Chapter 07
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This document defines smoke and describes the four key attributes of smoke - volume, velocity, density, and color. It explains how reading these attributes can help firefighters understand fire behavior and look for signs of potential hostile fire events like flashover. The document outlines the three-step process for reading smoke: 1) view the smoke attributes from each opening, 2) analyze contributing factors, and 3) determine the rate of change in attributes, which indicates risk to firefighters.
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This document provides an overview of the chemistry and physics of fire. It defines the fire triangle and tetrahedron, and describes the key elements of a fire - fuel, heat/energy, and oxidizer. It explains the states of matter and process of pyrolysis. Properties of solid, liquid, and gas fuels are covered. Heat and temperature are differentiated, and the methods of heat transfer are illustrated. The five classifications and four stages of fire are defined. Understanding these chemical and physical properties is important for predicting fire behavior and choosing appropriate extinguishing methods.
Behavior of Fire.pptx
This document summarizes key concepts about fire behavior and fire spread. It discusses the three main modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and the four phases of fire development (incipient, emergent smoldering, free-burning, and oxygen-regulated smoldering). Factors that influence fire spread include fuel, slope, aspect, weather, and structural elements that can enhance fire movement. Smoke color indicates the type of material burning, and fire investigation examines burn patterns and damage to determine fire origin and path.
Basic Fire Fighting Training
The document provides information for fire brigade members on firefighting equipment and techniques. It covers the components of fire, classes of fire, fire extinguishing methods, self-contained breathing apparatus, and stages of fire development. Practical firefighting skills like handling hoses and breathing apparatus are also discussed.
Chapter 01
The document discusses the basics of fire behavior including:
1) The fire triangle/tetrahedron which depicts the relationship between fuel, heat, and oxygen/chemical chain reaction required for combustion.
2) The different classes of fire (A-K) and their corresponding extinguishing agents.
3) The five types of fires - diffusion, smoldering, spontaneous combustion, self-heating, and premixed flame.
4) The five stages of fire - pre-ignition, ignition, growth, fully developed, and decay.
Chapter 07
1. The document discusses scientific methodology and fire behavior concepts important for fire investigators to understand, including the fire tetrahedron model, heat transfer mechanisms, and compartment fire dynamics.
2. Key aspects of fire behavior covered include the fire triangle, self-sustained chain reactions of combustion, thermal layering in fires, and fire development stages like flashover.
3. Understanding fundamentals of chemistry, physics, and the scientific method helps fire investigators conduct effective investigations based on proven principles rather than speculation.
Chapter 07
1. The document discusses scientific methodology and key concepts in fire behavior that are important for fire investigators to understand. It describes the scientific method and fire tetrahedron model.
2. Compartment fires are discussed, including how heat rises and forms layers, leading to potential flashover if conditions are right.
3. Different types of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radiation - are important for investigators to understand fire spread. Understanding fuel, oxygen, and ignition factors also helps determine fire causes.
Chapter 03-Combustion Processes
• Explain the theories underlying combustion processes
• Describe how fire researchers have identified combustion processes using a variety of different classifications
• Provide a description of the stages and events of fire as it progresses from the initial stage to its final stage
• Explain the causes of flame over, flashover, and backdraft and review the procedures to prevent and protect against such events
• Describe the various methods by which heat and unburned gases move in a confined environment
• Define the five classes of fires and explain how they are classified
Fire
This document provides an overview of fire, including its definition, causes, outcomes, classes, stages, combustion theory, and firefighting mechanisms. It defines fire as a rapid oxidation chemical reaction and notes that fires usually start small due to sparks from neglecting prevention. The main outcomes of fire are combustion gases, heat, flames, and smoke. Fires can be caused by human carelessness, natural causes, or technical failures. Combustion requires fuel, oxygen, heat, and a chain reaction. Firefighting works by removing one of these factors through starvation, smothering, cooling, or stopping the chain reaction.
III STUDY GUIDEChemistry and Physics of Fire and FireProtecti.docx
III STUDY GUIDE
Chemistry and Physics of Fire and Fire
Protection Systems and Equipment
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 4:
Chemistry and Physics of
Fire
Chapter 12:
Fire Protection Systems and Equipment
Additional Required
Reading
See information below.
