DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTOR Raster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
DEFINITION :
GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing , retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes
APPLICATION AREAS OF GIS
Agriculture
Business
Electric/Gas utilities
Environment
Forestry
Geology
Hydrology
Land-use planning
Local government
Mapping
11. Military
12. Risk management
13. Site planning
14. Transportation
15. Water / Waste water industry
COMPONENTS OF GIS
DATA INPUT
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Data Model:
It describes in an abstract way how the data is represented in an information system or in DBMS
Spatial Data Model :
The models or abstractions of reality that are intended to have some similarity with selected aspects of the real world
Creation of analogue and digital spatial data sets involves seven levels of model development and abstraction
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Conceptual model : A view of reality
Analog model : Human conceptualization leads to analogue abstraction
Spatial data models : Formalization of analogue abstractions without any conventions
Database model : How the data are recorded in the computer
Physical computational model : Particular representation of the data structures in computer memory
Data manipulation model : Accepted axioms and rules for handling the data
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
SPATIAL DATA MODEL
Objects on the earth surface are shown as continuous and discrete objects in spatial data models
Types of data models
Raster data model
vector data models
RASTER DATA MODEL
Basic Elements :
Extent
Rows
Columns
Origin
Orientation
Resolution: pixel = grain = grid cell
Ex: Bit Map Image (BMP),Joint Photographic Expert Group (JPEG), Portable Network Graphics(PNG) etc
RASTER DATA MODEL
VECTOR DATA MODEL
Basic Elements:
Location (x,y) or (x,y,z)
Explicit, i.e. pegged to a coordinate system
Different coordinate system (and precision) require different values
o e.g. UTM as integer (but large)
o Lat, long as two floating point numbers +/-
Points are used to build more complex features
Ex: Auto CAD Drawing File(DWG), Data Interchange(exchange) File(DXF), Vector Product Format (VPF) etc
VECTOR DATA MODEL
RASTER vs VECTOR Raster is faster but Vector is corrector
TESSELLATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FIELDS
Triangular Irregular Network: (TIN)
TIN is a vector data structure for representing geographical information that is continuous
Digital elevation model
TIN is generally used to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL
DATA STRUCTURES
Data structure tells about how the data is stored
Data organization in raster data structures
Each cell is referenced directly
Each overlay Is referenced directly
Each mapping unit is referenced directly
Each overlay is separate file with general header
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
Introduction to GIS - Basic spatial concepts - Coordinate Systems - GIS and Information Systems – Definitions – History of GIS - Components of a GIS – Hardware, Software, Data, People, Methods – Proprietary and open source Software - Types of data – Spatial, Attribute data- types of attributes – scales/ levels of measurements.
An introduction to GIS Data Types. Strengths and weaknesses of raster and vector data are discussed. Also covered is the importance of topology. Concludes with a discussion of the vector-based format of OpenStreetMap data.
One of most important topics in ArcGIS and GIS, is coordinate system, the slides will cover this topic in order to understand the difference between various coordinate systems.
This is most benificial for the First year Engineering students.This presentation consists of videos and many applications of GIS. The processes and the other parts of GIS is also nicely explained.
Topics:
1. Introduction to GIS
2. Components of GIS
3. Types of Data
4. Spatial Data
5. Non-Spatial Data
6. GIS Operations
7. Coordinate Systems
8. Datum
9. Map Projections
10. Raster Data Compression Techniques
11. GIS Software
12. Free GIS Data Resources
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the digital representation of the land surface elevation with respect to any reference datum. DEM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface. DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography. GIS applications depend mainly on DEMs, today.
basic concept of geographic data,GIS and its component,data acquisition ,raster, vector formats,spatial data,topology and data model data output ,GIS applications
Introduction to GIS - Basic spatial concepts - Coordinate Systems - GIS and Information Systems – Definitions – History of GIS - Components of a GIS – Hardware, Software, Data, People, Methods – Proprietary and open source Software - Types of data – Spatial, Attribute data- types of attributes – scales/ levels of measurements.
An introduction to GIS Data Types. Strengths and weaknesses of raster and vector data are discussed. Also covered is the importance of topology. Concludes with a discussion of the vector-based format of OpenStreetMap data.
One of most important topics in ArcGIS and GIS, is coordinate system, the slides will cover this topic in order to understand the difference between various coordinate systems.
This is most benificial for the First year Engineering students.This presentation consists of videos and many applications of GIS. The processes and the other parts of GIS is also nicely explained.
Topics:
1. Introduction to GIS
2. Components of GIS
3. Types of Data
4. Spatial Data
5. Non-Spatial Data
6. GIS Operations
7. Coordinate Systems
8. Datum
9. Map Projections
10. Raster Data Compression Techniques
11. GIS Software
12. Free GIS Data Resources
This document help you to prepare Triangulation Network (TIN), Hillshade Map, Slope map, interpolation and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in a area and how to interpret them.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the digital representation of the land surface elevation with respect to any reference datum. DEM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface. DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography. GIS applications depend mainly on DEMs, today.
basic concept of geographic data,GIS and its component,data acquisition ,raster, vector formats,spatial data,topology and data model data output ,GIS applications
Also known as geospatial data or geographic information it is the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and more. Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology, and is data that can be mapped.
A spatial database, or geodatabase is a database that is optimized to store and query data
that represents objects defined in a geometric space. Most spatial databases allow representing simple geometric objects such as points, lines and polygons.
