The document discusses several types of programmable logic devices (PLDs) including PLAs, PALs, ROMs, CPLDs, and FPGAs. It provides details on how PLAs and PALs are structured, including their AND planes and OR planes. PALs are simpler than PLAs but less flexible. The document also describes how PALs can be used for multi-level logic design using macrocells and feedback to the AND plane. ROMs have a fixed AND plane and programmable OR plane to map logic functions. SPLDs refer to simpler PLDs like PLAs, PALs, and ROMs.
This presentation gives an overview of FPGA devices. An FPGA is a device that contains a matrix of re-configurable gate array logic circuitry. When a FPGA is configured, the internal circuitry is connected in a way that creates a hardware implementation of the software application.
FPGA devices can deliver the performance and reliability of dedicated hardware circuitry.
This presentation gives an overview of FPGA devices. An FPGA is a device that contains a matrix of re-configurable gate array logic circuitry. When a FPGA is configured, the internal circuitry is connected in a way that creates a hardware implementation of the software application.
FPGA devices can deliver the performance and reliability of dedicated hardware circuitry.
This is a presentation on FPGA from my 3rd year academics which was the field of my mini project/seminar in the same. Main emphasis is laid on the application of FPGA in DSP domain
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
CPLD is acronym as Complex Programmable Logic Devices
And they are designed to appear just like a large number of PALs in a single chip, connected to each other through a cross point switch
A CPLD is a semiconductor device containing programmable blocks called macro cells , which contains logic implementing of expressions.
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) Architecture and Its Applicationselprocus
A CPLD (complex programmable logic device) chip includes several circuit blocks on a single chip with inside wiring resources to attach the circuit blocks. Each circuit block is comparable to a PLA or a PAL.
This is a presentation on FPGA from my 3rd year academics which was the field of my mini project/seminar in the same. Main emphasis is laid on the application of FPGA in DSP domain
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
CPLD is acronym as Complex Programmable Logic Devices
And they are designed to appear just like a large number of PALs in a single chip, connected to each other through a cross point switch
A CPLD is a semiconductor device containing programmable blocks called macro cells , which contains logic implementing of expressions.
Complex Programmable Logic Device (CPLD) Architecture and Its Applicationselprocus
A CPLD (complex programmable logic device) chip includes several circuit blocks on a single chip with inside wiring resources to attach the circuit blocks. Each circuit block is comparable to a PLA or a PAL.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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2. Programmable Logic Devices
Programmable Logic Devices (PLD)
General purpose chip for implementing circuits
Can be customized using programmable switches
Main types of PLDs
PLA
PAL
ROM
CPLD
FPGA
Custom chips: standard cells, sea of gates
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3. PLD as a Black Box
Logic gates
Inputs and Outputs
(logic variables) programmable (logic functions)
switches
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4. Programmable Logic Array (PLA)
Use to implement x1 x2 xn
circuits in SOP form
The connections in Input buffers
and
the AND plane are inverters
programmable
x1 x1 xn xn
The connections in P1
the OR plane are
programmable AND plane OR plane
Pk
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5. Gate Level Version of PLA
x1 x2 x3
Programmable
connections
OR plane
f1 = x1x2+x1x3'+x1'x2'x3 P1
f2 = x1x2+x1'x2'x3+x1x3
P2
P3
P4
AND plane
f1 f2
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6. Customary Schematic of a PLA
x1 x2 x3
OR plane
f1 = x1x2+x1x3'+x1'x2'x3 P1
f2 = x1x2+x1'x2'x3+x1x3
P2
P3
P4
x marks the connections left in AND plane
place after programming
f1 f2
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7. Limitations of PLAs
PLAs come in various sizes
Typical size is 16 inputs, 32 product terms, 8 outputs
Each AND gate has large fan-in this limits the number of inputs that can
be provided in a PLA
16 inputs 216 = possible input combinations; only 32 permitted (since 32
AND gates) in a typical PLA
32 AND terms permitted large fan-in for OR gates as well
This makes PLAs slower and slightly more expensive than some
alternatives to be discussed shortly
8 outputs could have shared minterms, but not required
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8. Programmable Array Logic (PAL)
Also used to implement x1 x2 xn
circuits in SOP form
Input buffers
The connections in and
inverters fixed connections
the AND plane are
programmable x1 x1 xn xn
P1
The connections in
AND plane OR plane
the OR plane are Pk
NOT programmable
f1 fm
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9. Example Schematic of a PAL
x1 x2 x3
f1 = x1x2x3'+x1'x2x3
P1
f2 = x1'x2'+x1x2x3
f1
P2
P3
f2
P4
AND plane
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10. Comparing PALs and PLAs
PALs have the same limitations as PLAs (small number of
