- Swine influenza, or swine flu, is caused by influenza viruses that normally infect pigs. It can sometimes be transmitted from pigs to humans.
- Symptoms in humans are similar to regular flu symptoms like fever, cough, and sore throat. It spreads when people with the virus cough or sneeze.
- Treatment involves antiviral drugs, which work best if started within two days of symptoms. Vaccines are also available to prevent swine flu.
A common viral infection that can be deadly, especially in high-risk groups.
The flu attacks the lungs, nose and throat. Young children, older adults, pregnant women and people with chronic disease or weak immune systems are at high risk.
Symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, runny nose, headaches and fatigue.
Flu is primarily treated with rest and fluid intake to allow the body to fight the infection on its own. Paracetamol may help cure the symptoms but NSAIDs should be avoided. An annual vaccine can help prevent the flu and limit its complications.
A common viral infection that can be deadly, especially in high-risk groups.
The flu attacks the lungs, nose and throat. Young children, older adults, pregnant women and people with chronic disease or weak immune systems are at high risk.
Symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, runny nose, headaches and fatigue.
Flu is primarily treated with rest and fluid intake to allow the body to fight the infection on its own. Paracetamol may help cure the symptoms but NSAIDs should be avoided. An annual vaccine can help prevent the flu and limit its complications.
What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
The word swine flu is not uncommon these days and is one of the most epidemics that affects the society. This is an infection by any one of several types of swine influenza virus. The cause and affects that this virus implies is established here and we have various information regarding this.
Hello friends i am BSc Nursing intern.This presentation of mine covers almost each and every aspect related to swine flu.Hope it will help you to increase your knowledge regarding the topic.Looking forward to your feedback.Thank you
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pigs. Swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates in pigs. Swine influenza viruses may circulate among swine throughout the year, but most outbreaks occur during the late fall and winter months similar to outbreaks in humans. The classical swine flu virus (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) was first isolated from a pig in 1930.
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, PracticeHarm Kiezebrink
Avian Influenza has become endemic in many parts of the word. In it's current form it has been around since 1997 and although thy virus types have changed, emergency response, management & control are still a hot issue. In this article published in 2006 in the US magazine Poultry Perspectives, the subject what to do during crisis situations is presented. The conclusions are still valid today and may help to prevent large-scale outbreaks
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. • swine influenza viruses are usually
introduced into a herd by an
infected pig.
• In a newly infected herd, up to
100% of the animals may become
ill, but most animals recover
within 3–7 days if there are no
secondary bacterial infections or
other complications.
3. • In uncomplicated cases, the case
fatality rate ranges from less than 1%
to 4%.
• Many infections in enzootically
infected herds are subclinical; typical
signs of influenza may occur in only
25% to 30% of the pigs.
4. Swine influenza, also
called pig influenza, swine
flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an
infection caused by any
one of several types of
swine influenza viruses.
5. Swine influenza virus (SIV)
or swine-origin influenza virus (S-
OIV) is any strain of the influenza
family of viruses that
is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, the
known SIV strains include influenza
C and the subtypes of influenza
A known as H1N1, H1N2,
H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.
7. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE IMAGE OF THE REASSORTED H1N1
INFLUENZA VIRUS PHOTOGRAPHED AT THE CDC INFLUENZA
LABORATORY. THE VIRUSES ARE 80–120 NANOMETRES IN DIAMETER
8. The influenza virion is roughly spherical. It
is an enveloped virus; the outer layer is a
lipid membrane which is taken from the
host cell in which the virus multiplies.
Inserted into the lipid membrane are
‘spikes’, which are proteins – actually
glycoproteins, because they consist of
protein linked to sugars – known as HA
(hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase).
9. These are the proteins that
determine the subtype of influenza
virus (A/H1N1, for example).
The HA and NA are important in the
immune response against the virus;
antibodies (proteins made to
combat infection) against these
spikes may protect against
infection.
10. The NA protein is the target of
the antiviral drugs Relenza and
Tamiflu.
Also embedded in the lipid
membrane is the M2 protein,
which is the target of
the antiviral adamantanes ama
ntadine and rimantadine.