Data models are a set of rules and/or constructs used to describe and represent aspects of the real world in a computer. GIS can handle four data models for various applications. This module explains those four.
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
Ellisha Heppner, Grant Management Lead, presented an update on APNIC Foundation to the PNG DNS Forum held from 6 to 10 May, 2024 in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
# Internet Security: Safeguarding Your Digital World
In the contemporary digital age, the internet is a cornerstone of our daily lives. It connects us to vast amounts of information, provides platforms for communication, enables commerce, and offers endless entertainment. However, with these conveniences come significant security challenges. Internet security is essential to protect our digital identities, sensitive data, and overall online experience. This comprehensive guide explores the multifaceted world of internet security, providing insights into its importance, common threats, and effective strategies to safeguard your digital world.
## Understanding Internet Security
Internet security encompasses the measures and protocols used to protect information, devices, and networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves a wide range of practices designed to safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Effective internet security is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments alike, as cyber threats continue to evolve in complexity and scale.
### Key Components of Internet Security
1. **Confidentiality**: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to access it.
2. **Integrity**: Protecting information from being altered or tampered with by unauthorized parties.
3. **Availability**: Ensuring that authorized users have reliable access to information and resources when needed.
## Common Internet Security Threats
Cyber threats are numerous and constantly evolving. Understanding these threats is the first step in protecting against them. Some of the most common internet security threats include:
### Malware
Malware, or malicious software, is designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a device, network, or service. Common types of malware include:
- **Viruses**: Programs that attach themselves to legitimate software and replicate, spreading to other programs and files.
- **Worms**: Standalone malware that replicates itself to spread to other computers.
- **Trojan Horses**: Malicious software disguised as legitimate software.
- **Ransomware**: Malware that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
- **Spyware**: Software that secretly monitors and collects user information.
### Phishing
Phishing is a social engineering attack that aims to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Attackers often masquerade as trusted entities in email or other communication channels, tricking victims into providing their information.
### Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to the unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information.
### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
2. Raster Data:
Definition:
A graphic representation of features and attributes.
Made of grid which contain information.
Cell size:
Cells may be of any size.
What does cell size tell us?
coarser or finer the pattern or features are that appear in raster.
3. Raster Grid:
It was usually square but may be of different shape.
Each group of cells could either call as a layer of a cells.
Various layers are overlying each other
Entities represented by grid:
Grid made of cell.
Values applied to cells.
4. Representation Of Data:
In Vector Data Model:
Features themes use coordinate and lines to represent geographic features.
Representation of Raster data:
► Raster grid use cell to represent geographic spatial features.
5. Raster Data Includes:
Images.
Scanned maps.
Air photo.
Satellite Images.
Grids DEM.
6. Raster Data Analysis
Buffering
Reclassification
Hill shades
Interpolation
Surface calculation
7. Buffering:
Buffering is the result of classifying cells according to whether the cells lie
inside or outside the buffer
Output cells are either assigned an in value or an out value.
In value cells are whenever the cell-to-cell distance is less than the
specified buffer distance,
While out value cells are further than the buffer distance .
There are many occasions when buffering is required.
One example of using a buffer is showing greenway areas around lakes.
Another example of using a buffer is showing areas along highways where
the traffic noise is above a certain level .
8. Reclassification:
It is a process of reassigning a values or list of values.
Reason:
set specific values to exclude no data from analysis.
► Change values in response to new information or classification schemes.
► To replace one set of values with an associated set
► Example:
► To replace values representing soil types with pH values.
Assign values of preference, priority, sensitivity, or similar criteria to a
raster.
9. Hill shade:
► By placing an elevation raster on top of a hill shade raster and adjusting
the transparency of the elevation raster.
► To create a visually appealing relief map of a landscape.
Shadows with high sun angle Shadows with low sun angle
10. Interpolation:
Interpolation is the process of estimating unknown values between
known values.
It can be used to predict unknown values for any geographic point data,
such as elevation, rainfall, chemical concentrations, and noise levels
Why inter
that spatially distributed objects are spatially correlated; in other words,
things that are close together tend to have similar characteristics.
13. Tools For Raster Analysis:
Map algebra
Hill shades
o Slopes
o Aspects
► Raster modeling
► Raster and vector integration
o Raster to polygon conversion
o Contour generation
o Surface interpolation from point data
14. Raster Data Analysis Operations:
Local (cell-by-cell) operations
Neighborhood operations
Zonal operations
Raster distance measure operations - similar to buffering
15. Local Operations
Cell-by-cell based,
Creates a new raster from either a single or multiple input raster.
Includes Reclassification and Map Algebra.
16. Neighborhood operations:
Neighborhood operations are a method of analyzing data in a GIS environment.
They are especially important when a situation requires the analysis of relationships
between locations, rather than interpret the characteristics at individual locations.
17. Zonal Operations:
Uses groups of cells that have the same value or like features
Can be contiguous or non contiguous
For single raster zonal
Operations measure the geometry of each zone (area, perimeter,
thickness, centroid)
For two raster (an input raster and a zonal raster) a summary of values
for the input values in
each zone of the zonal raster is generated in an output raster (summary
statistics and measures)
18.
19. How does it work?
An imaginary grid is placed over an area,
Each cell in the grid is given a numeric code.
Number was given to descried the dominant attributes in the data
Each cell may be
Qualitative
Numeric
A feature identifier
