Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of glass, plastic, or aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide (alumina), or cellulose.
A presentation on column efficiency parameters in chromatography.. A part of gas chromatography in pharmacutical analysis..will be helpful for all mphrm students
A presentation on column efficiency parameters in chromatography.. A part of gas chromatography in pharmacutical analysis..will be helpful for all mphrm students
This presentation contains all the topics related to column chromatography. That includes introduction, principle,apparatus, experimental aspects of column chromatography, application of column chromatography, advantage and disadvantage of column chromatography with reference.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a form of column chromatography that pumps a sample mixture or analyte in a solvent (known as the mobile phase) at high pressure through a column with chromatographic packing material (stationary phase).
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
This presentation contains all the topics related to column chromatography. That includes introduction, principle,apparatus, experimental aspects of column chromatography, application of column chromatography, advantage and disadvantage of column chromatography with reference.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a form of column chromatography that pumps a sample mixture or analyte in a solvent (known as the mobile phase) at high pressure through a column with chromatographic packing material (stationary phase).
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
Principles of chromatography
Chromatography’ is an analytical technique commonly used for separating a mixture of chemical substances into its individual components, so that the individual components can be thoroughly analyzed. There are many types of chromatography e.g., liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, but all of these employ the same basic principles.
Chromatography is a separation technique that every organic chemist and biochemist is familiar with. I, myself, being an organic chemist, have routinely carried out chromatographic separations of a variety of mixture of compounds in the lab. In fact, I was leafing through my research slides and came across a pictorial representation of an actual chromatographic separation that I had carried out in the lab
introduction, history, principle, experimental techniques, evaluation on chromatogram, adv. & dis-adv., common problems, comparision, applications and analysis of drugs through TLC(2000-2017)
Thin Layer Chromatography by Nitik Kalra.pptxNitik8
The powerpoint presentation is about the Thin layer chromatography it's uses and techniques with special reference to amino acids, carbohydrates and organic compounds.
TLC-Introduction, Principle, Procedure, and Applications.
Paper Chromatography-Introduction, Principle, Procedure, and Applications.
Column Chromatography-Introduction, Principle, Procedure, and Applications.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
3. Thin Layer Chromatography: “The separation of
moderately volatile or nonvolatile substances based
upon differential adsorption on an inert solid
(stationary phase) immersed in a organic solvent or
solvent mixture (mobile phase)”
Thin layer chromatography was first introduced by
IZMAILOV & SHRAIBER in 1938.
5. Chromatography on adsorbents such as silica
gel and alumina has widely been employed for
the fractionation of mixture of non polar
material into class of compounds that migrate
at different rate by virtue of their respective
polarities.
Eg-
Hydrocarbons are easily separated from
acids,alcohols & aldehydes.
6. Separation of mixture is effected by virtue of
difference in the solubilities of its components
in developing solvent and the stationary liquid
phase .
Ion Exchange:
In ion exchange system the rate of migration
of a compound can be found by the total
charge of ionised group per molicule.
7. The stationary phase is non polar and the
mobile phase is polar .
R P partition has widely use for fractionation
of hydrocorbons and other non polar
petroleum products.
8. Coating materials
Preparation of thin layer in plates
Activation of adsorbents
Sample Application
Development Tank
Solvent system
Plate Development
Detection of Component
Evaluation of chromatogram
9. A large no. of coating materials are used
which are commercially produced as a thin
adsorbents.
Adsorbents Acidic or Basic Components to be
separated
Silica gel Acidic Acidic and neutral
substances
Alumina Basic Basic and neutral
Cellulose powder Neutral Water soluble compounds
11. After making thin layer in plates to remove as
completely as possible the liquid associated
with the thin layer.
This is done by drying the thin layer plate for
30 min in air and then place in oven at 110 C
for 30 min.
12. Agla microsyring is generally used for
transferring the sample solution on thin layer .
13. In TLC the plate is placed in a development
chamber at an angle of 45 .
The bottom of chamber is covered up to 1 mm
by the solvent.
14. Trial & Error:
If one does not know about the
nature of component of mix to be separated the best
elute is found by trial & error method.
15. If one knows the chemical nature of solute to
be separated it is possible to know a solvent
by using Stahl’s triangle.
hydrophilic
M
non polar
E Lipophilic
polar Inactive
active S
16. The plate is placed in the closed container
saturated with developing solvent.
17. Most of methods are used for detection of
separated salute on TLC.
One can see coloured compound usually.
One can detect colourless compound by UV
light or with treatment of visualising agent.
Eg.
Iodine vapour
Bromocresol green
Ninhydrine
Dragondroff reagent
19. This is done by the help of measurement of
migration parameters.
Migration
parameters
Rf Rx RM
20. solvent front
component B
component A
origin
dS
dB
dA
Rf of component A =
dA
dS
Rf of component B =
dB
dS
The Rf value is a decimal fraction,
generally only reported to two decimal
places
21. Distance travel by substance from origin line
Rx =
Distance travel by std sub x from the origin line
RM = log(1/Rf -1)
24. For checking the purity of sample.
Examination of reactions.
Identification of organic compounds.
Separation of amino acids.
Separation of inorganic ions.
Progress of chemical reaction .
As a purification process.
25. 1. R.A.Day, Jr. A.L.Undewood(1987). Analisis
Kualititatif. Edisi ke Empat, ms: 474-529.
2. David G. Watson(2005). Pharmaceutical
analysis. Edisi ke-2, ms 315-331
3. http//orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbooksupport/
TLC/TLCprocedure.html
4. Chatewal R.G.Instrumentatal methods of
chemical analysis,fifth edition 2002
Himalaya publishing house pg no. 2.599