The document discusses using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography to separate the three colored components of paprika. TLC can be used to monitor the separation process using column chromatography. Chromatography relies on differences in polarity between compounds to separate mixtures. More polar compounds interact more strongly with the stationary phase and move more slowly up the column with the mobile phase. TLC and column chromatography require a stationary phase, mobile phase, and sample to perform the separation.

1. THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC)
AND
COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY
M.PRASAD NAIDU
Msc Medical
Biochemistry,
Ph.D Research scholar.

2.  You will have to separate three components of paprika.
 The three components can be easily identified because they are
colored (absorb visible light).
 They have different polarities.
 They can be separated using column chromatography.
 You can monitor the separation using thin layer chromatography.
What is chromatography….

3. Chromatography
• Very useful technique in organic chemistry
based on differential adsorption.
• Used to separate components in a mixture
(solid or liquid).
• It depends on the polarity of the ingredients
involved --- intermolecular forces!!
• Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is used to
analyze components and purity of a mixture.
• Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is also used
to monitor the progress of a reaction.

4. Chromatography
What do we need to perform a
chromatographic separation?
• Adsorbent: Silica gel (silicon dioxide), also
called “stationary phase”.
• Eluent: solvent used to move your compound
trough the silica gel, also called the mobile
phase.
• Your compound mixture to be separated.
• Patience and chemical intuition.

5. Chromatography
• More polar molecules “stick” to the adsorbent longer.
• Less polar molecule separate more easily from the
adsorbent.
• When this happens, separation occurs.
SiOH
SiOH
SiOH
SiOH
SiOH
SiOH
SiOH
SiOH
SiOH
SiOH
SiOH
SiOH
Stationary
phase
To be separated
O
Eluent (mobile
phase)

6. Chromatography
• More polar solvent move the molecules more efficiently
• Less polar move the molecules less efficiently
• Separation occurs
Most polar
Least polar
Alkanes
Toluene
Diethyl ether
Chloroform
Acetone
Ethyl acetate
Ethanol
Methanol (CH3OH)

7. Column Chromatography
Load the silica gel plus eluent into the
column…this is called “column packing”

8. Column Chromatography
Using a Pasteur pipette, load your compound that was dissolved
in a minimum of solvent onto the silica.
Your test solution will then add the eluent.
Do not let your column run dry!!

9. Thin Layer Chromatography
Typical TLC chamber
We will use beaker with watch glass or aluminum foil

10. Thin Layer Chromatography
Spotting TLC plate
•Use different capillary for each
solution.
• make solution of approx. 1-2 mg
of sample in 1 ml of solvent.
• Spot 2-3 times
•Try to make small spots

11. Insert filter paper to saturate atmosphere with solvent
Keep the lid on!!
Thin Layer Chromatography
preparation of chamber

12. Mark a line about 1 cm
from the bottom with pencil
It is important to use pencil

13. Place TLC plate in chamber Let things develop!
Don’t let the solvent front run off
The top of the plate!!

14. Pull it out and mark the solvent front
before it evaporates
Mark spots with pencil!

15. Good, bad and ugly
• First TLC shows
”overloading" due
to too much sample.
• Second shows good
separation.
• Third shows almost
not enough compound,
but OK