Chromatography is a technique used to separate mixtures into individual components. There are several types including thin layer, column, gas-liquid, and ion-exchange chromatography. Chromatography works by distributing components between a stationary and mobile phase. Components travel at different rates, allowing separation. Chromatography has many applications including forensic analysis, pharmaceutical purification, and research.
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
STUDY OF UTILIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF BIOGENET...Nitu Singh
Accordingg to B Pharm V sem PCI syllabus of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
This presentation includes Introduction of radioisotopes ,Tracer Techniques,Various methods and about various instrument used for tracing radioactivity in Biogenetic studies
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
STUDY OF UTILIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF BIOGENET...Nitu Singh
Accordingg to B Pharm V sem PCI syllabus of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
This presentation includes Introduction of radioisotopes ,Tracer Techniques,Various methods and about various instrument used for tracing radioactivity in Biogenetic studies
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies
Most important questions of Medicinal Chemistry 2Payaamvohra1
This ppt gives you an idea about frequently and most commonly asked questions in pharmacy exams Do follow our slideshare instagram and youtube channel for more info
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defence against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. it is important to know various factors that affects medicinal plant cultivation.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies
Most important questions of Medicinal Chemistry 2Payaamvohra1
This ppt gives you an idea about frequently and most commonly asked questions in pharmacy exams Do follow our slideshare instagram and youtube channel for more info
Medicinal plants have been identified and used throughout human history. Plants make many chemical compounds that are for biological functions, including defence against insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total.Chemical compounds in plants mediate their effect on the human body through processes identical to those already well understood for the chemical compounds in conventional drugs; thus herbal medicines do not differ greatly from conventional drugs in terms of how they work. it is important to know various factors that affects medicinal plant cultivation.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
Partition Chromatography technique is defined as. the separation of components between two liquid phases viz original solvent and the film of solvent used in the column.
Chromatography : A seperation techniqueSHIVANEE VYAS
Chromatography is a method of seperating mixture of components into individual components through equlibrium distribution between two phases.
Each chromatographic method essentially consists of 2 phases a staionary phase and a mobile phase.
Stationary phase : solid or liquid
Mobile phase : liquid or gas
• Chromatography is a method of separation in which the components to be separated are distributed between two phases, one of these is called a stationary phase and the other is a mobile phase which moves on stationary phase in a definite direction
TLC is method for the purification and testing of compounds , separating non-volatile mixtures.
Chroma -"color" and graphein - "to write”.
Color bands - separation of individual compounds.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
4. DEFINITION
• “ It is a physical separation method in
which the components of a mixture are
separated by differences in their
distribution between two phases, one of
which is stationary (stationary phase)
while the other (mobile phase) moves
through it in a definite direction . The
substances must interact with the
stationary phase to be retained and
separated by it .
What is Chromatography?
5. What is Chromatography?
Chromatography is a technique for separating mixtures
into their components in order to analyze, identify,
purify, and/or quantify the mixture or components.
Separate
• Analyze
• Identify
• Purify
• Quantify
ComponentsMixture
8. CLASSIFICATION
According to mechanism of separation
1. Ion-exchange chromatography
2. Affinity chromatography
3. Size-exclusion chromatography
4. Adsorption chromatography
5. Partition chromatography
9. ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
DEFINITION:
• Ion-exchange chromatography (or ion
chromatography) is a chromatography process that
separates ions and polar molecules based on their
affinity to the ion exchanger. It works on almost any
kind of charged molecule—including large proteins,
small nucleotides, and amino acids.
• For more detail visit the following links:
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efUrl_djzQ0
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q3fMqgT1do8
10.
11. • If the stationary phase is represented by R− or R+
and the sample by X+ and X−, retention in IEC can
be represented as
X+ + R−K+ X+R− + K+ (cation exchange)
X- + R+Cl- X-R+ + Cl- (anion exchange)
12. APPLICATIONS:
It can be used for almost any kind of
charged molecule including large
proteins, small nucleotides and amino
acids.
1. Protein purification
2. Water analysis
3. Quality control
13. AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY
• It is a method of separating
biochemical mixtures based on a
highly specific interaction such as
that between antigen and antibody,
enzyme and substrate, or receptor and
ligand.
14. APPLICATIONS:
• Purify and concentrate an enzyme
solution
• Purification of recombinant proteins
• Purification of antibodies
15. SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY
• It is also known as gel permeation or gel filtration
chromatography.
• This type of chromatography lacks an attractive
interaction between the stationary phase and
solute. The liquid or gaseous phase passes
through a porous gel which separates the
molecules according to its size. The pores are
normally small and exclude the larger solute
molecules, but smaller molecules are able to
enter the pores of the media and, therefore,
molecules are trapped and removed from the flow
of the mobile phase. This causes the larger
molecules to pass through the column at a faster
rate than the smaller ones
17. APPLICATIONS:
• Purification and analysis of synthetic and
biological polymers, such as;
– Proteins, Polysaccharides, Nucleic acids.
• It is also useful for determining the
tertiary structure and quaternary
structure of purified proteins.
