The document provides information on Ebola virus, including:
1. Ebola virus is classified in the genus Ebolavirus and family Filoviridae. There are 5 species that cause disease in humans, with Zaire ebolavirus having the highest fatality rate of up to 90%.
2. Ebola virus disease symptoms start suddenly and include fever, muscle pain, and headaches. Later symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and internal/external bleeding.
3. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids and tissue. Bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of the virus. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, though supportive care can increase survival.
Ebola virus (Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) by S Shivani Shastrulagari shivani shastrulagari
WHAT IS EBOLA?
Ebola is the most lethal virus known to man.
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a very contagious illness that is often fatal in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees).
Ebola virus (Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) by S Shivani Shastrulagari shivani shastrulagari
WHAT IS EBOLA?
Ebola is the most lethal virus known to man.
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a very contagious illness that is often fatal in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees).
The new virus has made the jump from pigs to humans and has demonstrated it can also pass from human to human. This is why it is demanding so much attention from health authorities. The virus passes from human to human like other types of flu, either through coughing, sneezing, or by touching infected surfaces, although little is known about how the virus acts on humans.
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Ebola virus disease is a serious illness that originated in Africa, where there is currently an outbreak
West Nile virus (WNV) is an infectious disease that first appeared in the United States in 1999. WNV is spread when mosquitos infected with the disease bite humans or animals. People who contract WNV usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms. Those with symptoms may have a fever, headache, body aches, skin rash or swollen lymph glands.
If West Nile virus enters the brain, it can be deadly. It may cause inflammation of the brain, called encephalitis, or inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called meningitis.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/westnilevirus.html
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 days after infection.
The new virus has made the jump from pigs to humans and has demonstrated it can also pass from human to human. This is why it is demanding so much attention from health authorities. The virus passes from human to human like other types of flu, either through coughing, sneezing, or by touching infected surfaces, although little is known about how the virus acts on humans.
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Ebola virus disease is a serious illness that originated in Africa, where there is currently an outbreak
West Nile virus (WNV) is an infectious disease that first appeared in the United States in 1999. WNV is spread when mosquitos infected with the disease bite humans or animals. People who contract WNV usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms. Those with symptoms may have a fever, headache, body aches, skin rash or swollen lymph glands.
If West Nile virus enters the brain, it can be deadly. It may cause inflammation of the brain, called encephalitis, or inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called meningitis.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/westnilevirus.html
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an infection of the brain caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). While most infections result in little or no symptoms, occasional inflammation of the brain occurs. In these cases, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, fever, confusion and seizures. This occurs about 5 to 15 days after infection.
Ebola Virus was first recognized in 1976 near Congo in Africa. The Ebola Virus spread throughout West Africa in the year 2014-2016. In 2016, Ebola Virus infection was able to reduce due to the found of Vaccine.
The goal of this presentation is to raise the awarness about EBOLA virus and how serious is it increase the knowledge of all health care personnels about this dangerous disease
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
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neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Ebola virus (formerly officially
designated Zaire ebolavirus, or EBOV) is
a virological taxon species included in the
genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae,
members are called Filovirus, the order
is Mononegavirales.
3. • The Zaire ebolavirus is the most
dangerous of the five species of Ebola
viruses of the Ebolavirus genus which
are the causative agents
of Ebolavirus disease.
4. The virus causes an extremely
severe hemorrhagic fever in
humans and other primate.
5. • The name Zaire ebolavirus is derived
from Zaire, the country (now
the Democratic Republic of Congo) in
which the Ebola virus was first
discovered) and the taxonomic suffix
ebolavirus (which denotes an
ebolavirus species).
11. 1976 photograph of two nurses standing in front
of Mayinga N., a person with Ebola virus
disease; she died only a few days later due to
severe internal hemorrhaging.
16. • Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV; previously ZEBOV)
Also known simply as the Zaire virus,
ZEBOV has the highest case fatality rate
of the ebolaviruses, up to 90% in some
epidemics, with an average case fatality
rate of approximately 83% over 27 years.
• There have been more outbreaks of Zaire
ebolavirus than of any other species.
22. Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV; previously SEBOV) Like
the Zaire virus, SEBOV emerged in 1976; it
was at first assumed identical with the Zaire
species.
• SEBOV is believed to have broken out first
among cotton factory workers in
Nzara,Sudan (now South Sudan), with the first
case reported as a worker exposed to a
potential natural reservoir.
23. •The virus was not found in any
of the local animals and
insects that were tested in
response.
24. • The carrier is still unknown.
• The lack of barrier nursing (or
"bedside isolation") facilitated the
spread of the disease.
• The most recent outbreak occurred in
May, 2004.
25. • Twenty confirmed cases were reported in
Yambio County, Sudan (now South
Sudan), with five deaths resulting.
• The average fatality rates for SEBOV were
54% in 1976, 68% in 1979, and 53% in
2000 and 2001.
27. • Reston ebolavirus (RESTV; previously
REBOV) Discovered during an outbreak
of simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV)
in crab-eating macaques from Hazleton
Laboratories (now Covance) in 1989.
