The document discusses the raster data model. The key points are: - Raster data is represented as a grid of cells (pixels) organized into rows and columns. Each cell contains a value representing information. - Common raster data types include satellite imagery, digital elevation models, and scanned maps. - Raster data has advantages for modeling and analysis but disadvantages for representing linear features and conforming to cartographic standards due to resolution issues.

1. RASTER DATA MODEL
A SEMINOR ON

2. SEMINOR CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
RASTER DATA MODEL
USES OF RASTER DATA MODEL
TYPES OF RASTER DATA
VECTOR GRAPHICS
RASTER DATA FORMATS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

3. INTRODUTION
GIS (Geographic Information System) is an
integrated system of computer Hardware and
Software coupled with procedures and human
analyst which together support the capture,
management, manipulation, analysis, modelling and
display of spatially referenced data.

4. CONT…
HARD WARE
Computers, Networks, Printers
SOFTWARE
GIS Software, Database software, OS Software,
Network Software
DATA
Vector Data, Raster Data, Image Data, Attribute Data
METHODS
Guidelines, Standards, Procedures
PEOPLES
Administrators, Managers, GIS Technician's, Application
experts , End User, Consumers

5. TYPES OF GIS DATA
The basic data type in a GIS reflects traditional data
found on a map. Accordingly, GIS technology utilizes two
basic types of data:
 SPATIAL DATA
Describes the absolute and relative location of
geographic features.
 ATTRIBUTE DATA
Describes characteristics of the spatial features.
These characteristics can be quantitative and/or
qualitative in nature.

6. GIS data represents
real objects which can be
stored under two broad types
known as Vector Data and
Raster Data
VECTOR DATA
The vector data is
made up of points, lines and
polygons. They are x,y,z data
points.
DATA REPRESENTATION

7. RASTER DATA MODEL
 The Raster Data is made up of a matrix of grids. The grids
may be occupied by pixels (cells).
 In its simplest form, a raster consists of a matrix of cells(or
pixels) organized into Rows and Columns (or a grid)
 Where each cell contains a value representing
information such as temperature.
 Raster’s are digital Aerial photographs, imagery from
satellites, digital pictures, or even scanned maps.

8.  Cells are identified by their positions in the grid.
 Raster data is geo-referenced by:
 Real world coordinates of the reference point
 Cell size in real world distance
 Use the upper-left or lower-left corner of grid as the reference
point.

9. As compared to the vector data structure, the
raster data structure is not particularly accurate at
representing discrete features - that is, those features
that have a distinct boundary or shape.
The term Raster implies a regularly spaced grid.
Raster data consists of rows and columns of cells (or
pixels). In this format a single value is stored against
each cell. Raster data can represent a multiplicity of
things including:
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RASTER AND
VECTOR
DATA SETS
Cont…

10.  Kind of the image
 Size and scale
 Resolution/compression
 Image Format in which it is represented
 Image files may be drawing files, shape files, header files,
image files and sizes
 Vector graphics
 ( X,Y,Z, lines, arcs, color filled zones)
 Raster graphics ( pixels – grid pattern, each pixel has a color)
 Ranges of colors as per R,G,B
 Total colors 256 x 256 x 256
TWO TYPES OF GRAPHICS
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL IMAGES

11. Red, Green, Blue
 250, 0,0
 0,0,0
 0,0,250
COMPONENTS OF COLOR

12. Raster data is stored in various formats; some
of these include
 BMP (Bitmap Image)
 TIFF (Tag Index File Format)
 JPEG/JPG (Joint Photographic Expert Group)
 IMG (Image File Format)
 GIF (Graphic Intercharge Format)
 PSP (Portable Sony Play station)
 CDR (Crash Data Retrieval)
POPULAR RASTER IMAGE FILES

13.  Vector (also known as "object-oriented") graphics are
constructed using mathematical formulas describing
shapes, colors, and placement.
 Rather than a grid of pixels, a vector graphic consists of
shapes, curves, lines, and text which together make a
picture.
 Vector graphics are resolution-independent--that is, they
can be scaled to any size and printed at any resolution
without losing detail or clarity.
 As a result, vector graphics are the best choice for
representing bold graphics that must retain crisp lines
when scaled to various sizes--for example, logos.
VECTOR GRAPHICS

14. VECTOR MAGNIFICATION
without losing detail or clarity

15.  Is a language for describing vector graphics in XML
(Extensible Markup Language).
 With SVG, one can code graphics directly into an XML
document.
 Example of a Gray-scale Bit-map Image
 Each pixel is usually stored as a byte (value between 0 to
255)
 A 640 x 480 Gray-scale image requires over 300 KB of
storage.
SVG, OR SCALABLE VECTOR GRAPHICS
GRAY-SCALE

16.  One byte for each pixel
 Supports 256 out of the millions
possible, acceptable colour quality
 Requires Colour Look-Up Tables
(LUTs)
 A 640 x 480 8-bit colour image
requires 307.2 KB of storage (the
same as 8-bit gray-scale)
8-BIT IMAGES

17. 24-BIT IMAGE
 Each pixel is represented by three bytes (e.g., RGB)
Supports 256 x 256 x 256 possible combined colours
(16,777,216)
 A 640 x 480 24-bit colour image would require 921.6 KB of
storage

18. A BITMAP ENLARGEMENT

19. IMAGE GRAPHICS IN MEDICAL
DIAGNOSTICS

20. IMAGING SYSTEMS IN HOSPITALS

21. PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGES-DIGITAL

22. VECTOR GRAPHICS - CLIPART

23. RASTER GRAPHICS

24.  Depends on the Image Resolution
 Image Size, number of pixels
 Compression and decompression
 Display systems
 Main factor: Pixel dimension
 The display size of an image on-screen is determined by
the pixel dimensions of the image plus the size and
setting of the monitor.
QUALITY OFAN IMAGE