11. Swine influenza virus is common
throughout pig populations worldwide.
Transmission of the virus from pigs to
humans is not common and does not
always lead to human flu, often resulting
only in the production of antibodies in
the blood. If transmission does cause
human flu, it is called zoonotic swine flu.
People with regular exposure to pigs are
at increased risk of swine flu infection.
12. Identification of influenza subtypes
became possible, allowing accurate
diagnosis of transmission to
humans. Since then, only 50 such
transmissions have been confirmed.
These strains of swine flu rarely
pass from human to human.
15. People who have swine flu
can be contagious one day
before they have any
symptoms, and as many as 7
days after they get sick.
Kids can be contagious for
as long as 10 days.
16. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu
in humans are similar to those
of influenza and of influenza-like
illness in general,
namely chills, fever, sore
throat,musclepains,
coughing,weakness,
severe headache, and general
17.
18.
19. • H1N1 flu is also known as swine
flu. It's called swine flu because in
the past, the people who caught it
had direct contact with pigs.
• That changed several years ago,
when a new virus emerged that
spread among people who hadn't
been near pigs.
21. •Swine flu is contagious, and it
spreads in the same way as
the seasonal flu.
• When people who have
it cough or sneeze, they spray
tiny drops of the virus into the
air.
22. • If you come in contact with these
drops or touch a surface (such as a
doorknob or sink) that an infected
person has recently touched, you
can catch H1N1 swine flu.
• Despite the name, you can't catch
swine flu from eating bacon, ham,
or any other pork product.
24. The CDC recommends real
time PCR as the method of
choice for diagnosing H1N1.
The oral or nasal fluid
collection and RNA virus
preserving filter paper card
is commercially available.
25. This method allows a
specific diagnosis of novel
influenza (H1N1) as
opposed to seasonal
influenza.
Near-patient point-of-care
tests are in development.
27. Prevention of swine influenza
has three components:
1. prevention in swine,
2. prevention of transmission to
humans, and
3. prevention of its spread
among humans
28.
29. Thermal imaging camera and screen, photographed in an airport terminal in Greece – thermal
imaging can detect elevated body temperature, one of the signs of the virus H1N1 (swine
influenza).
31. Vaccination (flu pandemic vaccine)
Vaccines are available for different kinds of
swine flu. The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) approved the new swine
flu vaccine for use in the United States on
September 15, 2009.
Studies by the National Institutes of
Health show a single dose creates enough
antibodies to protect against the virus within
about 10 days
33. In swine:
As swine influenza is rarely fatal to
pigs, little treatment beyond rest
and supportive care is required.
Instead, veterinary efforts are
focused on preventing the spread of
the virus throughout the farm, or to
other farms.
34. Vaccination and animal management
techniques are most important in
these efforts.
Antibiotics are also used to treat this
disease, which although they have no
effect against the influenza virus, do
help prevent bacterial pneumonia and
other secondary infections in influenza-
weakened herds.
35. In humans:
If a person becomes sick with
swine flu, antiviral drugs can
make the illness milder and
make the patient feel better
faster.
They may also prevent serious
flu complications.
36. For treatment, antiviral drugs work
best if started soon after getting sick
(within two days of symptoms).
Beside antivirals, supportive care at
home or in a hospital focuses on
controlling fevers, relieving pain and
maintaining fluid balance, as well as
identifying and treating any secondary
infections or other medical problems.
37. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention recommends the use of oseltamivir
(Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza) for the
treatment and/or prevention of infection with
swine influenza viruses; however, the majority
of people infected with the virus make a full
recovery without requiring medical attention or
antiviral drugs.
The virus isolated in the 2009 outbreak have
been found resistant
to amantadine and rimantadine.
I
38. n the U.S., on April 27, 2009, the FDA
issued Emergency Use Authorizations to
available Relenza and Tamiflu antiviral
drugs make to treat the swine influenza
virus in cases for which they are currently
unapproved.
The agency issued these EUAs to allow
treatment of patients younger than the
current approval allows and to allow the
widespread distribution of the drugs,
including by volunteers.