Supplemental
Reading
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Ambient temperature
2. Bonnet
3. Fire department connection
4. Free radicals
5. Halogenated agents
6. Latent heat of vaporization
7. Miscible
8. Molecule
9. Nonmiscible
10. Open screw and yoke valve (OS&Y)
11. Oxidation
12. Oxidizer
13. Polar solvents
14. Post indicator valve
(PI)
15. Pyrolysis
16. Retard chamber
17. Thrust block
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Describe the differences between fire triangle and fire tetrahedron.
2. Illustrate the comparison between chemistry of fire and physics of fire.
3. Differentiate the principles of flame spread of solid, liquid, and gas/vapor fuels.
4. Describe classes of fire, stages of fire, and heat transfer during a fire.
5. Differentiate public and private water supply systems.
6. Illustrate the design and components of a water supply system.
7. Describe various extinguishing agents.
8. Illustrate the design and components of various types of extinguishing systems.
Written Lecture
Introduction
In this unit we will explore the world of the chemistry and physics of fire found in Chapter 4. We will also explore Chapter 12 where we will consider fire protection systems and the equipment associated with fire protection systems.
Chapter 4: Chemistry and Physics of Fire
Definition of fire: Fire is a rapid and self-sustaining oxidation process that is assisted by the generation of heat and light in various degrees of intensity. As stated in your textbook, fire is the process of oxidation and is associated with the term combustion, which is the chemical chain reaction that releases both light and heat. For all intents and purposes, fire is both friend and foe. We use fire for heating, cooking, manufacturing, and controlling other fire sources.
Fire triangle and fire tetrahedron: Perhaps as a child you were taught that fire was represented by a triangle with each side denoting one of the three components required to sustain fire: air, fuel, and heat. Classically known as the Fire Triangle we learned that by removing any one of the three components fire would be extinguished.
1
Over time, the scientific community has added another dimension called the chemical reaction found during the combustion process. With the addition of this fourth side we now have the new symbol of fire called the fire tetrahedron.
Chemistry of fire: Fire needs two basic elements in order to sustain its existence, and without the two in union, fire cannot occur. These two elements are oxidizer and fuel.
Oxidizer: An oxidizer is any substance that generates oxygen. The most common and abundant oxidizer ...
Fire fighting ert
This document provides an overview of fire fighting training. It discusses understanding the combustion process and different fire classes. It also covers understanding different types of fire extinguishers, their operating procedures, capabilities and limitations. Finally, it addresses basic fire fighting concepts such as objectives, the chemistry of fire, how fire works using the fire tetrahedron model, different materials used to extinguish fires, classification of fires by class, causes of fires and methods of prevention, ignition sources and prevention, and fire control and protection systems including detection/alarm systems, mobile and portable equipment, and fixed systems like sprinklers, hydrants, and specialized suppression systems.
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...
The explosion properties of our fuel like gasses, vapors, combustible dusts have been studied and organized by their flammability limits and ignition temp etc in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion.
Chapter 04
This chapter discusses the chemistry and physics of fire. It defines the fire triangle and fire tetrahedron, and describes the key elements of fire - fuel, heat, and oxygen or oxidizer. It explains the states of matter and process of pyrolysis. Properties that affect different types of solid, liquid, and gas fuels are outlined. Heat and temperature are differentiated, and the methods of heat transfer are illustrated. The five classifications of fire and four stages of fire are described. Understanding the chemical and physical properties of fire allows for better control and prediction of fire behavior and choice of appropriate extinguishing methods.
1505 Ch 3 PowerPoint.pptx
The document discusses fire behavior and development through various stages. It describes the components of fire, including the fire triangle and tetrahedron models. The stages of fire are defined as incipient (beginning), growth, fully developed, and decay. Factors that influence fire development within a compartment include available fuels, ventilation, and thermal properties. Flashover can occur when the fire rapidly transitions from growth to fully developed stage.
A REVIEW PAPER ON EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF PARAMETRIC STUD...
