The document discusses vector data models in GIS. Vector data models represent geographic features using points, lines, and polygons. The key vector data models are the spaghetti model, which encodes features as strings of coordinates, and the TIN (triangulated irregular network) model, which creates a network of triangles connecting points. Vector models allow for discrete boundaries but complex algorithms, while raster models divide space into a grid but are simpler.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
An introduction to GIS Data Types. Strengths and weaknesses of raster and vector data are discussed. Also covered is the importance of topology. Concludes with a discussion of the vector-based format of OpenStreetMap data.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
An introduction to GIS Data Types. Strengths and weaknesses of raster and vector data are discussed. Also covered is the importance of topology. Concludes with a discussion of the vector-based format of OpenStreetMap data.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the digital representation of the land surface elevation with respect to any reference datum. DEM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface. DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography. GIS applications depend mainly on DEMs, today.
Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is in the part of data used in GIS. The data for GIS can be derived from various sources. A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data.
Remote Sensing Data Acquisition,Scanning/Imaging systemsdaniyal rustam
full of concepts about RS data acquisition scanning and imaging systems. Best for students of remote sensing. in this presentation we briefly explained the concept of scanning in remote sensing.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the digital representation of the land surface elevation with respect to any reference datum. DEM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of a topographic surface. DEM is the simplest form of digital representation of topography. GIS applications depend mainly on DEMs, today.
Perhaps the most important component of a GIS is in the part of data used in GIS. The data for GIS can be derived from various sources. A wide variety of data sources exist for both spatial and attribute data.
Remote Sensing Data Acquisition,Scanning/Imaging systemsdaniyal rustam
full of concepts about RS data acquisition scanning and imaging systems. Best for students of remote sensing. in this presentation we briefly explained the concept of scanning in remote sensing.
Also known as geospatial data or geographic information it is the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and more. Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology, and is data that can be mapped.
Data models are a set of rules and/or constructs used to describe and represent aspects of the real world in a computer. GIS can handle four data models for various applications. This module explains those four.
Welcome to our ultimate guide to Geographical Information System (GIS). Discover how GIS revolutionizes data analysis, mapping.
Explore the comprehensive guide to Geographical Information System (GIS). Learn about GIS benefits, applications, and implementation. Click here to uncover the potential.
A Geographical Information System (GIS) is a computer-based tool used to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, and present spatial or geographic data. It combines various types of data such as maps, satellite imagery, aerial photographs, and tabular data to create layers of information that can be visualized and analysed in relation to their geographic location.
GIS technology allows users to explore, interpret, and understand patterns and relationships within geographic data. It provides a framework for organizing and managing data, enabling users to query and retrieve specific information based on spatial and non-spatial attributes. GIS can be used in various fields, including urban planning, natural resource management, environmental assessment, transportation, agriculture, and emergency management
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• SPATIAL DATA MODELS
• DATA REPRESENTATION
• VECTOR DATA MODEL
• TYPES OF VECTOR DATA MODELS
• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCE
3. INTRODUTION
• A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a
system designed to capture, store, manipulate,
analyze, manage, and present all types of
geographical data.
• GIS involves HW/SW, databases and models,
people and processing for decision-making.
• The process is second stage in designing and
implementing a data model.
• At present there are two main approaches in
which computer can handle and display spatial
entities.
• They are the raster and vector approaches.
4. SPATIAL DATA MODELS
• The traditionally spatial data are stored in the form of digital databases
and presented them in the form of maps.
• Two basic types of spatial data models have been evolved for storing
geographic data digitally.
• These are referred to as
Raster Vector
5. DATA REPRESENTATION
• GIS data represent real object which can be stored under broad type known as
raster data and vector data.
• Raster data is made up of a matrix of pixels (cells).
• The vector data is made up of points, polygons and lines.
• As compared to the vector data structure, the raster data structure is not
particularly accurate as representing discrete features that is, those feature that
have a distinct boundary and shape.
6. VECTOR DATA MODELS
The vector data models use points, their XY co-ordinates to construct
spatial features.
The vector data models represent geographic features similar to the
ways as maps do.
