The document discusses different types of scanning systems used to collect remote sensing data. It describes whiskbroom scanners that use rotating mirrors to scan perpendicular to the flight path, building up images line-by-line. Pushbroom scanners use linear detector arrays that collect entire lines of pixels simultaneously as the sensor moves. Circular scanners employ rotating mirrors to scan in circular patterns, while side-scanning uses active radar to illuminate terrain to one side of the flight path. The characteristics of Landsat, SPOT, and sensor technologies are also overviewed.

2. contentscontents
 IntroductionIntroduction
 Types of scannersTypes of scanners
 Their characteristicsTheir characteristics
 ConclusionConclusion
 ReferencesReferences

3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
 A scanning system employs a detectorA scanning system employs a detector
with a narrow field of view that is sweptwith a narrow field of view that is swept
across the terrain to produce an image.across the terrain to produce an image.
 When photons of electromagneticWhen photons of electromagnetic
energy radiated / reflected from theenergy radiated / reflected from the
terrain encounter the detector, anterrain encounter the detector, an
electrical signal is produced that varieselectrical signal is produced that varies
in proportion to the number of photons.in proportion to the number of photons.
The electrical signal is amplified,The electrical signal is amplified,
recorded on magnetic tape and playedrecorded on magnetic tape and played
back later to produce an image.back later to produce an image.

4. Scanning systemScanning system

5. Types of scannersTypes of scanners
 1 – Cross-track scanner1 – Cross-track scanner
 2 – Along-track scanner2 – Along-track scanner
 3 – Circular scanner3 – Circular scanner
 4 – Side- scanning system4 – Side- scanning system

6.  A scanning system used to collect dataA scanning system used to collect data
over a variety of different wavelengthover a variety of different wavelength
ranges is called aranges is called a multispectral scannermultispectral scanner
(MSS),(MSS), and is the most commonly usedand is the most commonly used
scanning system.scanning system.
 There are two main modes or methodsThere are two main modes or methods
of scanning employed to acquireof scanning employed to acquire
multispectral image data –multispectral image data –
 Cross-track scanningCross-track scanning
 Along-track scanningAlong-track scanning

7. Cross-Track Scanners
(whiskbroom)
It employs a faceted mirror that is
rotated by an electric motor , with a
horizontal axis of rotation aligned
parallel with the flight direction.
The mirror sweeps across the terrain
in a pattern of parallel scan lines
oriented normal to the flight direction.
Energy radiated or reflected from the
ground is focused onto the detector by
the secondary mirror.

8. WhiskbroomWhiskbroom
A whiskbroom scannerA whiskbroom scanner
utilizes a mirror that sweeps inutilizes a mirror that sweeps in
a direction perpendicular toa direction perpendicular to
the flight path.the flight path.
As the mirror sweeps acrossAs the mirror sweeps across
the path, EMR is directed viathe path, EMR is directed via
the optics into a series ofthe optics into a series of
mirrors and prisms.mirrors and prisms.
The EMR is split into itsThe EMR is split into its
various wavelengths andvarious wavelengths and
focused onto detectors.focused onto detectors.
Detectors measure EMR fromDetectors measure EMR from
point on ground, storing thepoint on ground, storing the
value as digital number.value as digital number.
Image is built of multiple rowsImage is built of multiple rows
of discrete ground segmentsof discrete ground segments
called “pixels”called “pixels”

9. DD –– diameter of circulardiameter of circular
ground area viewedground area viewed
(spactial resolution)(spactial resolution)
ß -- instantaneous fieldinstantaneous field
of viewof view
H –H – flying height aboveflying height above
terrain.terrain.
D=H’ßD=H’ß

10. Cross-track scanner mirror systemCross-track scanner mirror system

11. WhiskbroomWhiskbroom

13. Landsat with whiskbroom scannerLandsat with whiskbroom scanner

14. Characteristics of LandsatCharacteristics of Landsat
Landsats 4 and 5 carry both MSS and TM
sensors
Satellites orbit at an altitude of 705 km,
with a 16-day cycle.
Satellites designed and operate to collect
data over a 185 km swath.
MSS and TM sensors detect reflected
radiation from Earth’s surface in visible and
near IR wavelengths.

