Filariasis

Filariasis

• 1.
  FILARIASIS 
• 3.
  Filariasis (or philariasis)  is  a parasitic  disease that is  caused  by  thread- like roundworms belonging  to  the Filarioidea type.  These are spread by blood-feeding black  flies and mosquitoes. Eight  known  filarial  nematodes  use  humans  as  their  definitive  hosts. These  are  divided  into  three groups according  to  the  niche  within  the  body  they  occupy.
• 4.
  Lymphatic  filariasis is  caused by  the  worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi,  and Brugia timori.   These  worms  occupy  the lymphatic  system,  including  the lymph nodes; in chronic cases,  these  worms  lead  to  the  disease elephantiasis.
• 5.
  The adult worms, which usually stay in  one tissue, release early larval forms  known as microfilariae into the  host's bloodstream.  These circulating microfilariae can be  taken up with a blood meal by the  arthropod vector; in the vector, they  develop into infective larvae that can  be transmitted to a new host.
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  Adult worm: •Adult areminute,whitish thread like and are filariform in shape with smooth surface. •Both the ends are tapering.
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  Individuals infected by filarial worms may be  described  as  either "microfilaraemic"  or  "amicrofilaraemic",  depending  on  whether  microfilariae can be found in their peripheral  blood.   Filariasis  is  diagnosed  in  microfilaraemic  cases primarily through direct observation of  microfilariae in the peripheral blood.  Occult  filariasis  is  diagnosed  in  amicrofilaraemic  cases  based  on  clinical  observations and, in some cases, by finding a  circulating antigen in the blood.
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  •Male worm measures40mm in length and and 0.1 mm in breadth. •Posterior end is sharply curved ventrally with two spicules of unequal length.
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  •The female measures80-100mm in length and are longer than males. •The female are viviparous and lay eggs containing well developed embryos, the microfilariae. •The microfilariae remain coiled together within the uterus and vagina of the mature gravid female worm.
• 10.
  The third stagelarva is called as microfilaria. Found in peripheral blood and often in the hydrocele fluid and chylous urine. They are transparent and colourless by a hyaline sheath. The microfilaria can live up to 70 days in the human blood.
• 11.
  There is amarked periodicity in the circulation of microfilaria in the blood. They will be present in high numbers in the peripheral blood during a 4 hour period at mid night and scanty or absent at day time. This type of periodicity is called as nocturnal periodicity. The exact mechanism of periodicity is not clearly known.Body temperature,oxygen,sleeping habits etc may influence the periodic pattern of the microfilaria.
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  Third stage larva: •Itis the infective form of the filarial worm for humans. •It is found only in mosquito vectors. •The microfilaria are elongated, filariform and measure 1.4mm to 2µm in length.
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  African green leafmonkeys. The adult worms are found in the sacral,para-aortic and inguinal lymph nodes and the thoracic duct and associated vessels.
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  Completes life cyclein two hosts. Definitive host: Man. Intermediate host: Mosquitoes: Culex quinquefaciatus, Anopheles Aedes Species.
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  The pathogenic effectis produced by adult worms of Wuchereria,living or dead. The infections are mainly classified into two forms 1.CLASSICAL FILARIASIS. 2.OCCULT FILARIASIS.
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  CLASSICAL FILARIASIS OCCULT FILARIASIS Cause Devoloping wormsand adult Microfilaria Basic lesion Acute inflammation and epitheloid granuloma Eosinophilic granuloma Organs involved Lymphatic system Lymphatic system, lung,liver and spleen Microfilaria Present in blood Present in affected tissues Therapeutic response No response Responds to microfilaricidal agent Serological tests Complement fixation is not sensitive Highly sensitive
• 18.
  Human filarial nematodeworms have complicated lifecycles, which primarily consists of five stages. After the male and female worms mate, the female gives birth to live microfilariae by the thousands. The microfilariae are taken up by the vector insect (intermediate host) during a blood meal
• 19.