• Since the initial outbreak in Reston, Virginia, it
has since been found in non-human primates
in Pennsylvania, Texas and Siena, Italy.
28. •In each case, the affected
animals had been imported
from a facility in the
Philippines, where the virus
has also infected pigs.
29. •Despite having a Biosafety
status of Level-4 and its
apparent pathogenicity in
monkeys, REBOV did not
cause disease in exposed
human laboratory workers.
31. • Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus (TAFV; previously
CIEBOV) Also referred to as Taï Forest
ebolavirus and by the English place name,
"Ivory Coast", it was first discovered
among chimpanzees from the Taï
Forest in Côte d'Ivoire, Africa, in 1994.
• Necropsies showed blood within the heart
was brown, no obvious marks were seen on
the organs, and one necropsy showed lungs
filled with blood.
32. • Studies of tissue taken from the
chimpanzees showed results similar to
human cases during the 1976 Ebola
outbreaks in Zaire and Sudan
33. • As more dead chimpanzees were
discovered, many tested positive for
Ebola using molecular techniques.
• Experts believed the source of the virus
was the meat of infected Western Red
Colobus monkeys, upon which the
chimpanzees preyed.
34. • One of the scientists performing the necropsies on
the infected chimpanzees contracted Ebola.
• She developed symptoms similar to those
of dengue fever approximately a week after the
necropsy, and was transported to Switzerland for
treatment.
• She was discharged from the hospital after two
weeks and had fully recovered six weeks after the
infection.
36. • Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV; previously
BEBOV) On 24 November 2007, the Uganda
Ministry of Health confirmed an outbreak of
Ebolavirus in the Bundibugyo District.
• After confirmation of samples tested by the
United States National Reference Laboratories
and the CDC, the World Health
Organization confirmed the presence of the
new species.
37. • On 20 February 2008, the Uganda
Ministry officially announced the end of
the epidemic in Bundibugyo, with the last
infected person discharged on 8 January
2008.
38. • An epidemiological study conducted
by WHO and Uganda Ministry of
Health scientists determined there
were 116 confirmed and probable
cases of the new Ebola species, and
that the outbreak had a mortality
rate of 34% (39 deaths).
39. • In 2012, there was an outbreak of
Bundibugyo ebolavirus in a northeastern
province of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo. There were 15 confirmed
cases and 10 fatalities.
41. • Signs and symptoms of Ebola
usually begin suddenly with
an flu-like stage characterized by
fatigue, fever, headaches, and
joint, muscle, and abdominal pain.
• Vomiting, diarrhea and loss of
appetite are also common.
42.
43. • Less common symptoms include the
following: sore throat, chest pain,
hiccups, shortness of breath and
trouble swallowing.
• The average time between
contracting the infection and the start
of symptoms is 8 to 10 days, but can
occur between 2 and 21 days.
44. • Skin manifestations may include
a maculopapular rash (in about 50%
of cases).
• Early symptoms of EVD may be
similar to those of malaria, dengue
fever, or other tropical fevers, before
the disease progresses to the
bleeding phase.
45. Bleeding phase
• In the bleeding phase, internal and
subcutaneous bleeding may present
itself through reddening of the
eyes and bloody vomit.[Bleeding into
the skin may
create petechiae, purpura, ecchymos
es, and hematomas (especially
around needle injection sites).
46. • Types of bleeding known to occur
with Ebola virus disease
include vomiting blood, coughing
it up or blood in the stool.
• Heavy bleeding is rare and is
usually confined to the
gastrointestinal tract.
48. Causes:
• EVD is caused by four of five viruses classified
in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae,
order Mononegavirales.
• These four viruses are Bundibugyo
virus (BDBV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan
virus (SUDV), Taï Forest virus (TAFV).
• The fifth virus, Reston virus (RESTV), is not
thought to be disease-causing in humans.
49. •During an outbreak, those at
highest risk are health care
workers and close contacts of
those with the infection.
50. Transmission
• It is not entirely clear how Ebola is
spread.
• EVD is believed to occur after an
ebola virus is transmitted to an initial
human by contact with an infected
animal's body fluids.
51. • Human-to-human transmission can occur via direct
contact with blood or bodily fluids from an
infected person (includingembalming of an
infected dead person) or by contact with
contaminated medical equipment, particularly
needles and syringes.
• Semen is infectious in survivors for up to 50 days.
Transmission through oral exposure and
through conjunctiva exposure is likely and has
been confirmed in non-human primates.
52.
53. • The potential for widespread EVD infections is
considered low as the disease is only spread by
direct contact with the secretions from someone
who is showing signs of infection.
• The quick onset of symptoms makes it easier to
identify sick individuals and limits a person's ability
to spread the disease by traveling.
• Because dead bodies are still infectious, some
doctors disposed of them in a safe manner, despite
local traditional burial rituals.
54. • Medical workers who do not wear appropriate
protective clothing may also contract the
disease. In the past, hospital-
acquired transmission has occurred in African
hospitals due to the reuse of needles and lack
of universal precautions.
• Airborne transmission has not been documented
during previous EVD outbreaks.
