This document discusses various design options for digital systems including ASICs, FPGAs, and PLDs. It provides details on full-custom and cell-based ASIC design, gate array design, FPGA architecture, and different types of PLDs including ROM, PAL, and PLA. Examples are given to compare implementation of logic functions using these different PLD types. The document also discusses hierarchical system design at different levels from system to circuit.
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
An application-specific IC (ASIC) can be either a digital or an analog circuit. As their name implies, ASICs are not reconfigurable; they perform only one specific function. For example, a speed controller IC for a remote control car is hard-wired to do one job and could never become a microprocessor. An ASIC does not contain any ability to follow alternate instructions.
A fundamental introduction to Intellectual Property in VLSI domain. Starts from basics and includes types of IPs and their examples, life cycle of an IP and other few topics in brief in an interactive Q-A manner.
The material is also available at : https://wordpress.com/stats/day/vlsifundamentals.wordpress.com
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
An application-specific IC (ASIC) can be either a digital or an analog circuit. As their name implies, ASICs are not reconfigurable; they perform only one specific function. For example, a speed controller IC for a remote control car is hard-wired to do one job and could never become a microprocessor. An ASIC does not contain any ability to follow alternate instructions.
A fundamental introduction to Intellectual Property in VLSI domain. Starts from basics and includes types of IPs and their examples, life cycle of an IP and other few topics in brief in an interactive Q-A manner.
The material is also available at : https://wordpress.com/stats/day/vlsifundamentals.wordpress.com
Routing in Integrated circuits is an important task which requires extreme care while placing the modules and circuits and connecting them with each other.
Routing in Integrated circuits is an important task which requires extreme care while placing the modules and circuits and connecting them with each other.
Technology is constantly changing. New microcontrollers become available every year. The one thing that has stayed the same is the C programming language used to program these microcontrollers. If you would like to learn this standard language to program microcontrollers, then this book is for you!
Arduino is the hardware platform used to teach the C programming language as Arduino boards are available worldwide and contain the popular AVR microcontrollers from Atmel.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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3. Overview
The various design options for digital systems
3
Design options
ASIC
Full
Custom
Cell-
based
Gate-
array-
based
Field Programmable
PLDs
ROM PAL PLA
CPLDs FPGAs
4. Hierarchical System Design
Digital system designers widely use a hierarchical structure
to design digital systems
The essence is to partition the system into smaller
independent sub-structures which combine to perform the
same functionality as the original system
The design hierarchy can be classified into four level:
System level
Register transfer level
Logic gate level
Circuit level
4
5. Hierarchical System Design
Differences in the various hierarchies
5
Design
levels
Operand size Processing
time range(s)
Logic devices
System Bytes/byte blocks 10−3
𝑎𝑛𝑑 10−6
Microprocessors/
microcomputers,
memory devices,
timers
RTL Bits/bytes 10−8
𝑎𝑛𝑑 10−9
Decoders, encoders,
multiplexers,
registers, counters
Logic gate Bits 10−9
𝑎𝑛𝑑 10−11
Basic logic gates,
flip-flops, latches
circuit Bits 10−10
𝑎𝑛𝑑 10−12
MOSFETs, BJTs
SB
RB
Q
QB
S
G
D
G
S
D
register
register
Combinational
circuit
mux
CLK A CLK B
X F
𝑉𝐷𝐷
RAM
ROM
Parallel
I/O port
DMA
controller
Clock
microP
SYSTEM LEVEL
RTL LEVEL
LOGIC LEVEL
CIRCUIT LEVEL
6. Design Options for Digital Systems
A variety of options are available for designing a given
digital system
These options are used to:
Reduce hardware size
Reduce power consumption
Increase system performance
6
Design options of digital systems
ASIC
Full-custom Cell-based
Cell library
Compiled macros
(RAM/ROM/PLA)
Platform IP