15.
Current Landsat TM Ground ReceivingCurrent Landsat TM Ground Receiving
StationsStations

17. Along-track scannersAlong-track scanners
(pushbroom)(pushbroom)
Along-track scanners also
use the forward motion of
the platform to record
successive scan lines and
build up a two-dimensional
image, perpendicular to the
flight direction. However,
instead of a scanning mirror,
they use a linear array of
detectors (A) located at the
focal plane of the image (B)
formed by lens systems (C),
which are "pushed" along in
the flight track direction

18. A push broom scanner usesA push broom scanner uses
a one-dimensional array ofa one-dimensional array of
charged couple devicescharged couple devices
aligned in a directionaligned in a direction
perpendicular to the flightperpendicular to the flight
direction.direction.
Each CCD is aimed at aEach CCD is aimed at a
specific point on the groundspecific point on the ground
with the neighbouring CCDwith the neighbouring CCD
viewing the neighbouringviewing the neighbouring
piece of ground.piece of ground.
The entire line of imageThe entire line of image
data (line of pixels) isdata (line of pixels) is
acquired at one time.acquired at one time.
Analogous to the bristles ofAnalogous to the bristles of
a brooma broom

21. Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD)Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD)
 The CCD senses incoming light through theThe CCD senses incoming light through the
photoelectric effect , which is the actionphotoelectric effect , which is the action
of certain materials that release anof certain materials that release an
electron when hit with a photon of light.electron when hit with a photon of light.
The electrons emitted within the CCD areThe electrons emitted within the CCD are
fenced within nonconductive boundaries,fenced within nonconductive boundaries,
so that they remain within the area of theso that they remain within the area of the
photon strike.photon strike.
 As long as light is allowed to impinge on aAs long as light is allowed to impinge on a
photosite, electrons will accumulate inphotosite, electrons will accumulate in
that pixel.that pixel.

22.  When the source of light isWhen the source of light is
extinguished simple electronicextinguished simple electronic
circuitry and a microprocessor orcircuitry and a microprocessor or
computer are used to unload the CCDcomputer are used to unload the CCD
array, count the electrons in eacharray, count the electrons in each
pixel, and process the resulting datapixel, and process the resulting data
into an image on a video monitor orinto an image on a video monitor or
other output media.other output media.

23. SPOT carries two identical HRV(HighSPOT carries two identical HRV(High
Resolution Visible) pushbroom scannersResolution Visible) pushbroom scanners

24. SPOT Satellite CharacteristicsSPOT Satellite Characteristics
Began in France in 1978 – a long-term
commercial system
Carries two identical HRV pushbroom
scanners (High Resolution Visible)
operating in one of two modes:
Panchromatic – a single visible band
(0.51 – 0.73mm) with a spatial resolution
of 10 m x 10 m
Multispectral – three images produced:
one for each band – 0.50-0.59mm
(green), 0.61-0.68mm (red) and 0.79-
0.89 mm (near IR) with a spatial
resolution of 20 m x 20 m

25. Field of View (FOV), Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV)
Dwell time is the time required for the detector IFOV to sweep
across a ground cell. The longer
dwell time allows more energy to impinge on the detector, which
creates a stronger signal.
Wiskbroom Pushbroom

26. Advantages of Along-track scannersAdvantages of Along-track scanners
 Measure the energy from each groundMeasure the energy from each ground
resolution cell for a longer period ofresolution cell for a longer period of
timetime
 More energy to be detected andMore energy to be detected and
improves the radiometric resolutionimproves the radiometric resolution
 Smaller IFOVs and narrowerSmaller IFOVs and narrower
bandwidths for each detectorbandwidths for each detector

