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1. The document discusses scientific methodology and fire behavior concepts important for fire investigators to understand, including the fire tetrahedron model, heat transfer mechanisms, and compartment fire dynamics. 2. Key aspects of fire behavior covered include the fire triangle, self-sustained chain reactions of combustion, thermal layering in fires, and fire development stages like flashover. 3. Understanding fundamentals of chemistry, physics, and the scientific method helps fire investigators conduct effective investigations based on proven principles rather than speculation.
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III STUDY GUIDEChemistry and Physics of Fire and FireProtecti.docx
III STUDY GUIDE
Chemistry and Physics of Fire and Fire
Protection Systems and Equipment
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 4:
Chemistry and Physics of
Fire
Chapter 12:
Fire Protection Systems and Equipment
Additional Required
Reading
See information below.
Supplemental
Reading
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Ambient temperature
2. Bonnet
3. Fire department connection
4. Free radicals
5. Halogenated agents
6. Latent heat of vaporization
7. Miscible
8. Molecule
9. Nonmiscible
10. Open screw and yoke valve (OS&Y)
11. Oxidation
12. Oxidizer
13. Polar solvents
14. Post indicator valve
(PI)
15. Pyrolysis
16. Retard chamber
17. Thrust block
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Describe the differences between fire triangle and fire tetrahedron.
2. Illustrate the comparison between chemistry of fire and physics of fire.
3. Differentiate the principles of flame spread of solid, liquid, and gas/vapor fuels.
4. Describe classes of fire, stages of fire, and heat transfer during a fire.
5. Differentiate public and private water supply systems.
6. Illustrate the design and components of a water supply system.
7. Describe various extinguishing agents.
8. Illustrate the design and components of various types of extinguishing systems.
Written Lecture
Introduction
In this unit we will explore the world of the chemistry and physics of fire found in Chapter 4. We will also explore Chapter 12 where we will consider fire protection systems and the equipment associated with fire protection systems.
Chapter 4: Chemistry and Physics of Fire
Definition of fire: Fire is a rapid and self-sustaining oxidation process that is assisted by the generation of heat and light in various degrees of intensity. As stated in your textbook, fire is the process of oxidation and is associated with the term combustion, which is the chemical chain reaction that releases both light and heat. For all intents and purposes, fire is both friend and foe. We use fire for heating, cooking, manufacturing, and controlling other fire sources.
Fire triangle and fire tetrahedron: Perhaps as a child you were taught that fire was represented by a triangle with each side denoting one of the three components required to sustain fire: air, fuel, and heat. Classically known as the Fire Triangle we learned that by removing any one of the three components fire would be extinguished.
1
Over time, the scientific community has added another dimension called the chemical reaction found during the combustion process. With the addition of this fourth side we now have the new symbol of fire called the fire tetrahedron.
Chemistry of fire: Fire needs two basic elements in order to sustain its existence, and without the two in union, fire cannot occur. These two elements are oxidizer and fuel.
Oxidizer: An oxidizer is any substance that generates oxygen. The most common and abundant oxidizer ...
Flash AND Fire Point
This document describes an experiment to determine the flash point and fire point of diesel fuel. The flash point of diesel was found to be 72.3°C on average, and the fire point was found to be 78°C. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which the fuel's vapors will ignite briefly, while the fire point is the temperature at which the vapors will continue burning after ignition. Determining these points is important for safety when storing and transporting fuels.
Behavior of Fire.pptx
This document summarizes key concepts about fire behavior and fire spread. It discusses the three main modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and the four phases of fire development (incipient, emergent smoldering, free-burning, and oxygen-regulated smoldering). Factors that influence fire spread include fuel, slope, aspect, weather, and structural elements that can enhance fire movement. Smoke color indicates the type of material burning, and fire investigation examines burn patterns and damage to determine fire origin and path.
Fire Prevention and Protection Module 3.pdf
Three key points about fire prevention and protection:
1. Fire requires oxygen, heat, and fuel to burn in a process called combustion. Removing any one of these three elements can extinguish a fire.
2. There are different classes of fires based on the fuel source (e.g. Class A for ordinary combustibles, Class B for flammable liquids). Choosing the proper type of fire extinguisher for the class of fire is important for effectively fighting the fire.
3. Early detection of fires is critical for life safety, as it allows fires to be extinguished easily and results in less property damage. Common detection systems include thermal, photoelectric, radiation, and UV/infrared detectors
Fire Triangle.pptx
Here are the possible causes of fire identified in the passage and a brief explanation for each:
1. Electrical faults/wiring - Faulty electrical wiring or connections can cause sparks or overheating that ignites nearby combustible materials.
2. Gas appliances - Leaks from LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) tanks or lines used in stoves, heaters, etc. provide fuel that can ignite if a source of ignition is present.
3. Cooking accidents - Leaving cooking unattended on the stove can allow grease or other foods to overheat and ignite.
4. Cigarettes - Discarded cigarettes that are not fully extinguished can smolder and ignite combustibles like trash or mul
Fire modeling performance based technical approach
The performance based approach involves the assessment of three basic components comprising the likely fire behaviour, heat transfer to the structure and the structural response. The overall complexity of the design depends on the assumptions and methods adopted to predict each of the three design components.
Lec 1-Chemistry of combustion.ppt
1. The document discusses the chemistry of combustion, defining combustion as a chemical chain reaction that takes place when a substance burns and reacts with oxygen.
2. It explains the fire tetrahedron - the four components (fuel, oxygen, heat, and chemical chain reaction) necessary for fire.
3. The document provides details on the different types of fuels, states of matter, and how temperature affects combustion. It describes the roles of oxygen, heat sources, and ignition sources in fires.