Points represent geographic features too small to be depicted as lines
or areas; lines represents geographic features too narrow to depict as
areas; and areas represents homogeneous geographic features.
7. TYPE OF VECTOR MODELS
• SPAGHETTI MODEL
This is the simplest vector model with one to one translation of the
graphical image on the map as the name suggests these vector files are
simple lines with arbitrary starting and ending points just like
following the path of the single stand of spaghetti through a pile of
spaghetti on one's plate.
8. PROPERTIES OF SPAGHETTI DATA MODEL
• Point is enclosed as single XY co-ordinate pair.
• Line is encoded as a string of XY co-ordinate pairs.
• Polygon is encoded as a closed loop of XY co-ordinates
that define its boundary.
• The Spaghetti model is a file of spatial data constructed
in this manner is essentially a collection of co-ordinate
strings with no inherent structure-hence the term
spaghetti model.
• Although all the spatial features are recorded the spatial
relationships between these features are not encoded.
9. TIN DATA MODEL
• The TIN model creates a network of triangles by storing
the topological relationships of the triangles.
• The fundamental building block of the TIN data is the node.
• Nodes are connected to their nearest neighbors by edges,
according to a set of rules. Left-right topology is associated
with the edges to identify adjacent triangles.
• The TIN creates triangles from a set of points called mass
points, which always become nodes. The user is not
responsible for selecting; all the nodes are added according
to a set of rules.
11. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VECTOR AND
RASTER DATA MODEL
• Vector Data Model: [data models] A representation of the world using
points, lines, and polygons. Vector models are useful for storing data
that has discrete boundaries, such as country borders, land parcels,
and streets.
• Raster Data Model: [data models] A representation of the world as a
surface divided into a regular grid of cells. Raster models are useful for
storing data that varies continuously, as in an aerial photograph, a
satellite image, a surface of chemical concentrations, or an elevation
surface.
• Both vector and raster data constitute of "latitudes and longitudes",
only. The difference is in the way they are displayed.
• Latitudes and Longitudes in Vector data are displayed in the form of
lines, points, etc.
• Latitudes and Longitudes in Raster data are displayed in the form of
closed shapes where each pixel has a particular latitude and longitude
associated with it.
12. ADVANTAGES OF VECTOR DATA
• Data can be represented its original resolution and form without
generalization.
• Graphic output is usually more aesthetically pleasing (traditional
cartographic representation).
• Since most data, e.g. hard copy maps, is in vector form no data
conversion is required.
• Accurate geographic location of data is maintained.
13. DISADVANTAGES OF VECTOR DATA
The location of each vertex needs to be stored explicitly.
Algorithms for manipulative and analysis functions are complex and
may be processing intensive. Often, this inherently limits the
functionality for large data sets, e.g. a large number of features.
Continuous data, such as elevation data, is not effectively represented
in vector form. Usually substantial data generalization or interpolation
is required for these data layers.
Spatial analysis and filtering within polygons is impossible
14. • Vector formats are either page definition languages or preserve ground
co-ordinates.
Common vector formats are
• Hardware Specific Formats/ Plotter formats
• PostScript
• Digital Exchange Format (DXF)
• Digital Line Graph (DLG)
• Shapefile
• SVG(Scalable Vector Graphics)
• Arc-Info Coverage
• Arc-Info Interchange (e00)
• GeoDatabase
15. CONCLUSION
• A data model in Geographic Information Systems is a mathematical
construct for representing geographic objects .
• Integrated raster and vector processing capabilities are most desirable
and provide the greatest flexibility for data manipulation and
interpretation analysis.
• In many respects, vector and raster data models complement each
other and get switched between along the processes of data collection,
observation, analyses, and presentation.
16. REFERENCS
• Fundamentals of GIS(2007) by:Debashis Chakra borty-Rabi N.Sahoo-
pp70-90.
• Remote sensing and G.I.S & Fundamentals of G.I.S (2000),M.Anji Reddy-
pp:142-143.
• Introduction to G.I.S by: Kang- Tsung Chang –PP:31-53,117-133
• G.I.S Basics (2008) by: Shahab fazal pp:155-203
• www.wikipedia.com
• https://www.highpointnc.gov/gis/raster_v_vector_data.cfm