25. EXAMPLE OF AN IMAGE DISPLAYED
ON MONITORS OF VARIOUS SIZES AND
RESOLUTIONS

26. PIXELS PER SQ. INCH
EXAMPLE OF AN IMAGE AT 72-PPI AND
300-PPI ( Pixels Per Inch )

27.  Image resolution
 Monitor resolution/ Printer resolution
 Screen frequency
 File type, format, compression
 File size
 Maximum pixel
KEY FACTORS

28.  A Raster data model is variously
called a grid. A Grid consists of
Rows, Columns, and cells.
 The origin of rows and columns
is at a upper left corner of the
grid. Rows function as a Y co-
ordinates and columns' as X co-
ordinates in a two dimensional
co-ordinate system.
 A cell is defined by its location in
terms of rows and columns.
ELEMENTS IN RASTER DATA
MODEL

29.  A raster cell stores a single value, however this can be
extended by using raster bands. An example of this is the
use of bands to represent RGB colours, colour maps , or an
extended attribute table with one row for each unique cell
value.
 Raster model divides the area into grid cells or pixel.
 Each grid cell is filled with the measured attribute values.
 It can represent points, lines and area
 Resolution depends on real world area represented by each
grid cell.
cont…

30. DISCRETE AND CONTINUONS
DATA
When data is presented in raster format, they may
be discrete or continuous data.
 1. The numeric distribution of discrete data are
independent numbers and the geographic distribution
has abrupt boundaries.
 2. The numeric distribution of continuous data are a
range of values and their geographic distribution is
along a spatial gradient.

31.  Geographical variation in the real world is infinitely
complex
 The closer you look, the more detail you see, almost
without limit
 It would take an infinitely large database to capture the
real world precisely.
 Raster grid cells allow us to approximate the variation over
a landscape.
 Data must somehow be reduced to a finite and
manageable quantity by a process of generalization or
abstraction.
 We have to pick out the most characteristic features.
 Geographical variation must be represented in terms of
discrete elements or objects
USES OF RASTER DATA MODEL

32. TYPES OF RASTER DATA
SATELLITE IMAGERY
 Remotely sensed satellite
data are recorded in raster
format.
 The pixel value in a satellite
image represents light
energy reflected or emitted
from the Earth’s surface.
 Land use, land cover and
hydrography can be
classified from image
processing system.
 Satellite images can be
displayed in black and white
or in colour.
This Half-meter Resolution Image Of
Khalifa Sports City Complex Qatar, Was
Collected By The Geoeye-1 Satellite On
January 10, 2009

33.  DEM consists of an array of
uniformly spaced elevation data.
 DEM are produced from:
 A stereo-plotter and aerial
photograph with overlapping
areas.
 Satellite imagery such as SPOT
stereo model using special
software.
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS (DEM)

35.  Prepared from aerial
photograph or other
remotely sensed data.
 They are geo-referenced
and can be registered with
topographic and other
maps.
DIGITAL ORTHOPHOTOS

36. BINARY SCANNED FILES
 Scanned image containing values of 1 and 0.
 Maps to be digitized are typically scanned at 300 or 400 dpi
(dots per square inch).
GRAPHIC FILES
 Maps, photographs and images can be stored as digital
graphic files.

37.  The Geographic location of each cell is implied by its
position in the cell matrix.
 Due to the nature of the data storage technique, data
analysis is usually easy to program and quick to perform.
 The inherent nature of raster maps, e.g. one attribute maps,
is ideally suited for mathematical modelling and quantitative
analysis.
 Discrete data, e.g. forestry stands, is accommodated equally
well as continuous data, e.g. Elevation data, and facilitates
the integrating of the two data types.
 Grid-cell systems are very compatible with raster-based
output devices.
ADVANTAGES
cont…

38.  The cell size determines the resolution at which the data is
represented;
 It is especially difficult to adequately represent linear
features depending on the cell resolution.
 Since most input data is in vector form, data must undergo
vector-to-raster conversion. Besides increased processing
requirements this may introduce data integrity concerns due
to generalization and choice of inappropriate cell size.
 Most output maps from grid-cell systems do not conform to
high-quality cartographic needs.
DISADVANTAGES

39. CONCLUSION
 GIS data is stored in two types: Raster Data and Vector Data
 Raster data consists of rows and columns of cells (or pixels).
 Raster data may be discrete or continuous.
 Raster data allows approximation of variation over a
landscape. It makes data finite and manageable.
 Types of raster includes satellite imageries, Digital Elevation
Models, Digital Orthophotos, binary scanned files and
graphic files.
 Raster data may be stored as TIFF, Geo TIFF, GIF, JPEG,
etc.
 The inherent nature of raster maps, e.g. one attribute maps,
is ideally suited for mathematical modelling and quantitative
analysis.

40. REFERENCE
 B. BHATTA, (2008) Remote Sensing And Gis Oxford University
Press, Pp: 442,121,129,135, 144.
 FLOYD F. SABINS, (1996/1997) Remote Sensing Principles
And Interpretation, W.H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY
NEWYORK 3rd Edition, Pp: 29,69,105,177,236.
 KALICHARAN SAHU, (2008), Text Book Of Remote Sensing
And Gis, Atlantic Publications, Pp: 1-2,127-198.
 Textbook Of Remote Sensing And Geographical Information
System, M.ANJI REDDY, Second Edition, Pp 1-23.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_data
 http://geospatial.referata.com/wiki/Raster_Data_Model
 http://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/57142/what-is-the-
difference-between-vector-and-raster-data-models
WEBSITES
BOOKS

42. THANK YOU