  In the intermediatehost, the microfilariae molt and develop into third-stage (infective) larvae.  Upon taking another blood meal, the vector insect injects the infectious larvae into the dermis layer of the skin. After about one year, the larvae molt through two more stages, maturing into the adult worms.
• 20.
   Filarial lymphangitisusually accompanied by a rise of temperature ranging from 1030 c to 104o F which may continue for several days.  The temperature comes down with profuse sweating.  The fever is associated with localised sign of inflammation of the lymphatic vessel where the adult worm lies.  Examination of the blood may reveal microfilaria at this stage.
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  The most spectacularsymptom of lymphatic filariasis is elephantiasis—edema with thickening of the skin and underlying tissues —which was the first disease discovered to be transmitted by mosquito bites.  Elephantiasis results when the parasites lodge in the lymphatic system. Elephantiasis affects mainly the lower extremities, while the ears, mucous membranes, and amputation stumps are affected less frequently.
• 26.
   However, differentspecies of filarial worms tend to affect different parts of the body; Wuchereria bancrofti can affect the legs, arms, vulva, breasts, and scrotum (causing hydrocele formation), while Brugia timori rarely affects the genitals.Those who develop the chronic stages of elephantiasis are usually amicrofilaraemic, and often have adverse immunological reactions to the microfilariae, as well as the adult worms.
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  The subcutaneous wormspresent with skin rashes, urticarial papules, and arthritis, as well as hyper- and hypopigmentation macules. Onchocerca volvulus manifests itself in the eyes, causing "river blindness" (onchocerciasis), one of the leading causes of blindness in the world.  Serous cavity filariasis presents with symptoms similar to subcutaneous filariasis, in addition to abdominal pain, because these worms are also deep-tissue dwellers.
• 28.
  Filariasis is usuallydiagnosed by identifying microfilariae on Giemsa stained, thin and thick blood film smears, using the "gold standard" known as the finger prick test.The finger prick test draws blood from the capillaries of the finger tip; larger veins can be used for blood extraction, but strict windows of the time of day must be observed.
• 29.
  Blood must bedrawn at appropriate times, which reflect the feeding activities of the vector insects. Examples are W. bancrofti, whose vector is a mosquito; night is the preferred time for blood collection. Loa loa's vector is the deer fly; daytime collection is preferred. This method of diagnosis is only relevant to microfilariae that use the blood as transport from the lungs to the skin. 
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  Some filarial worms,such as M.streptocerca and O. volvulus, produce microfilarae that do not use the blood; they reside in the skin only. For these worms, diagnosis relies upon skin snips, and can be carried out at any time.
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  Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and antigenic assays, which detect circulating filarial antigens, are also available for making the diagnosis. The latter are particularly useful in amicrofilaraemic cases. Spot tests for antigen are far more sensitive, and allow the test to be done any time, rather in the late hours.
• 32.
  Lymph node aspirateand chylus fluid may also yield microfilariae. Medical imaging, such as CT or MRI, may reveal "filarial dance sign" in chylus fluid; X-ray tests can show calcified adult worms in lymphatics. The DEC provocation test is performed to obtain satisfying numbers of parasites in daytime samples. Xenodiagnosis is now obsolete, and eosinophilia is a nonspecific primary sign.
• 33.
  The recommended treatmentfor people outside the United States is albendazole (a broad-spectrum anthelmintic) combined with ivermectin. A combination of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole is also effective. All of these treatments are microfilaricides; they have no effect on the adult worms. Different trials were made to use the known drug at its maximum capacity in absence of new drugs.
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   In astudy from India, it has been shown that a formulation of albendazole has better anti- filarial efficacy than albendazole itself. In 2003, the common antibiotic doxycycline was suggested for treating elephantiasis
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  Filarial parasites havesymbiotic bacteria in the genus Wolbachia, which live inside the worm and seem to play a major role in both its reproduction and the development of the disease. Clinical trials in June 2005 by the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine reported an eight-week course almost completely eliminated microfilaraemia
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  1.Mosquito control: Physical:Mosquito net,effective drainagesystem. Chemical :Mosquito repellents,DDT Biological:Gambusiya fish. 2.Treatment of the patients