Gate array
microP/DSP Field-programmable devices
PLD
ROM PAL PLA
FPGA CPLD
7. Design Options for Digital Systems
Comparison of various design options in terms of time to
market and cost
7
PLDs
FPGAs, GAs
Cell-based ASICs
Full-custom
ASICs
Timetomarket,Cost
Design flexibility, Process complexity,
Density, speed, NRE cost
8. Design Options for Digital Systems
Comparison of design options in terms of cost and design
flexibility
8
cost
Product volume
FPGAs
ASICs
k
GAs
FPGAs
CPLDs
Cell-based
ASICs
Full-custom
ASICs
PLDs
Designflexibility
Easy to use
Cost = NRE + Fixed + recurring
NRE +
fixed cost
k = division of product volume
9. ASIC Designs: Full-Custom Design
In full custom design, each transistor and its layout is
designed carefully in order to achieve the best
performance
Full custom offers highest performance and reduced area
9
10. ASIC Designs: Cell-Based Design
Cell based design is composed of a set of predefined cells
with layouts known as standard cells
The basic cell types of a typical cell library is as below
10
Standard cell types Variations
Inverter/buffer/tristate buffer 1X, 2X, 4X, 8X, 16X
NAND/AND gate 2 – 8 inputs
NOR/OR gate 2 – 8 inputs
XOR/XNOR gate 2 – 8 inputs
MUX/deMUX 2 – 8 inputs
Encoder/Decoder 2 – 16 inputs
Schmitt trigger circuit Inverted/non-inverted output
Latch/register/counter D/JK (sync/async clear/reset)
I/O pad circuits I/O (tristate/bidirectional)
11. ASIC Designs:
Full-custom vs Cell-based
11
Full Custom Cell Based
Design from the scratch Predefined cells with layouts
Sizes are customized Size of each cell is standard
Space is reduced Requires much more space
Performance is higher Performance is lower
Productivity is reduced Improve productivity
12. ASIC: Gate-Array-Based
Designer uses a library of standard cells
The design is mapped onto an array of transistors which is
already created on a wafer
12
13. ASIC Designs: Comparisons
Full-custom vs cell-based vs gate-array
13
Full-Custom Cell-Based Gate-Array
Density Highest Medium Low
Performance Highest Medium Low
Design time Long Medium Short
Chip dev.
Cost
High Medium Low
testability Difficult Less difficult Easy
14. Field Programmable devices: FPGA
The basic structure of an FPGA is composed of
configurable logic blocks (CLBs) and interconnections as
well as input/output blocks
14
15. PLDs
Any combination of logic can be implemented with sum of
product which is AND-OR implementation
PLD as a black box:
15
Inputs
(logic variables)
Outputs
(logic functions)
Logic gates
and
Programmable
switches
16. PLDs
General structure of PLDs:
Functionality table
16
Device AND-array OR-array
ROM Fixed Programmable
PAL Programmable Fixed
PLA Programmable Programmable
Input buffer
and inverters
AND
Plane
OR
Plane
X1
X1 X1’ Xn Xn’
Xn
Pk
P1 F1
Fk
17. PLDs
To examine the essential difference among the various
PLD devices, an implementation example is given
Implement the table below using ROM, PLA and PAL
Simplifying the table gives:
𝐹1 = 𝑥𝑦′
+ 𝑥′
𝑧
𝐹2 = 𝑦′
+ 𝑥′
𝑧
𝐹3 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦′ 𝑧 17
x y z F1 F2 F3
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 1
18. PLDs: ROM
Requirements:
18
Product
term
Inputs
x y z
Output function
F1 F2 F3
x’y’z’ P1 0 0 0 - 1 -
x’y’z P2 0 0 1 1 1 1
x’yz’ P3 0 1 0 - - -
x’yz P4 0 1 1 1 1 -
xy’z’ P5 1 0 0 1 1 -
xy’z P6 1 0 1 1 1 1
xyz’ P7 1 1 0 - - 1
xyz P8 1 1 1 - - 1
X Y Z
The AND array generates all
minterms of the inputs and hence
is fixed but the OR array is
programmable to implement the
required function
P1
P8
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
F1 F3F2Fixed AND array
Programmable OR array
19. PLDs: PLA
Requirements:
19
Product term Inputs
X y z
output
xy’ P1 1 0 - F1
x’z P2 0 - 1 F1, F2
y’ P3 - 0 - F2
xy P4 1 1 - F3
y’z P5 - 0 1 F3
X Y Z
Common terms in the
outputs are combined
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
F1 F2 F3
Programmable AND
array
Programmable OR
array
20. PLDs: PAL
Requirements:
20
Product term Inputs
X y z
Output
xy’ P1
x’z P2
1 0 -
0 - 1
F1
y’ P3
x’z P4
- 0 -
0 - 1
F2
xy P5
y’z P6
1 1 -
- 0 1
F3
X Y Z
F1 F2 F3
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
Programmable AND
array
Fixed OR array
OR gates do not share
product terms
21. Modeling ROM
Code and truth table for a 22
∗ 4 𝑅𝑂𝑀
21
Input
A1 A0
Output
O1 O2
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1