19. DEFINITION
“It is a type of chromatography in which a mobile liquid
or gaseous phase is adsorbed onto the surface of a
stationary solid phase. The equilibration between the
mobile and stationary phase accounts for the separation
of different solutes.”
20. PRINCIPLE
Separation occurs because of the fact that an
equilibrium is established between molecules
adsorbed on stationary phase and those which
are flowing freely in mobile phase.
The more the affinity of the molecule of
particular component, less will be its movement.
22. ADSORBENTS
“An adsorbent is a substance, usually
porous in nature and with a high surface
area that can adsorb substances onto its
surface by intermolecular forces.”
23. AN IDEAL ADSORBENT
The Ideal adsorbent must fulfill the following
requirements:
Insoluble in mobile phase
Inert to solutes (adsorptive)
Colorless especially when work with
colored mixtures
Suitable particle size enough to give good
separation and reasonable flow rate
24. COMMON ADSORBENTS
Hydrated silica gel
Silica gel G
Silica gel S
Silica gel GF254
Silica gel H
Silica gel N
Silica gel HF254
Silica gel PF254
26. THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
“The technique which involves flowing of mobile
phase over a thin layer of adsorbent, applied on
solid support, where separation of components
occur by differential migration which occurs when
solvent flows along fine powder spread on glass
plates, is called thin –layer chromatography.”
28. Instrumentation
Chromatography jar:
It is made of glass and has a lid on it. Jar maintains
proper environment that is required for separation.
Capillary tube:
It is used to apply sample mixture on TLC plate.
Stationary phase:
Adsorbents
30. Instrumentation
Mobile phase:
Mobile phase may be a single liquid or a mixture of
liquids.
Commonly used mobile phases are;
• Methanol
• Ethanol
• Ethyl acetate
• Diethyl ether
• Acetone
• Chloroform
31. Procedure
Clean and dried chromatography jar is taken.
A paper impregnated in the mobile phase is
applied to the walls to ensure that atmosphere of
the jar is saturated with solvent vapors.
Mobile phase is added to the jar at a length of
0.5-1cm from the bottom.
Jar is closed.
Equilibrium is allowed to be maintained.
Base line is marked on adsorbent.
32. Procedure
Sample is applied on TLC plate with help of
capillary tube.
Sample spot is air dried.
TLC plate is put in the chromatography jar and
lid is closed.
The system is allowed to be static until the
solvent move to a proper distance from
baseline.
TLC plate is taken out and dried.
33. Location of separated components
If the sample is separated into colored components, then
the location is dried in ordinary light. But in case of
colorless components following are used;
• Uv lamp
• Iodine crystals
• Spraying agents
34. Documentation
• Storage of chromatogram for TLC is difficult. It is usually
undesirable since plates are employed for repeated use.
Various methods for documentation include;
Rf value in TLC
Preservation of chromatogram by peeling off
adsorbent.
Graphical copying i.e. tracing on transparent
paper.
Photography
35. Applications
It is used for separation and identification of;
Amino acids
Peptides and proteins
Alkaloids
Carbohydrates
Fats and fatty acids
Antibiotics
Narcotic analgesics
Glycosides
37. DEFINITION
“This form of chromatography is based on a thin film
formed on the surface of a solid support by a liquid
stationary phase. Solute equilibrates between the mobile
phase and the stationary liquid.”
38. PRINCIPLE
• Separation of components of a sample mixture
occurs because of partition.
• Stationary phase is coated with a liquid which is
immiscible in mobile phase.
• Partition of component of sample between sample
and liquid/ gas stationary phase retard some
components of sample more as compared to others.
39. PRINCIPLE
The stationary phase immobilizes the liquid
surface layer, which becomes stationary phase.
Mobile phase passes over the coated adsorbent
and depending upon relative solubility in the
coated liquid, separation occurs. The component
of sample mixture appear separated because of
differences in their partition coefficient.
43. Instrumentation
Chromatography jar:
It is made of glass and has a lid on it. Jar maintains
proper environment that is required for separation.
Capillary tube:
It is used to apply sample mixture.
Stationary phase:
liquid impregnated paper
44. Instrumentation
Mobile phase:
Mobile phase may be a single liquid or a mixture of
liquids.
Commonly used mobile phases are;
• Methanol
• Ethanol
• Ethyl acetate
• Diethyl ether
• Acetone
• Chloroform
45. Procedure
Clean and dried chromatography jar is taken.
A paper impregnated in the mobile phase is applied to
the walls to ensure that atmosphere of the jar is
saturated with solvent vapors.
Mobile phase is added to the jar at a length of 0.5-
1cm from the bottom.
Jar is closed.
Equilibrium is allowed to be maintained.
Base line is marked on adsorbent.
46. Procedure
Sample is applied on paper with help of capillary
tube.
Sample spot is air dried.
Paper is put in the chromatography jar and lid is
closed.
The system is allowed to be static until the solvent
move to a proper distance from baseline.
Paper is taken out and dried.
47. Location of separated components
If the sample is separated into colored components, then
the location is dried in ordinary light. But in case of
colorless components following are used;
• Uv lamp
• Iodine crystals
• Spraying agents