Combustion phenomena related to Froude number and Stroukal number were investigated in diffusion flames under various gravity levels. The Froude number of the fuel was controlled by gravity level, diameter of the nozzle, and fluid flow rate. Theoretical analysis is presented to laneway flame length model based on dimensional analyses. Analysis results indicate that flame length relates to heat release rate, fire source diameter, combustible matter diffusivity, etc. Based on Similarity principle, the laneway fire experiment plant has been setup. And using a video camera, the data of the experiment is recorded. Experiment results indicate that flame length is directly proportional to heat release rate, fire source diameter and combustible matter diffusivity. And a semi-empirical formula on flame length has been got using the least-square program to fit the experimental data. The results are of importance for flame radiation calculation and fire risk analysis. Flame is an important parameter for any combustion process which is responsible for either the complete or incomplete combustion process. There are certain factors which influence the flame length and diameter such as fire source diameter or nozzle diameter, equivalence ratio, quality of fuel, heat release rate etc. Investigation of flame length and diameter is more relevance in the rational design of combustion chamber, be it for an internal engine or for a furnace. The flame represents the zone of combustion, its length is a measure of the intensity of combustion and therefore of heat release. So, this paper reviews about the flame behavior on the basis of flame length and diameter.
Measurement of Smoke Density using Bosch type smoke meter
Smoke density measures the concentration of particles in diesel exhaust and is an important indicator of air quality and health impacts. The Bosch smoke meter is a common tool that uses a filter paper to capture exhaust particles from a sampling pump and then measures the darkness of the filter, assigning a Bosch number rating from 0-9.9. Maintaining engines and using cleaner fuels and filters can help reduce smoke emissions and density.
THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE TRIANGLE Disaster r
This document discusses the elements of fire and the fire triangle. It begins by introducing the fire triangle, which consists of three elements: fuel, heat, and oxygen. It then defines each element in more detail. Fuel can be any combustible solid, liquid, or gas. Heat provides the energy needed to ignite fuel vapors. Oxygen serves as the oxidizing agent in combustion reactions. The document emphasizes that fire can only occur when all three elements are present. It also notes that removing any one of the elements can extinguish a fire. Various examples are provided to illustrate how removing heat, fuel, or oxygen interrupts the combustion process. The objective is to teach about identifying the three requirements for fire based on the fire triangle
Combustion and flame by swati ghansela
The document is a lesson plan about combustion and flames for an 8th grade science class. It includes objectives, an introduction to combustion, the three main types of combustion (rapid, spontaneous, explosion), ignition temperature, combustible and non-combustible substances, the conditions needed for combustion, how to control fires, and the structure and properties of flames. It also discusses fuels, fuel efficiency, and the harmful products from burning fuels that can cause pollution and global warming.
Fire Prevention and Protection Module 3.pdf
Three key points about fire prevention and protection:
1. Fire requires oxygen, heat, and fuel to burn in a process called combustion. Removing any one of these three elements can extinguish a fire.
2. There are different classes of fires based on the fuel source (e.g. Class A for ordinary combustibles, Class B for flammable liquids). Choosing the proper type of fire extinguisher for the class of fire is important for effectively fighting the fire.
3. Early detection of fires is critical for life safety, as it allows fires to be extinguished easily and results in less property damage. Common detection systems include thermal, photoelectric, radiation, and UV/infrared detectors
CH-6 Combustion and flame- class 8
Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light. The burning of wood is an example of combustion. The substances that undergo combustion are called combustible substances. When combustible substances burn, a hot luminous gas called flame is produced. Flame results from the vapors of combustible substances during burning. The lowest temperature at which a substance will ignite and burn is called its ignition temperature.
Self learning material
The document discusses combustion and flames. It defines combustion as the chemical process where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat. Three conditions are needed for combustion: a fuel, oxygen, and heat. Different fuels have different ignition temperatures and burning properties. There are three main types of combustion: rapid, spontaneous, and explosion. A candle flame has three zones: the blue outer zone is the hottest, the yellow middle zone is luminous, and the black inner zone has unburnt fuel vapors. Air is essential for combustion, and fire can be controlled by removing fuel, oxygen or heat.
