This document discusses interfacing memory with the 8086 microprocessor. It begins by defining different types of memory like RAM, ROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. It then discusses memory fundamentals like capacity, organization, and standard memory ICs. The document explains two methods of address decoding - absolute and partial decoding. It provides examples of interfacing 32KB RAM, 32K words of memory, and a combination of ROM, EPROM, and RAM with the 8086 using address decoding techniques. Diagrams and tables are included to illustrate the memory mapping and generation of chip select logic.
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
Introduction of memory Segmentation
Segmentation is the process in which the main memory of the computer is logically divided into different segments and each segment has its own base address.
Memory segmentation is the methods where whole memory is divided into the smaller parts called segments of various sizes.
A segment is just an area in memory.
The process of dividing memory this way is called segmentation.
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
this ppt only for beginner who want to understand concept of Timer counter operation of LPC2148 step by step.
hope it may help u.
always welcoming ur suggestion.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
CISC & RISC Architecture with contents
History Of CISC & RISC
Need Of CISC
CISC
CISC Characteristics
CISC Architecture
The Search for RISC
RISC Characteristics
Bus Architecture
Pipeline Architecture
Compiler Structure
Commercial Application
Reference
this ppt only for beginner who want to understand concept of Timer counter operation of LPC2148 step by step.
hope it may help u.
always welcoming ur suggestion.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second. [1]
Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems. The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances. Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when you open them. A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.
Technology is constantly changing. New microcontrollers become available every year. The one thing that has stayed the same is the C programming language used to program these microcontrollers. If you would like to learn this standard language to program microcontrollers, then this book is for you!
Arduino is the hardware platform used to teach the C programming language as Arduino boards are available worldwide and contain the popular AVR microcontrollers from Atmel.
ENT201-Electronic DevicesLecture No. 10Unit-1 *Quantitative Theory of the PN-Diode Currents- Diode Current Equation.
Milliman's Electronic Devices and Circuits
In the case of class A amplifier, we have observed that the transistor conducts for
the full cycle of the input signal i.e. the conduction angle is 180◦. Although
the transistor conducts for the full cycle of the input signal, the power conversion
efficiency is poor in class A amplifier. In addition to that, a great deal of
distortion is introduced by the nonlinearity in the dynamic transfer characteristic
of the transistor. The power conversion efficiency can be improved by biasing
the transistor at cut off point on VCE axis and a great deal of the distortion
due to nonlinearity in dynamic transfer characteristic may be eliminated by
the push-pull configuration of the transistor as discussed in next section
Large signal amplifiers:
Following topics are discussed in this presentation:
1) ClassB amplifier
2) Cross over distortion
3) Class AB amplifier
4) Various circuits for class AB operation.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
2. Learning objective
In this module you will learn:
What are the different types of memory
Memory structure & its requirement.
How to interface RAM & ROM with 8086
µP in minimum & maximum mode.
Different types of address decoding.
3. introduction
• Memory is simply a device that can be used to store
the information .
• The semiconductor memories are extensively used
because of their small size, low cost, high speed, high
reliability & ease of expansion of the memory size.
• It consist of mainly flip-flop & some additional
circuitry such as buffers, one flip flop can hold one
bit of data.
4. Memory fundamentals
• Memory capacity
The no. of bits that a semiconductor memory
chip can store is called its chip capacity.
• Memory Organization:
Each memory chip contains 2N locations, where
N is the no. of address pins on the chip.
Each location contains M bits, where M is the no.
of data pins on the chip.
The entire chip will contain 2N x M bits.
E.g. for 4K x 4, 212 =4096 locations, each location
holding 4 bits, so N=12 & M=4.
6. Ram memory types
SRAM (static RAM)
• Storage cells are made
of F/F
• Don't require refreshing
to keep their data.
• A cell handling one bit
requires 6 or 4
transistors each, which
is too many
• Used for cache memory
& battery backed
memory system
DRAM( Dynamic RAM)
• Uses MOS capacitors to
store a bit.
• Requires constant
refreshing due to
leakage.
• High density
• Cheaper cost per bit
• Lower power consumption
• Larger access times
• Too many pins due to large
capacity.
10. MEMORY STRUCTURE & ITS
REQUIREMENT
R/W memory
4096x8
Output buffer
Input buffer
Internaldecoder Input Data
Output Data
WR
CS
RD
EPROM
2048x8
Output buffer
Internaldecoder
RD
CS
Output Data
A11
A0
A10
A0
11. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF PRACTICAL MEMORY IC
1. Address Pins:
No of address pins No of memory location
8 28 = 256 location
9 29 = 512 location
10 210 = 1024 = 1K location
11 211 = 2048 = 2K location
12 212 = 4 K
13 213 = 8 K
14 214 = 16 K
15 215 = 32 K
16 216 = 64 K
17 217 = 128 K
18 218 = 256 K
19 219 = 512K
20 220 = 1024K = 1M
12. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF PRACTICAL MEMORY IC
2. Data pins: Number of flip flop in each location is 4/8,
then data pins 4/8.
3. Control pins:
ROM/ EPROM will consist of only RD (OE)
RAM will have control pins RD & WR.
4. Commons pins: CS (chip select) .
CS is generated using:
i. NAND gate
ii. 3 to 8 decoder
iii. PAL IC
13. Address decoding
• In general all the address lines are not used by the
memory devices to select particular memory
locations.
• The remaining line are used to generate chip select
logic.