allowed AND terms) plus they have a fixed OR plane less
flexibility than PLAs
PALs are simpler to manufacture, cheaper, and faster (better
performance)
PALs also often have extra circuitry connected to the
output of each OR gate
The OR gate plus this circuitry is called a macrocell
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11. Macrocell
Select
Enable
OR gate from PAL 0
f1
1
D Q
Flip-flop
Clock
back to AND plane
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12. Macrocell Functions
Enable = 0 can be used to allow the output pin for f1 to be
used as an additional input pin to the PAL
Enable = 1, Select = 0 is normal
for typical PAL operation Select
Enable
0
f1
1
Enable = Select = 1 allows D Q
the PAL to synchronize the Clock
output changes with a clock
pulse
back to AND plane
The feedback to the AND plane provides for multi-level
design
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13. Multi-Level Design with PALs
f = A'BC + A'B'C' + ABC' + AB'C = A'g + Ag'
where g = BC + B'C' and C = h below
A B
Sel = 0
En = 0
0
1
h
D Q
Sel = 0
Clock En = 1
0
g
1
D Q
Select
Clock
0
f
1
D Q
Clock
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14. ROM
A ROM (Read Only Memory) has a fixed AND plane and a
programmable OR plane
Size of AND plane is 2n where n = number of input pins
Has an AND gate for every possible minterm so that all input
combinations access a different AND gate
OR plane dictates function mapped by the ROM
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15. 4x4 ROM
22x4 bit ROM has 4 addresses that are decoded
2-to-4 decoder
a0
a1
d3 d2 d1 d0
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16. Programming SPLDs
PLAs, PALs, and ROMs are also called SPLDs – Simple
Programmable Logic Devices
SPLDs must be programmed so that the switches are in the
correct places
CAD tools are usually used to do this
A fuse map is created by the CAD tool and then that map is downloaded
to the device via a special programming unit
There are two basic types of programming techniques
Removable sockets on a PCB
In system programming (ISP) on a PCB
This approach is not very common for PLAs and PALs but it is quite
common for more complex PLDs
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17. An SPLD Programming Unit
The SPLD is removed from the PCB, placed into the unit
and programmed there
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18. Removable SPLD Socket Package
PLCC (plastic-leaded chip carrier)
PLCC socket soldered to
the PCB
d
oar
it b
i rcu
dc
nte
Pr i
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19. In System Programming (ISP)
Used when the SPLD cannot be removed from the PCB
A special cable and PCB connection are required to
program the SPLD from an attached computer
Very common approach to programming more complex
PLDs like CPLDs, FPGAs, etc.
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20. CPLD
Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLD)
SPLDs (PLA, PAL) are limited in size due to the small
number of input and output pins and the limited number of
product terms
Combined number of inputs + outputs < 32 or so
CPLDs contain multiple circuit blocks on a single chip
Each block is like a PAL: PAL-like block
Connections are provided between PAL-like blocks via an
interconnection network that is programmable
Each block is connected to an I/O block as well
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22. Internal Structure of a PAL-like Block
Includes macrocells
Usually about 16 each
Fixed OR planes PAL-like block
OR gates have fan-in
between 5-20
PAL-like block
XOR gates provide DQ
negation ability
DQ
XOR has a control
input
DQ
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23. More on PAL-like Blocks
CPLD pins are provided to control XOR, MUX, and tri-state
gates
When tri-state gate is disabled, the corresponding output
pin can be used as an input pin
The associated PAL-like block is then useless
The AND plane and interconnection network are
programmable
Commercial CPLDs have between 2-100 PAL-like blocks
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24. Programming a CPLD
CPLDs have many pins – large ones have > 200
Removal of CPLD from a PCB is difficult without breaking the pins
Use ISP (in system programming) to program the CPLD
JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) port used to connect the CPLD to a
computer
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25. Example CPLD
Use a CPLD to implement the function
f = x1x3x6' + x1x4x5x6' + x2x3x7 + x2x4x5x7
(from interconnection wires)
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 unused
PAL-like block
0 1
0
f
D Q
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26. FPGA
SPLDs and CPLDs are relatively small and useful for simple
logic devices
Up to about 20000 gates
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) can handle larger
circuits
No AND/OR planes
Provide logic blocks, I/O blocks, and interconnection wires and
switches
Logic blocks provide functionality
Interconnection switches allow logic blocks to be connected to each
other and to the I/O pins
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28. LUTs
Logic blocks are implemented using a lookup table (LUT)
Small number of inputs, one output
Contains storage cells that can be loaded with the desired values
A 2 input LUT uses 3 MUXes
to implement any desired function x1
of 2 variables
0/1
Shannon's expansion at work!
