstem via corticobulbar tracts.
- 12. CEREBELLUM: • Cerebellum plays an important role in planning, programming and integrating the skilled voluntary movements. • It is also concerned with the maintenance of muscle tone, posture and equilibrium. • Cerebellum receives impulses from: A) Proprioceptors of muscle. B) Vestibular apparatus. C) Cerebral cortex. D) Brainstem. E) Basal ganglia. • It interprets these impulses and sends signals to motor cortex, reticular formation and nuclei of brainstem.
- 14. The reticular formation is a complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival.
- 15. BASAL GANGLIA: • Basal ganglia play an important role in the: 1. Coordination of skilled movements 2. Regulation of automatic associated movements 3. Control of muscle tone by sending output signals to motor cortex, reticular formation and spinal cord.
- 16. CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR PATHWAYS: • There are two methods to classify the motor pathways. 1- In the first method of classification motor pathways are divided into: A. Pyramidal tract: (voluntary movements) B. Extrapyramidal tracts: (regulation of tone, posture and equilibrium) 2- In the second method, motor pathways are classified into: A. Lateral motor system B. Medial motor systems
- 17. Functions of lateral motor system: Functions of medial motor system: