The document discusses combustion and flames. It defines combustion as the chemical process where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat. Three conditions are needed for combustion: a fuel, oxygen, and heat. Different fuels have different ignition temperatures and burning properties. There are three main types of combustion: rapid, spontaneous, and explosion. A candle flame has three zones: the blue outer zone is the hottest, the yellow middle zone is luminous, and the black inner zone has unburnt fuel vapors. Air is essential for combustion, and fire can be controlled by removing fuel, oxygen or heat.

1. NAVRACHNA UNIVERSITY
SELF LEARNING
MATERIAL
NAME:SANGAM SINGH
14162064
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
B.ed 2014-2015

2. INTERODUCTION
We use different kinds of fuel for various purposes at home, in industry and for running
automobiles. Can you name a few fuels used in our homes? Name a few fuels used in trade and
industry. What fuels are used for running automobiles? Your list will contain fuels like cowdung,
wood, coal, charcoal, petrol, diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), etc.
You are familiar with the burning of a candle. What is the difference between the burning of a
candle and the burning of a fuel like coal? May be you were able to guess right: candle burns
with a flame whereas coal does not. Similarly, you will find many other materials burning
without a flame. Let us study the chemical process of burning and the types of flame produced
during this process.
Recall the activity of burning of magnesium ribbon performed in Class VII. We learnt that
magnesium burns to form magnesium oxide and produces heat and light (Fig. 6.1).
We can perform a similar activity with a piece of charcoal. Hold the piece with a pair of tongs
and bring it near the flame of a candle or a Bunsen burner. What do you observe?
We find that charcoal burns in air. We know that coal, too, burns in air producing carbondioxide,
heat and light.
Fig 1. Burning of magnessium
Substances which burn in air to produce heat and light are called
combustible substances.

3. Eg :- wood, coal, charcoal, kerosene, petrol, diesel, liquified petroleum gas
(LPG), compressed natural gas (CNG) etc.
WOOD CHARCOAL
KEROSENE LPG
COMBUSTION
The chemical process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat is called combustion.
The substance which undergoes combustion is called a combustible substance. It is also called a fuel.
Sometimes light is also produced during combustion either as a flame or as a glow.
Air is necessary for combustion

4. ACTIVITY 1.
Caution : Be careful while handling burning candle.
Fix a lighted candle on a table. Put a glass chimney over the candle and rest it on a few wooden
blocks in such a way that air can enter the chimney fig (a) . Observe what happens to the flame.
Now remove the blocks and let the chimney rest on the table fig (b). Again observe the flame.
Finally, put a glass plate over the chimney fig(c)]. Watch the flame again.
What happens in the three cases? Does the flame flicker off? Does it flicker and give smoke?
Does it burn unaffected? Can you infer anything at all about the role played by air in the
process of burning?
Fig 1.Experiment to show air is essential for burning
We find that for combustion, air is necessary. The candle burns freely in case (a) when air can
enter the chimney from below. In case (b), when air does not enter the chimney from below,
the flame flickers and produces smoke. In case (c), the flame finally goes off because the air is
not available.
You might have heard that when the clothes of a person catch fire, the person is covered with a
blanket to extinguish fire (Fig. 3). Can you guess why?

5. Now recall some of your experiences.
Does a matchstick burn by itself? How does it burn?
You must have had an experience of burning a piece of paper. Does it burn when a burning
matchstick is brought near it?
Can you burn a piece of wood by bringing a lighted matchstick near it? Why do you have to use
paper or kerosene oil to start fire in wood or coal?
Have you heard of forest fires?
During extreme heat of summer, at some places dry grasses catch fire. From grasses, it spreads
to trees, and very soon the whole forest is on fire. It is very difficult to control such fires.Do
these experiences tell you that different substances catch fire at different temperatures?

6. The minimum temperature at which a substance catches fire and burns is called its ignition
temperature.
A substance will not catch fire and burn if its temperature is lower than its ignition
temperature.
Different substances have different ignition temperatures.
Eg:- The ignition temperature of kerosene is less than the ignition temperature of wood.
Substances which have very low ignition temperature and can easily catch fire with a flame are
called inflammable substances. Eg:- petrol, alcohol, LPG, CNG etc.
ACTIVITY2:
Caution : Be careful while handling burning candle.
Make two paper cups by folding a sheet of paper. Pour about 50 mL of water in one of the cups.
Heat both the cups separately with a candle (Fig. 5). What do you observe?.

