This document summarizes the different types of chemical bonding: ionic bonding occurs between oppositely charged ions and is electrostatic in nature; covalent bonding involves sharing electrons between atoms and can range from partially ionic to completely covalent; metallic bonding is characterized by positive ions floating in a "sea" of delocalized electrons allowing metals to conduct electricity; van der Waals bonding is the weakest type and only present between inert gases due to induced dipole interactions. The document also discusses the different arrangements of spheres to model ion packing in cubic close, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal close packing of metals.

1. SEMINAR
ON
CHEMICAL
BONDING

2. CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF BONDING
1. IONIC BONDING OR POLAR BONDING
2. COVALENT BONDING OR HOMOPOLAR
BONDING
3. METALLIC BONDING
4. RESIDUAL BONDING OR VANDER WALLS
BONDING
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
The structural principle in crystals there are two aspects to
be discussed
The geometry of the molecular arrangement
The thermo dynamic factor which decides such arrangement
The second aspect is related to the nature of chemical
bonding these are four type of bond namely:-
• Ionic bond
•Covalent bond
•Metallic bond
•Vander walls bond

4. IONIC BONDING
• Negatively and positively charged
particles attract each other.
• In atoms positive charged
particles(protons)attract negatively
charged particles (electrons)
• Positively charged cations attract
negatively charged anions producing
ionic bonds in minerals
• The bond elements together to form
compounds, all are electrical.

6. COVALENT BONDS
• Giving up or gaining electrons to become ions,
atoms may become stabilized by sharing
electrons
• The sharing of electron between the atom is
known as covalent bonds
• If the sharing is complete the bond is 100%
covalent.
• Covalent bonds are strong bonds
• Example Diamond,pure Carbon

7. COVALENT BONDS

8. METALLIC BOND
• Metals hold on to their valence electrons very
weakly.
• positive ions (cations) floating in a sea of electrons.
• Electrons are free to move through the solid.
• Metals conduct electricity.
• Crystals with this type of bonding are called metallic
crystals
• Some metallic elements atomic structure is more
complex, with more than one type of bond occuring
between the atoms

9. Cont.………
• Three ways in which the ions of most metals are
packed together to form crystals
• Three method of stacking spheres of equal size
 cubic close packing
Body centered cubic close packing
Hexagonal close packing

10. CUBIC CLOSE PACKING
• Sphere represent identical metallic ions
• Each sphere touches three in the layer above
or below
• A succession of three layer can be placed one
on top of the other in different positions
• The fourth layer repeats the position of the
first
• The patterns repeats after every third layer

12. BODY CENTRED CUBIC PACKING
• Sphere represent identical metallic ions
• Spheres lie at the corners of cube and with one
sphere at the center of each cube
• Each sphere touches eight others ,and the packing is
not as close as in the other two types
• Close packed layers are absent
• Metal with this type of structure is harder and more
brittle
• Iron has this structure at normal temperature.
• High temperature it posses the cubic close packed
structure and consequence, become malleable.

14. HEXAGONAL CLOSE PACKING
• This structure contain close packed layers with
the canters of identical sphere laying at the
corners equilateral triangle
• Adjoining layers are displayed so that any sphere
lies above or below three spheres in the layer
next in to it, with every alternate layer identical.
• The structure repeats after every second layer
instead of after every third as in the cubic close
packing.

16. VANDER WALLS BONDING
• It is weak force of attraction between the ions or
atoms of all solids.
• Bond is differs from the all the others in that, it is
rarely responsible for the coherence of any
common substance .
• Residual bond effect is often masked in structure,
where ionic covalent or metallic bonding already
occurs.
• The only solid entirely with Vander walls bonding
are inert gases(neon ,argon,etc) in the solid state.

17. • A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that
allows the formation of chemical substances that
contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by
the electromagnetic force.
• In general, strong chemical bonding is associated
with the sharing or transfer of electros between the
participating atoms.
CONCLUSION

18. REFERENCE
• Books
• Jak tareen & TRN kutty:2011 A basic course in
crystallography University press (India) limited
• Rutley‘s text book of mineralogy
• website
• F:Chemical bond - Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia.mht