27. Scanning System ComparedScanning System Compared
Cross- track Along- trackCross- track Along- track
scannerscanner scannerscanner
1-Angular field of view - Wider1-Angular field of view - Wider - Narrower- Narrower
2-Mechanical system2-Mechanical system - Complex- Complex - Simple- Simple
3-Optical system3-Optical system - Simple- Simple - Complex- Complex
4-Spectral range of - Wider4-Spectral range of - Wider - Narrower- Narrower
detectorsdetectors
5-Dwell time5-Dwell time - Shorter - Longer- Shorter - Longer

28. Circular ScannersCircular Scanners
 In this , the scan motor and mirror areIn this , the scan motor and mirror are
mounted with a vertical axis of rotationmounted with a vertical axis of rotation
that sweeps circular path on the terrain.that sweeps circular path on the terrain.
 Only the forward portion of the sweep isOnly the forward portion of the sweep is
recorded to produce images.recorded to produce images.
 Circular scanners are used forCircular scanners are used for
reconnaissance purposes in aircraft.reconnaissance purposes in aircraft.
 The images are displayed in real time onThe images are displayed in real time on
a screen in the cockpit to guide thea screen in the cockpit to guide the
pilot.pilot.

29. Circular ScannerCircular Scanner

30. Side-Scanning SystemSide-Scanning System
 Side-scanning system isSide-scanning system is
primarily an active systemprimarily an active system
which provides their ownwhich provides their own
energy sources.energy sources.
 The example given hereThe example given here
is a radar system thatis a radar system that
transmits pulses oftransmits pulses of
microwave energy to onemicrowave energy to one
side of the flight path andside of the flight path and
records the energyrecords the energy
scattered from the terrainscattered from the terrain
back to the antennaback to the antenna..

31. System Technology Spectral range Bands Bandwidth
1-Daedalus
scanner
Scanning
(cross-Track)
0.38 to 1.10 4 0.10
2-GER Scanner Scanning
(Cross-Track)
0.50 to 2.50 63 0.025 to 0.175
3-AVIRIS
Scanner
Scanning
(Cross – track)
0.40 to 2.50 224 0.010
4-SFSI Scanner Scanning
(Along-track)
1.22 to 2.42 115 0.010

32. ConclusionConclusion
Many electronic remote sensors acquireMany electronic remote sensors acquire
data using scanning systems, whichdata using scanning systems, which
employ a sensor with a narrow field ofemploy a sensor with a narrow field of
view (i.e. IFOV) that sweeps over theview (i.e. IFOV) that sweeps over the
terrain to build up and produce a two-terrain to build up and produce a two-
dimensional image of the surface.dimensional image of the surface.
Scanning systems can be used on bothScanning systems can be used on both
aircraft and satellite platforms and haveaircraft and satellite platforms and have
essentially the same operating principles.essentially the same operating principles.
A scanning system useA scanning system usedd to collect datato collect data
over a variety of different wavelengthover a variety of different wavelength
ranges is called a multispectral scannerranges is called a multispectral scanner
(MSS)(MSS)..

33. ReferencesReferences
1 FLOYD F. SABINS1 FLOYD F. SABINS(1996/1997) REMOTE(1996/1997) REMOTE
SENSING principles and Interpretation W.H.SENSING principles and Interpretation W.H.
FREEMAN AND COMPANY NEWYORK 3FREEMAN AND COMPANY NEWYORK 3rdrd
Edition, page 15 - 28.Edition, page 15 - 28.
22 Remote sensing in meteorologyRemote sensing in meteorology byby Murat ilhanMurat ilhan
33 Remote SensingRemote Sensing
Electro-optical Sensors byElectro-optical Sensors by Vicki DrakeVicki Drake
44 INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSINGINTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING
Paul R. BaumannPaul R. Baumann
Professor of Geography (Emeritus)Professor of Geography (Emeritus)
State University of New YorkState University of New York
College at OneontaCollege at Oneonta
Oneonta, New York 13820Oneonta, New York 13820