7. What happens to the empty paper cup? What happens to the paper cup with water? Does water in
this cup become hot?
If we continue heating the cup, we can even boil water in the paper cup.
Can you think of an explanation for this phenomenon?
The heat supplied to the paper cup is transferred to water by conduction. So, in the presence of
water, the ignition temperature of paper is not reached. Hence, it does not burn.
The substances which have very low ignition temperature and can easily catch fire with a flame
are called inflammable substances. Examples of inflammable substances are petrol, alcohol,
Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG), etc. Can you list some more inflammable substance
CONDITION NECESSARY FOR COMBUSTION
i) Fuel.
ii) Air (to supply oxygen).
iii) Heat (to raise the temperature beyond the ignition temperature.
A substance will not burn without one or more of these conditions.
How do we control fire?
The conditions necessary for producing fire are :-
i) Fuel
ii) Air (to supply oxygen)
iii) Heat (to raise the temperature of the fuel beyond its ignition temperature).
Fire can be controlled by removing any one or more of these conditions.
A fire extinguisher cuts off the supply of air or brings down the temperature of the fuel or both
and controls the fire.

8. METHODS OF CONTROLLING FIRE
) By using water :-
Water is the most common fire extinguisher. It can be used only when materials like wood ,
paper etc. are on fire.
Water cannot be used if electrical equipments are on fire because water conducts electricity and
can harm those trying to put out the fire.
Water cannot be used to put out oil and petrol fires because they float on water and continue to
burn.
ii) By using carbon dioxide:-
Carbon dioxide is the best fire extinguisher to put out fire caused by inflammable materials like
oil and petrol and electrical equipments. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air and it covers the fire
and cuts off the supply of oxygen and puts out the fire.
Carbon dioxide is stored at high pressure as liquid in cylinders. Chemicals like sodium
bicarbonate (baking soda), potassium bicarbonate produce carbon dioxide near the fire.
TYPES OF COMBUSTION
There are three main types of combustion. They are :-
i) Rapid combustion
ii) Spontaneous combustion
iii) Explosion

9. Rapid combustion:- is combustion in which a substance burns rapidly and produces heat
and light with the help of external heat.
Eg:- burning of LPG
Spontaneous combustion:- is combustion in which a substance burns spontaneously and
produces heat and light without the help of external heat.
Eg:- phosphorus burns spontaneously at room temperature
Explosion:- is a combustion in which a substance burns suddenly and produces heat, light and
sound with the help of heat or pressure.
E g:- explosion of crackers on applying heat or pressure
RAPID COMBUSTION SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION EXPLOSION COMBUSTION
FLAME:
It is the zone of combustion of a combustible substance.
Substances which vapourise during burning produce flames.
Eg:- kerosene, wax etc.
Substances which do not vapourise during burning do not produce flames.
Eg:- coal, charcoal etc.

10. KEROSENE WAX COAL CHARCOAL
STRUCTURE OF CANDLE FLAME:
A candle flame has three main zones. They are:-
i) Outer zone
ii) Middle zone
iii) Inner zone
In the outer zone complete combustion of the fuel takes place and the colour of the flame is
blue and is the hottest part of the flame. It is the non luminous part of the flame.
In the middle zone partial combustion of the fuel takes place and the colour of the flame is
yellow and is moderately hot part of the flame. It is the luminous part of the flame

11. In the inner zone there are unburnt vapours of the fuel and the colour is black and is least hot
part.
ACTIVITY3.:
Hold a thin long copper wire just inside the flame for about 30 seconds
Notice that the portion of the copper wire just outside the flame gets red hot. Does it indicate that
the non-luminous zone of the flame has a high temperature? In fact, this part of the flame is the
hottest part [Fig. 6.10(d)].
Goldsmiths blow the outermost zone of a flame with a metallic blow-pipe for melting gold and
silver. Why do they use the outermost zone of the flame?
TYPES OF FUELS: Fuels are of three main types:
Solid fuels: - Eg: - wood, coal, charcoal etc.
Liquid fuels: - Eg: - kerosene, petrol, diesel etc.
Gaseous fuels: - Eg: - CNG, LPG, biogas, hydrogen etc

12. SOLID FUELS GASEOUS FUELS LIQUIOD FUELS
CHARACRERISTIC OF GOOD FUELS:
The main characteristics of a good fuel are :-
I) Is readily available.
Ii) Is cheap.
Iii) is easy to store and transport.
iv) Burns at a moderate rate.
v) Produces a large amount of heat.
vi) Does not leave behind any undesirable substances.
vii) Does not cause pollution.
CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUELS

13. The calorific value of a fuel: - is the amount of heat energy produced on complete
combustion of 1 kg of a fuel.
The calorific valve of a fuel is expressed in kilojoule per kg.
Calorific values of some fuels in kilojoule per kg
Cowdung cake 6000 - 8000
Wood 17000 - 22000
Coal 25000 - 33000
Petrol 45000
Kerosene 45000
Diesel 45000
Methane 50000
CNG 50000
LPG 55000
Biogas 35000 - 40000
Hydrogen 150000
Hydrogen has the highest calorific value among all fuels.