• Following two techniques are used to decode the
address:
1) Absolute or Full decoding
2) Linear or Partial decoding
14. Absolute or full decoding
• All the higher address lines are decoded to select the
memory chip.
• The memory chip is selected only for the specified
logic levels on these higher order address lines.
• So each location have fixed address.
• This technique is expensive
• It needs more hardware than partial decoding.
15. • This technique is used in the small system
• All the address lines are not used to generate chip
select logic
• Individual High order address lines are used to
decode the chip select for the memory chips.
• Less hardware is required.
• Drawback is address of location is not fixed, so each
location may have multiple address.
Partial or Linear Decoding
16. Q. 1: Interface 32 KB of RAM memory to the 8086
microprocessor system using absolute decoding with the
suitable address.
Step_1: Total RAM memory = 32 KB
Half RAM capacity = 16 KB
hence,
number of RAM IC required = 2 ICs of 16 KB
so,
EVEV Bank = 1 ICs of 16 KB RAM
ODD Bank = 1 ICs of 16 KB RAM
Step_2: Number of address lines required = 15 address lines
Even bank Odd bank
RAM _1 (16KB) RAM _2 (16KB)
19. 8284 clock
generator
IC 74244
buffer
Transcei
ver
8286 (2)
LATCH
8282
(2 or 3)
C
L
O
C
K
R
E
S
E
T
R
E
A
D
Y
8
0
8
6
µ
P
M / IO
RD
WR
ALE
BHE / S7
A19/S6-A16/S3
AD15-AD0
DT / R
DEN
M / IO
RD
A0
BHE
D7-D0
D15-D8
A19-A1
16Kx8 RAM-1 Even 16Kx8 RAM-2 Odd
RD RD WRWRD7-D0
D15-D8A13-A0
A13-A0
14 14
CSO
WR
CSE
MN/MX
VCC
20. Q. 2: Interface 32 K word of memory to the 8086 microprocessor
system . Available memory chips are 16 K x 8 RAM. Use
suitable decoder for generating chip select logic.
Step_1: Total memory = 32 K word = 32*2 K = 64 K
IC available = 16 K
hence,
number of RAM IC required = 64 K x 8/ 16 Kx8 = 4 ICs
so,
EVEV Bank = 2 ICs of 16 Kx8 RAM
ODD Bank = 2 ICs of 16 Kx8 RAM
Step_2: Number of address lines required = 15 address lines
Even bank Odd bank
RAM _1 (16K) RAM _2 (16K)
RAM_ 3 (16K) RAM _4 (16K)
22. Step_3: Generation of chip select logic
3:8
Decoder
74LS373
E1 E2 E3
A
B
C
A17
A16
A15
A19A18 M / IO
0 0 1
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
To CS0
To CS1
23. 16Kx8 RAM-4 Odd16Kx8 RAM-3 Even
8284 clock
generator
IC 74244
buffer
Transcei
ver
8286 (2)
LATCH
8282
(2 or 3)
C
L
O
C
K
R
E
S
E
T
R
E
A
D
Y
8
0
8
6
µ
P
M / IO
RD
WR
ALE
BHE / S7
A19/S6-A16/S3
AD15-AD0
DT / R
DEN
M / IO
RD
HWR
LWR
A0
BHE
D7-D0
D15-D8
A19-A1
16Kx8 RAM-1 Even
+
16Kx8 RAM-2 Odd
RD RD WRWRD7-D0 D15-D8A13-A1 A13-A1
14 14
CS0
CS1
24. Q. 3: Interface the following memory ICs with the 8086
microprocessor system in minimum mode configuration.
ROM 4K-2 Numbers
EPROM 64K-1 Numbers
RAM 32K- 1Number . Use partial decoding.
Step_1: Total ROM memory = 4 KB ---- 2 ICs
EVEV Bank = 1 ICs of 4 KB ROM
ODD Bank = 1 ICs of 4 KB ROM
Total EPROM memory = 64 KB
EVEV Bank = 1 ICs of 32 KB EPROM
ODD Bank = 1 ICs of 32 KB EPROM
Total RAM memory = 64 KB
EVEV Bank = 1 ICs of 16 KB RAM
ODD Bank = 1 ICs of 16 KB RAM
25. Even bank Odd bank
ROM _1 (4KB) ROM _2 (4KB)
EPROM _1 (32KB) EPROM _2 (32KB)
RAM _1 (16KB) RAM _2 (16KB)
Step 2:
Number of address lines required for ROM = 13 address lines
Number of address lines required for EPROM = 16 address lines
Number of address lines required for RAM = 15 address lines
27. Step_3: Generation of chip select logic
3:8
Decoder
74LS373
E1 E2 E3
A
B
C
A18
A17
A16
A19
M / IO
0 0 1
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
To DAS0
To DAS1
To DAS2
28. 16Kx8 RAM-4 Odd4Kx8 ROM-3 Even
8284 clock
generator
IC 74244
buffer
Transcei
ver
8286 (2)
LATCH
8282
(2 or 3)
C
L
O
C
K
R
E
S
E
T
R
E
A
D
Y
8
0
8
6
µ
P
M / IO
RD
WR
ALE
BHE / S7
A19/S6-A16/S3
AD15-AD0
DT / R
DEN
M / IO
RD
HWR
LWR
A0
BHE
D7-D0
D15-D8
A19-A1
4Kx8 ROM-1 Even
+
16Kx8 RAM-2 Odd
RD RD WRWRD7-D0 D15-D8A13-A1 A13-A1
14 14
CS0
CS1