0/1
f
0/1
0/1
x2
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29. Example 2 Input LUT
x1 x2 f
0 0 1 f = x1'x2' + x1x2, or using Shannon's expansion:
0 1 0
f = x1'(x2') + x1(x2)
1 0 0
= x1'(x2'(1) + x2(0)) + x1(x2'(0) + x2(1))
1 1 1
x1
1
0
f
0
1
x2
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30. 3 Input LUT
x1
7 2x1 MUXes and x2
8 storage cells are
required 0/1
0/1
Commercial LUTs have 0/1
4-5 inputs, and 16-32 0/1
f
storage cells 0/1
0/1
0/1
0/1
x3
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31. Programming an FPGA
ISP method is used
LUTs contain volatile storage cells
None of the other PLD technologies are volatile
FPGA storage cells are loaded via a PROM when power is first applied
The UP2 Education Board by Altera contains a JTAG port, a
MAX 7000 CPLD, and a FLEX 10K FPGA
The MAX 7000 CPLD chip is EPM7128SLC84-7
EPM7 MAX 7000 family; 128 macrocells; LC84 84 pin PLCC
package; 7 speed grade
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32. Example FPGA
Use an FPGA with 2 input LUTS to implement the function f
= x1x2 + x2'x3 x 3 f
f1 = x 1x 2
x1
f2 = x2'x3
x1 0 x2 0
f = f1 + f 2 0 f1 1 f2
0 0
x2 x2 x3
1 0
f1 0
1 f
1
f2
1
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33. Another Example FPGA
Use an FPGA with 2 input LUTS to implement the function f
= x1x3x6' + x1x4x5x6' + x2x3x7 + x2x4x5x7
Fan-in of expression is too large for FPGA (this was simple to do in a
CPLD)
Factor f to get sub-expressions with max fan-in = 2
f = x1x6'(x3 + x4x5) + x2x7(x3 + x4x5)
= (x1x6' + x2x7)(x3 + x4x5)
Could use Shannon's expansion instead
Goal is to build expressions out of 2-input LUTs
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34. FPGA Implementation
f = (x1x6' + x2x7)(xx3 + x4x5) x5 x3
4 f
x1
x1 0 x4 0 x3 0
0 A 0 C 1 E
x6 x6 1 x5 0 C 1
1
0 1
x2
x2 0 A 0 D 0
0 B 1 D 0 f
x7 x7 0 B
1 0
E 1
1 1
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35. Custom Chips
PLDs are limited by number of programmable switches
Consume space
Reduce speed
Custom chips are created from scratch
Expensive used when high speed is required, volume sales are
expected, and chip size is small but with high density of gates
ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) are custom chips that
use a standard cell layout to reduce design costs
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36. Standard Cells
Rows of logic gates can be connected by wires in the routing
channels
Designers (via CAD tools) select prefab gates from a library and place
them in rows
Interconnections are made by wires in routing channels
Multiple layers may be used to avoid short circuiting
A hard-wired connection between layers is called a via
x1 f2
x2
x3
f1
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38. Sea of Gates Gate Array
A Sea of Gates gate array is just like a standard cell except
all gates are of the same type
Interconnections are run in channels and use multiple layers
Cheaper to manufacture due to regularity
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39. Example: Sea of Gates
f1 = x2x3' + x1x3 black bottom
layer channels
red top layer channels
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40. Digital Logic Technology Tradeoffs
Full custom
VLSI design
ASICs
Speed / Density /
Complexity / Likely
Market Volume CPLDs
FPGAs
PLDs
Engineering cost / Time to develop
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