The circuit remains in state S0/10. Edge-triggered behavior means the circuit only responds to transitions of the clock signal, not its level. Since the clock did not transition from 0 to 1, the circuit ignores the changes to D and remains in the same state.
It is the adder used to eliminate the wastage of time occur at each stage of parallel binary adder.In this , by using only carry input signal , we can calculate the the carry output without going to calculate carry at each stage.it is commonly used only for 4 bit addition because further calculation will be more complex.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
Introduction
Band Pass Amplifiers
Series & Parallel Resonant Circuits & their Bandwidth
Analysis of Single Tuned Amplifiers
Analysis of Double Tuned Amplifiers
Primary & Secondary Tuned Amplifiers with BJT & FET
Merits and de-merits of Tuned Amplifiers
It is the adder used to eliminate the wastage of time occur at each stage of parallel binary adder.In this , by using only carry input signal , we can calculate the the carry output without going to calculate carry at each stage.it is commonly used only for 4 bit addition because further calculation will be more complex.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
Introduction
Band Pass Amplifiers
Series & Parallel Resonant Circuits & their Bandwidth
Analysis of Single Tuned Amplifiers
Analysis of Double Tuned Amplifiers
Primary & Secondary Tuned Amplifiers with BJT & FET
Merits and de-merits of Tuned Amplifiers
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the construction, working and applications of bipolar junction transistors. The material will benefit KTU first year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
This article discusses different power electronics devices that are in use like power diodes, power thyristors, power transistors, IGBT, GTO, IGCT and others. This article will give a basic view of these devices and their operations.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the construction, working and applications of bipolar junction transistors. The material will benefit KTU first year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
This article discusses different power electronics devices that are in use like power diodes, power thyristors, power transistors, IGBT, GTO, IGCT and others. This article will give a basic view of these devices and their operations.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER using MOSFET, Modes of operation,
The MOS differential pair with a common-mode input voltage ,Common mode rejection,gain, advantages and disadvantages.
Introduction to Sequential DevicesChapter 66.1 M.docxbagotjesusa
Introduction to Sequential Devices
Chapter 6
6.1 Models for Sequential CircuitsElevator example:
6.1.1 Block Diagram representation
Memory devices:
- Semiconductor Flip-Flops
- Magnetic devices
- Delay lines
- Mechanical relays
- Rotation switches
- Etc…
This circuit can be represented by the following equations:
Vector Notation:
- All the vectors are time dependant
- Vector y has the value y(tk) at time tk.
- Input signals xi and output signal zi may assume a variety of forms
6.1.2 State Tables and DiagramsThe state diagram is a graphical representation of a sequential circuit in which the states are represented by circles and state transition of the circuit are shown by arrows.
State table : all circuit input vectors are listed across the top, while all state vectors are listed down the left side. Entries in the table are the next state and the output.
In practice, the state diagrams and tables are usually labeled using symbols rather than vectors. For example consider a sequential circuit with two present state variables y1, and y2. Then y= [y1 , y2]Therefore the vector y can have any of the four possible values:
In general, if r represents the number of memory devices (number of states) in a circuit with Ns states then
Example: Consider the following sequential circuit with one input x, two state variables y1 and y2, and one output z.
The state diagram is:
Let assume that the circuit is initially in state A. now consider the application of the following input sequence to the circuit:
Hence the input sequence applied to the machine in state A cause the output sequence
Z=0100110111
And leaves the circuit in its final state C.
6.2 Memory Devices-Most memory elements are bistable electronic circuits, that is, they exist indefinitely in one of two possible states, 0 and 1. - Binary data are stored in a memory element by placing the element into the 0 state to store 0 and into the 1 state to store 1. - The output of the memory indicates the present state. - The input of the memory indicates the next state. - Each memory element has one or more excitation inputs, so called because they are used to “excite” or drive the circuit into the desired state.
Two memory element types
The Two memory element types most commonly used in switching circuits are latches and flip-flops.1- LATCHES
A latch is a memory element whose excitation input signals control the state of
the device
A set latch: the excitation input forces the output of the device to 1.
A Reset latch: the excitation inputs force the device output to 0.
A Set-Reset latch: a latch with both set and reset excitation signals.
Timing Diagram of SR LATCH
2- FLIP-FLOP:
A flip-flop differs from a latch in that it has a
control signal called clock. The clock signal
issues a command to the flip-flop, allowing it
to change states in accordance with its
excitation input signals.
- In both latches and flip-flops, the next s.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
Feedback Sequential Circuits
1. Feedback Sequential Circuits
• The simplest bistable / latches /
flipflops are all FSCs
• Each has one or more feedback loops
• Ignoring the behavior during
transitions they store a 0 or 1 at all
times
• The feedback loops are memory
elements and the circuits behavior
depends on both the current inputs
and the values stored in the loops
2. Analysis
• FSCs are the most common example
of Fundamental mode circuits.
– Inputs are not normally allowed to
change simultaneously.
– Analysis procedure assumes inputs
change one at a time
– Circuit settles to a stable internal state
• Differs from clocked circuits, in
which multiple inputs can change at
almost arbitrary times without
affecting the state and all input
values are sampled and state changes
occur with respect to a clock signal
• Feedback sequential circuits may be
Mealy or Moore circuits.