• Bats drop partially eaten fruits and pulp, then land
mammals such as gorillas and duikers feed on
these fallen fruits.
• Fruit production, animal behavior, and other
factors vary at different times and places that may
trigger outbreaks among animal populations.
56. Reservoir:
• Bushmeat being prepared for cooking in Ghana,
2013. Human consumption of equatorial animals in
Africa in the form of bushmeat has been linked to
the transmission of diseases to people, including
Ebola.
• Bats are considered the most likely natural
reservoir of the Ebola virus (EBOV);
plants, arthropods, and birds have also been
considered.
57. Bushmeat being prepared for cooking in Ghana, 2013. Human
consumption of equatorial animals in Africa in the form of bushmeat has
been linked to the transmission of diseases to people, including Ebola.
58. • Bats were known to reside in the cotton factory in
which the first cases for the 1976 and 1979
outbreaks were employed, and they have also been
implicated in Marburg virus infections in 1975 and
1980.
• Of 24 plant species and 19 vertebrate species
experimentally inoculated with EBOV, only bats
became infected.
• The absence of clinical signs in these bats is
characteristic of a reservoir species.
60. • Endothelial cells, mononuclear phagocytes,
and hepatocytes are the main targets of infection.
After infection, a secreted glycoprotein (sGP) known
as the Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) is synthesized.
• Ebola replication overwhelms protein synthesis of
infected cells and host immune defenses.
• The GP forms a trimeric complex, which binds the
virus to the endothelial cells lining the interior
surface of blood vessels.
62. • The sGP forms a dimeric protein that interferes with
the signaling of neutrophils, a type of white blood
cell, which allows the virus to evade the immune
system by inhibiting early steps of neutrophil
activation.
• These white blood cells also serve as carriers to
transport the virus throughout the entire body to
places such as the lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and
spleen.
64. • The medical history, especially travel and
work history along with exposure to
wildlife are important to suspect the
diagnosis of EVD.
• The diagnosis is confirmed by isolating
the virus, detecting its RNA or proteins,
or detecting antibodies against the virus
in a person's blood.
65. • Isolating the virus by cell culture, detecting
the viral RNA by polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) and detecting proteins
by enzyme-linke immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
is effective early and in those who have died
from the disease.
• Detecting antibodies against the virus is
effective late in the disease and in those who
recover.
66. • During an outbreak, virus isolation is often
not feasible.
• The most common diagnostic methods are
therefore real time PCR and ELISA detection
of proteins, which can be performed in field
or mobile hospitals.
• Filovirions can be seen and identified in cell
culture by electron microscopy due to their
unique filamentous shapes, but electron
microscopy cannot tell the difference
between the various filoviruses despite there
being some length differences.
68. Behavioral changes:
• Ebola viruses are contagious, with prevention
predominantly involving behavior changes, proper full-
body personal protective equipment, and disinfection.
Techniques to avoid infection involve not contacting
infected blood or secretions, including from those who
are dead.
• This involves suspecting and diagnosing the disease
early and using standard precautions for all patients in
the healthcare setting.
• Recommended measures when caring for those who
are infected include isolating them, sterilizing
equipment, and wearing protective clothing including
masks, gloves, gowns and goggles.
69. • Hand washing is important but can be difficult in
areas where there is not even enough water for
drinking.
• Due to lack of proper equipment and hygienic
practices, large-scale epidemics have occured
mostly in poor, isolated areas without modern
hospitals or well-educated medical staff.
• Traditional burial rituals, especially those
requiring embalming of bodies, should be
discouraged or modified.
• Airline crews who fly to these areas of the world
are taught to identify Ebola and isolate anyone who
has symptoms.
70. A researcher working with the Ebola virus while wearing
a BSL-4 positive pressure suit to avoid infection
71. • Quarantine:
• Quarantine, also known as enforced isolation, is
usually effective in decreasing spread.
• Governments often quarantine areas where the
disease is occurring or individuals who may be
infected.
• In the United States the law allows quarantine of
those infected with Ebola.
• The lack of roads and transportation may help slow
the disease in Africa.
• During the 2014 outbreak Liberia closed schools.
72. • Vaccine:
• No vaccine is currently available for humans.
• The most promising candidates are DNA vaccines or
vaccines derived from adenoviruses, vesicular
stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV) or filovirus-like
particles (VLPs)because these candidates could
protect nonhuman primates from ebolavirus-
induced disease. DNA vaccines, adenovirus-based
vaccines, and VSIV-based vaccines have entered
clinical trials.
• Vaccines have protected nonhuman primates.
74. • No ebolavirus-specific treatment exists.
• Treatment is primarily supportive in nature and
includes minimizing invasive procedures,
balancing fluids and electrolytes to
counter dehydration, administration
of anticoagulants early in infection to prevent or
control disseminated intravascular coagulation,
administration of procoagulants late in infection
to control bleeding,
maintaining oxygen levels, pain management,
and the use of medications to treat bacterial or
fungal secondary infections.
75. • Early treatment may increase the chance
of survival.
• A number of experimental treatments are
being studied