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Chapter 14
The document discusses emerging fire protection technologies including building information modeling platforms that allow data sharing, computer fire modeling to understand fire spread, and performance-based design approaches. New detection methods like video cameras and gas/particulate analysis are presented. Mass notification, multipurpose piping systems, variable speed fire pumps, compressed air foam systems, and aerosol suppression systems are emerging technologies aimed to improve fire detection, control, and suppression.
Chapter 13
This document discusses property security, emergency response, and fire protection systems. It covers means of egress requirements, including the three parts of egress and requirements for exit stairway doors. It also describes delayed egress locks and access controlled doors. The document outlines emergency building entrance systems and different methods for emergency responders to access property through security gates and barriers, such as siren sensors, access keys, codes and radio signals. Maintaining means of egress and balancing security and emergency access is important.
Chapter 12
Smoke control and management systems aim to contain smoke and toxic gases to the area of origin using three main methods: containment, exhaust, and opposed airflow. Key goals are to prevent smoke from spreading and to maintain tenable conditions for evacuation. Systems often integrate with fire protection, HVAC, and other building systems. Proper design, installation, and regular acceptance testing are important to ensure effective operation.
Chapter 11
Portable fire extinguishers are intended to quickly suppress small fires. They contain a fixed amount of suppression agent and require trained operators for effective use. Three common types are pumped, stored pressure, and cartridge pressure extinguishers, which use different mechanisms to expel agents matched to specific fire classes, such as water, foam, dry chemicals, or carbon dioxide. Regular inspection, maintenance, and hydrostatic testing are necessary to ensure extinguishers are in proper working order.
Chapter 09
Wet and dry chemical fire extinguishing systems provide alternatives to water-based systems. Wet systems use water-based proprietary agents while dry systems use pressurized gas to distribute solid particle agents. Both systems undergo acceptance testing upon installation and periodic inspection, testing, and maintenance is required to ensure proper operation. Major components include agent storage containers, expelling gas cartridges, piping and fittings, nozzles, and activation devices.
Chapter 08
There are different types of fire alarm and detection systems based on factors like occupancy, building characteristics, and technology. Modern systems use addressable technology and intelligent software while older systems relied on conventional technology. Fire alarm systems are classified by NFPA 72 based on how they operate, monitor signals, and report events. Proper installation, inspection, testing and maintenance are required to ensure reliability and prevent false alarms.
Chapter 07
Fire alarm systems serve several important functions: notifying occupants of fire conditions, notifying first responders, signaling other onsite and offsite locations, signaling other building systems, and providing information to first responders. They are comprised of various components like control panels, power sources, initiating devices, and notification appliances. Initiating devices can be manual pull stations or automatic detectors like heat, smoke, and gas detectors. Notification appliances produce audible alarms through devices like horns, speakers, or bells and visible alarms through flashing lights or strobes. Different types of alarm signals include fire alarms, supervisory signals for other system issues, and trouble signals for problems in the system.
Chapter 06
This document discusses specialized water-based fire protection systems as alternatives to standard sprinkler systems. It describes fixed foam, water spray, foam-water, and water mist systems, noting their components, applications, and inspection requirements. These systems provide targeted protection for hazards where sprinklers would be inadequate, such as flammable liquid storage, using methods like foam application or ultra-fine water mist. Proper design, installation, and maintenance are needed to ensure effective performance.
Chapter 05
This document summarizes different types of automatic fire sprinkler systems. It describes wet pipe, dry pipe, pre-action, and deluge systems, explaining their components, design concepts, and applications. The document emphasizes that sprinkler systems are effective for both property protection and life safety when fires occur. Regular inspection, testing and maintenance are required to ensure systems function properly.
Chapter 04
Standpipe and hose systems are required in buildings based on height, area, occupancy, and hazards. NFPA 14 establishes standards for standpipe classifications, types, components, and testing. Regular inspection and testing is essential to ensure standpipe systems will operate properly in an emergency.
Chapter 03
The document discusses water supply systems for fire protection. It describes the components of source/supply networks like water sources, intake, pumping and distribution networks including storage, mains and laterals. It also discusses the difference between public municipal systems and private systems, and types of supply systems like gravity, pumped and combined. It covers factors like pressure, flow and duration that impact water-based fire protection.