• A circuit with n feedback loops has n
binary state variables and 2n states.
3. FSC structure for Mealy and
Moore machines
Mealy
machine
only
Inputs
Next Output
State
Current state Logic
Logic F G
Outputs
Feedback loops
4. • Break the feedback loops so that the next
value stored in each loop can be
predicted as a function of the circuit
inputs and the current value stored in all
loops.
• Insert a fictional buffer whose output is Y
• Y is the single state variable in this
example
• If current state Y and inputs C and D are
known the next state Y* can be predicted
5. Excitation equation
Y* = (C D ) + (C D’ + Y’)’
Y* = C D + C’ Y + D Y
• Now the state of the feedback loop can be
written as a function of the current state
and input
Transition table
• Each cell in the transition table shows the
output of the fictional buffer after the
corresponding state and input combination
occurs
6. • By definition, a fundamental–mode
circuit does not have a clock to tell it
when to sample its inputs.
• Instead we can imagine that the circuit is
evaluating its current state continuously
• As a result of each evaluation, it goes into
the next state predicted by the transition
table
• Most of the time, the next state is the
same as the current state; this is the
essence of the fundamental –mode
operation
7. Some definitions
• Total state: combination of internal state (value
of feedback loop) and input state (current input
value) .
• Stable total state: Total state whose next state
predicted by the state table is the same as the
current internal state.
• Unstable total state: Total state whose next state
predicted by the state table is different from the
current internal state.
State table
State Input CD
S 00 01 11 10
S0 S0 S0 S1 S0
S1 S1 S1 S1 S0
Next State S*
8. • To complete the analysis, we must
determine how the outputs behave as
functions of the internal state and inputs.
• There are two outputs and hence two
equations
Q = Y* = C D + C’ Y + D Y
QN = C D’ + Y’
•Note that Q and QN are outputs, not state
variables.
•Even though the circuit has two outputs
which can take up 4 combinations, it has
only 1 state variable Y, and hence only 2
states
•The output values can be incorporated in a
combined state/output table which
completely describes the circuit
9. State output table
•Although Q and QN are normally
complimentary, it is possible for them to
have the same value momentarily
•They have the value 1 momentarily during
the transition from S0 to S1 under the input
combination CD = 11
•The behavior of the circuit can be
predicted from this state output table
10. Analysis for few transitions
• Start with stable total state “S0/00” ( S =
S0 and CD = 00)
• 1 bit changes at a time
• Change D to 1
• Change C to 1
11. Multiple input changes
• Start with stable total state “S1/11”
• C and D are both simultaneously set to 0
• Almost simultaneous input changes occur
in practice
• May change in different orders
• -suppose C changes first, final is S1/00
• -suppose D changes first, final is S0/00
• Unpredictable final state, feedback loop
may become metastable
12. Multiple input changes
• Start with stable total state “S0/00”
• C and D are both simultaneously set to 1
• Almost simultaneous input changes occur
in practice
• May change in different orders
• -suppose C changes first, final is S1/11
• -suppose D changes first, final is S1/11
• Simultaneous input changes don’t always
cause unpredictable behavior.
13. Analyzing Circuits with Multiple
Feedback Loops
• Break each loop and insert buffers
• Many possible ways – cut sets
• Best? Minimal cut set
• Different minimal cut sets
• Different excitation equations, transition
tables and state/output tables
• However, stable total states derived from
one set should correspond one-to-one to
the stable total states from the other
• State/Output table should give the same
input/output behavior, with only the
names and coding of the states changed
• Even if non minimal cut sets are used the
resulting state/output table will still
describe the circuit correctly but using
more states
14. Analyzing Circuits with Multiple
Feedback Loops
• A good example is the commercial circuit
design for a positive edge triggered TTL
D flip-flop
• The circuit is simplified assuming that
the Preset and Clear inputs are never
asserted and showing the fictional buffers
to break the 3 feedback loops
18. Races
• A race is said to occur when multiple internal
variables change state as a result of a single
input changing state.
• Starting at state 011/00 change CLK to 1.
• The next internal state is 000
• The state may change as 011→ 010→ 000
• Or as 011→ 001→ 000
19. • Noncritical race: the final state does not depend
on the order in which the state variables change.
• Now modifying the next state entry for total
state 010/10 to 110 instead of 000
• The state may change as 011→ 010→ 110 → 111
• Or as 011→ 001→ 000
• The next internal state could be111 or 000
• Critical race: the final state depends on the
order in which the state variables change.
110
20. State Tables
• Once it has been determined that a
transition table does not have any critical
races, the state-variable combinations can
be named and outputs can be determined
to obtain a state/output table.
• State table shows that it takes multiple
hops to reach a new stable total state in
some cases
• S0/11→S2/01→S6/01
21. Flow Tables
Flow table eliminates:
– Rows for unused internal states (states
that are stable for no input
combination).
– Next state entries for total states that
cannot be reached from a stable total
state as the result of a single input
change.
• It eliminates multiple hops and shows
only the ultimate destination of each
transition.
24. Edge triggered behavior
• Assume internal state S0/10.
• Change D to 1, then 0.
• Change clock to 0.
• Change D to 1, then 0.
• What happens when clock changes
to 1.