The document discusses various types of shift registers including the 74LS194 4-bit bidirectional universal shift register which can perform shift left, shift right, serial-serial, serial-parallel, parallel-serial, and parallel-parallel transfers. It also describes ring counters, Johnson counters, and linear feedback shift register (LFSR) counters. LFSR counters can cycle through all possible 2^n-1 states using feedback connections to determine the state sequence.
In digital electronics, a decoder can take the form of a multiple-input, multiple-output logic circuit that converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input and output codes are different e.g. n-to-2n , binary-coded decimal decoders. Decoding is necessary in applications such as data multiplexing, 7 segment display and memory address decoding.
An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm or person that converts information from one format or code to another. The purpose of encoder is standardization, speed, secrecy, security, or saving space by shrinking size. Encoders are combinational logic circuits and they are exactly opposite of decoders. They accept one or more inputs and generate a multibit output code.
In digital electronics, a decoder can take the form of a multiple-input, multiple-output logic circuit that converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input and output codes are different e.g. n-to-2n , binary-coded decimal decoders. Decoding is necessary in applications such as data multiplexing, 7 segment display and memory address decoding.
An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm or person that converts information from one format or code to another. The purpose of encoder is standardization, speed, secrecy, security, or saving space by shrinking size. Encoders are combinational logic circuits and they are exactly opposite of decoders. They accept one or more inputs and generate a multibit output code.
Computers and calculators use
Flip-flop for their memory??
A flip flop is an electronic circuit with two stable states(High/Low) that can be used to store binary data.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
Computers and calculators use
Flip-flop for their memory??
A flip flop is an electronic circuit with two stable states(High/Low) that can be used to store binary data.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the vital role of primitive polynomials for designing PN sequence generators. The standard LFSR (linear feedback shift register) used for pattern generation may give repetitive patterns. Which are in certain cases is not efficient for complete test coverage. The programmable LFSR based on primitive polynomial generates maximum-length PRPG with maximum fault coverage.
We completed the Top down and Bottom Up design and layout of an n-bit general purpose shift register using Cadence Encounter RTL & Cadence Virtuoso Design Environment respectively in our VLSI II Laboratory. For the purpose of demonstration, we chose n=4. The Top down approach was completed upto generating synthesized Verilog code since the technology files required to do the layout was not available in our laboratory. However, we completed the Bottom up approach completely with an additional ESD protection circuit in order to ensure a better protection to the inner core of the chip.
These slides contain the basic of sequential logic, and includes a detailed and animated description of Flip-Flop and latches, it includes shift registers and counters also. It covers the fourth unit of Digital Logic Design
in these slides you will find basic concept of combinational and sequenstional logic. these ppts are designed for students of electrical engineering, and covers all the necessary topic of their interest.
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1. MSI Shift Registers
• 74LS194 4-Bit
Bidirectional Universal
Shift Register
• may be used in the
following data register
transfers
– serial-serial,
– shift left,
– shift right,
– serial-parallel,
– parallel-serial,
– and parallel-parallel
1
14. Ring Counter
• A ring counter is a loop of flip-flops interconnected in such
a manner that only one of the devices may be in a specified
state at one time
• If the specified state is HIGH, then only one device may be
HIGH at one time.
• As the clock, or input, signal is received, the specified state
will shift to the next device at a rate of 1 shift per clock, or
input, pulse.
14
22. States of an 4-bit Johnson counter
State Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 Decoding
Name
S1 0 0 0 0 Q3’•Q0’
S2 0 0 0 1 Q1’•Q0
S3 0 0 1 1 Q2’•Q0
S4 0 1 1 1 Q3’•Q2
S5 1 1 1 1 Q3•Q0
S6 1 1 1 0 Q1•Q0’
S7 1 1 0 0 Q2•Q1’
S8 1 0 0 0 Q3•Q2’
* Can be decoded with 2-input gates
23. Self correcting Johnson Counter
• n-bit counter
• 2n - 2n unused states
• 0x…x0 → 00…01
• 2 input NOR gate
performs correction
23
24. Linear Feedback Shift Register Counter
• n-bit shift register counters have far less than the
maximum number of 2n normal states
• n states for ring counter, 2n states for Johnson counter
• An n-bit LFSR counter can have 2n – 1 states
also called as maximum length sequence generator
• Design is based on the theory of finite fields
• Developed by French mathematician Evariste Galois
• Serial input is connected to the sum modulo 2 of a
certain set of output bits
• These feedback connections determine the state
sequence of the counter
• By convention, outputs are always numbered and
shifted in the direction shown in figure on next slide
25. • There exists at least one equation which makes the counter go
through all the 2n - 1 states before repeating
• It can never cycle through all 2n states
• Regardless of the connection pattern 0…0 → 0…0
25
28. Modified LFSR Counter
• An LFSR can be modified to have 2n states including the
all 0’s state
• In an n-bit LFSR counter, an extra EXOR gate and an n
– 1 input NOR gate connected to all the shift register
outputs except X0 accomplishes the task
• The states are not visited in binary order
• Usually used where this characteristic is an advantage
- Generating test inputs for logic circuits
- Encoding and decoding circuits for certain error-
detecting and error-correcting codes including
CRC codes
- Scrambling and descrambling data patterns in data
communications
- Pseudo random binary sequence generator