Chapter 02
Building and fire codes provide uniform standards to maintain public safety. Model codes, such as those developed by the ICC and NFPA, are adopted by governments and provide minimum requirements. These codes reference other standards and may be amended. The model code development process involves public participation and consensus to establish requirements for fire protection systems based on occupancy hazards and risks.
Chapter 10
This document describes different types of gaseous fire extinguishing systems including carbon dioxide, halons, and clean agents. Carbon dioxide works by displacing oxygen and forming a fog-like cloud to extinguish fires. Halons break down the chemical reaction of fire and were commonly used but are no longer manufactured due to environmental concerns. Clean agents like inert gases are environmentally safe alternatives to halons that effectively extinguish Class A, B, and C fires without leaving residues. All gaseous systems require regular inspection, testing and maintenance to ensure proper operation.
Chapter 13
The document discusses several key aspects of public financial management and budgeting for fire prevention programs. It describes the purpose of public budgets as supplying information to elected officials and the public about government programs and establishing spending policies. It distinguishes between operating budgets, which fund day-to-day expenses, and capital budgets, which fund long-term projects. It also discusses different budget formats, the importance of developing fee structures based on recovery of costs for specific services, and having financial management processes in place to ensure accountability.
Chapter 12
This document discusses personnel considerations for fire prevention bureaus. It notes that bureaus are often made up of a combination of uniformed firefighters and civilian specialists. Uniformed staff bring fire service experience while civilians have specific skills and education. The document emphasizes that training and certification are critical for all positions, and it outlines various national standards and certifying organizations. Retention of qualified staff is also highlighted as important for an effective fire prevention program.
Chapter 11
Fire prevention records generated by government agencies are considered public records and subject to freedom of information laws. These records must be retained according to state-mandated schedules and are generally stored using an information management system. When developing an electronic records system, fire bureaus must carefully consider their operational needs, legal requirements, and ensure the system can integrate with standard procedures. Proper planning and implementation of a records system is crucial to the effective functioning of a fire prevention program.
Chapter 10
This document discusses the importance of public fire safety education and planning effective education programs. It outlines key aspects of developing programs including using local fire statistics to identify target audiences, designing messages tailored to those audiences, implementing programs, and evaluating their effectiveness in changing behaviors. The document also highlights the role of the media, schools, and public hearings in disseminating fire safety messages to various groups.
Chapter 8
Fire prevention bureaus have taken on additional functions beyond traditional fire prevention due to their relevant expertise in areas like construction, hazardous materials, and emergency response. These expanded roles can benefit public safety but also risk distracting from the core mission of fire prevention. Key expanded roles discussed include construction code enforcement, property maintenance inspections, investigating hazardous waste and vacant building issues, and assisting with homeland security and civil defense.
Chapter 7
This document discusses the importance of testing fire protection systems to ensure reliability. It describes how unreliable systems can negatively impact public safety and businesses. The document emphasizes that proper design, equipment, installation, and maintenance are necessary for reliability. It also explains that acceptance tests after installation, along with regular inspections and retests, are required by fire codes to maintain system integrity over time.
Chapter 6
The document discusses the importance and objectives of fire inspections. It notes that the level of acceptable risk is constantly evolving and that inspection programs have been proven effective in reducing fire incidence by around 50%. The purpose of inspections is to ensure life safety and compliance with fire codes. Jurisdictions must establish priorities for inspections based on risks associated with occupancy classes and permits required by fire codes. Inspections of existing and new buildings are necessary to identify hazards and ensure safety.
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- 1. Chapter 7 Reading Smoke
- 6. Table 7-1 Properties of gases typically found in smoke.
- 9. Table 7-2 Hostile fire events.
- 10. Volume, Velocity, Density, and Color Figure 7-2 Comparing smoke volume, velocity, density, and color can help the ISO understand fire behavior. (Photo by Keith Muratori.)
- 16. Figure 7-5 Smoke that appears the same color and velocity from multiple openings indicates a deep-seated fire. (Photo by Keith Muratori.)
- 25. Table 7-3 Reading smoke shortcuts.