14. Harmful effects on Environment due to burning of fuel:
i) Fuels like wood, coal, petroleum release unburnt carbon
Particles which cause respiratory diseases like asthma.
ii) Incomplete combustion of fuels release carbon
Monoxide gas which is a very poisonous gas which can cause death
iii) Burning of most fuels release carbon dioxide gas which causes rise in the
temperature of the atmosphere. This is called global warming. It causes melting of
polar ice, rise in sea level and flooding of coastal areas.
iv) Burning of coal and petroleum release oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which
dissolve in rain water and forms acid rain. It is harmful for crops, soil and damages
buildings
 KEY WORDS:
 ACID RAIN
 CALORIFIC VALUE
 COMBUSTION
 DEFORESTATION
 EXPLOSION
 FLAME
 FIRE EXTINGUISHER
 FUEL
 FUEL EFFICIENCY
 GLOBAL WARMING
 IDEAL FUEL
 IGNITION TEMPERATURE
 INFLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES

15. What you have learnt?
>The substances which burn in air are called combustible.
 Oxygen (in air) is essential for combustion.
 During the process of combustion, heat and light are given out.
 Ignition temperature is the lowest temperature at which a combustible substance catches
fire.
 Inflammable substances have very low ignition temperature.
 Fire can be controlled by removing one or more requirements essential for producing fire.
 Water is commonly used to control fires.
 Water cannot be used to control fires involving electrical equipments or oils.
 There are various types of combustions such as rapid combustion, spontaneous
combustion, explosion, etc.
 There are three different zones of a flame - dark zone, luminous zone and non-luminous
zone.
 An ideal fuel is cheap, readily available, readily combustible and easy to transport. It has
high calorific value. It does not produce gases or residues that pollute the environment.
 Fuels differ in their efficiency and cost.
 Fuel efficiency is expressed in terms of its calorific value which is expressed in units of
kilojoule per kg.
 Unburnt carbon particles in air are dangerous pollutants causing respiratory problems.
 Incomplete combustion of a fuel gives poisonous carbon monoxide gas.
 Increased percentage of carbon dioxide in air has been linked to global warming.
 Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen produced by the burning of coal, diesel and petrol cause
acid rain which is harmful for crops, buildings and soil.
 Extended Learning — Activities:
 Survey the availability of various fuels in your locality. Find out their cost per kg and
prepare a tabular chart showing how many kJ of various fuels you can get for every
rupee.
 Find out the number, type and location of fire extinguishers available in your school,
nearby shops and factories. Write a brief report about the preparedness of these
establishments to fight fire.
 Survey 100 houses in your area. Find the percentage of households using LPG, kerosene,
wood and cattledung as fuel.
 Talk to people who use LPG at home. Find out what precautions they take in using LPG.
 Make a model of a fire extinguisher. Place a short candle and a slightly taller candle in a
small dish filled with baking soda. Place the dish at the bottom of a large bowl. Light
both the candles. Then pour vinegar into the dish of baking soda. Take care.Donot pour
vinegar on the candles. Observe the foaming reaction. What happens to the candles?
Why? In what order?

16. EXERCISES:
 List conditions under which combustion can take place.
 Fill in the blanks:
o Burning of wood and coal causes of air.
o A liquid fuel, used in homes is .
o Fuel must be heated to its before it starts burning.
o Fire produced by oil cannot be controlled by .
 Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities.
 Compare LPG and wood as fuels.
 Give reasons:
o Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment.
o LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood.
o Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around an
aluminium pipe does not.
 Make a labelled diagram of a candle flame.
 Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed.
 Explain how CO2 is able to control fires.
 It is difficult to burn a heap of green leaves but dry leaves catch fire easily. Explain.
 Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver and why?
 In an experiment 4.5 kg of a fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was measured
to be 180,000 kJ. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.
 Can the process of rusting be called combustion? Discuss.
 Abida and Ramesh were doing an experiment in which water was to be heated in a
beaker. Abida kept the beaker near the wick in the yellow part of the candle flame.
Ramesh kept the beaker in the outermost part of the flame. Whose water will get heated
in a shorter time?

17. REFERANCES:
>http://www.ekshiksha.org.in/eContent-Show.do?documentId=83
>TEXT BOOK
LEARN NEW
The history of the matchstick is very old. More than five thousand years ago small pieces of pinewood
dipped in sulphur were used as matches in ancient Egypt. The modern safety match was developed only
about two hundred years ago.
A mixture of antimony trisulphide, potassium chlorate and white phosphorus with some glue and
starch was applied on the head of a match made of suitable wood. When struck against a rough
surface, white phosphorus got ignited due to the heat of friction. This started the combustion of
the match. However, white phosphorus proved to bedangerous both for the workers involved in
the manufacturing of matches and for the users.
These days the head of the safety match contains only antimony trisulphide and potassium
chlorate. The rubbing surface has powdered glass and a little red phosphorus (which is much less
dangerous). When the match is struck against the rubbing surface, some red phosphorus gets
converted into white phosphorus. This immediately reacts with potassium chlorate in the
matchstick head to produce enough heat to ignite antimony trisulphide and start the combustion.