CDI-108-Main-Topic-4- Arson - Investigation
This document discusses fire behavior and dangerous fire conditions such as flashover, backdraft, and rollover. It describes the phases of fire and classifications of fires based on cause and fuel. Dangerous fire behaviors include backdraft, which is the rapid burning of heated gases in a confined space, and flashover, which is the simultaneous ignition of all combustibles in a room. The history of firefighting is summarized, from ancient Rome to modern fire departments. Factors that affect fire protection include fire hazards within a building.
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...
The explosion properties of our fuel like gasses, vapors, combustible dusts have been studied and organized by their flammability limits and ignition temp etc in order to suitably assess the potential of an explosion and to take appropriate preventative measures to avoid an explosion.
Lecture 9 -_fire_hazard
Fire hazards can occur when the three elements of the fire triangle - oxygen, heat, and fuel - are present. Common fuel sources in industries include flammable liquids, gases, and solids. To identify fire hazards, work areas should be evaluated to find ignition sources and fuel sources, and those at risk. Hazards can be reduced by removing ignition and fuel sources or using weaker sources. Fire prevention strategies include worksite analysis to identify hazards, maintenance and housekeeping practices, and staff training.
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Occupational Safety and Health Adminitration(OSHA).PPT.pptx
Occupational Safety and Health Adminitration(OSHA).PPT.pptx
III STUDY GUIDEChemistry and Physics of Fire and FireProtecti.docx
III STUDY GUIDEChemistry and Physics of Fire and FireProtecti.docx
Fire modeling performance based technical approach
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Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...
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Robertson ch12
This chapter discusses international practices in fire prevention by comparing statistics and approaches between the US, Canada, UK, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Russia, Japan, Germany, and New Zealand. It notes differences in fire death rates, number of fires, causes of fires, fire station locations, construction practices, education programs, and authority of fire inspectors between countries. The chapter aims to identify lessons that can be learned from other international approaches.
Robertson ch11
This chapter discusses fire prevention through arson suppression. It covers the history and statistics of arson crimes, model arson laws, arson investigation procedures, challenges in arson investigations, and court decisions guiding arson investigations. The goal is to discourage arson through effective prevention, detection, and prosecution of arson crimes.
Robertson ch10
This document discusses the responsibilities of various public sectors in fire prevention. It outlines the roles of federal agencies like FEMA, NIST, and Coast Guard. It also addresses state agencies like fire marshals and health departments. Finally, it covers local roles of fire departments, emergency managers, and assessors' offices in coordinating fire prevention efforts across levels of government.
Robertson ch08
This chapter discusses instilling positive fire reaction in individuals. It covers how human characteristics and the environment can impact reaction to fires. Various occupancies are discussed, including homes, schools, institutions, and industries. Effective fire drills and safety manuals are recommended to condition occupants' reactions. Methods for counteracting panic in fires are also presented, such as signage, lighting, and emergency communications. Special considerations for high-rises and terrorism are addressed at the end of the chapter.
Robertson ch09
The National Fire Protection Association is the primary organization focused on fire prevention and develops fire codes and standards used by governments. Other major organizations include the International Association of Fire Chiefs and International Association of Fire Fighters. Insurance companies also promote fire prevention through ratings that influence commercial building insurance costs based on fire protection services.
Robertson ch07
This chapter discusses the organization and administration of municipal fire prevention units. It outlines that fire prevention responsibilities are primarily handled locally at the municipal level. Fire prevention bureaus can range from one-member units in small towns to larger specialized bureaus in big cities. Key functions of fire prevention units include fire safety education, inspections, code enforcement, and fire investigations. The chapter also examines relationships between fire prevention units and other local agencies.
Robertson ch04
This chapter discusses methods for enforcing fire safety codes, including plan review, control of sales and occupancy, structural control, and legal compliance procedures. Plan review involves evaluating building plans to ensure code compliance, while control of sales regulates hazardous materials. Structural control allows inspection of buildings, and occupancy control determines safe capacity. The goal of enforcement is to improve safety rather than impose penalties.
Chapter 22
This document discusses the role of expert witnesses in court, specifically fire investigators. It summarizes key court cases like Frye, Daubert, and Kumho that established standards for expert testimony. Federal Rule 702 gives courts the role of gatekeeper to determine if expert testimony is based on sufficient facts, reliable principles, and proper application of methods. Fire investigators must understand these legal standards to be able to provide testimony in court.
Chapter 23
The document discusses the process of developing a final report after a fire investigation and preparing to testify in court. It describes including all hypotheses, facts, and the investigator's conclusions in the final report. It also discusses preparing for court by meeting with attorneys, providing discovery documents, and maintaining a professional demeanor while testifying. The role of a public information officer to inform the public about fire investigations is also outlined.
Chapter 19
The document discusses the process of conducting interviews for arson investigations. It describes conducting initial interviews at the scene, the importance of separating witnesses, and preparing thoroughly for structured interviews of suspects. The document also covers protected communications, Miranda rights, listening techniques, and strategies for obtaining a full confession.
Chapter 18
The document discusses the importance of thoroughly documenting a fire scene through photographs, diagrams, and notes. Photographs and diagrams capture key evidence and details of the scene and fire progression. Notes are essential for compiling information from interviews and observations into a final report. Together, photographs, diagrams, and notes allow investigators to accurately recall all facts of the case.
Chapter 17
This document discusses resources that fire investigators can utilize when investigating a fire scene. It describes personal protective equipment, tools, cameras, and specialized equipment that investigators should have. It also discusses additional resources like accelerant detection dogs, state and federal agencies, insurance investigators, and creating a local fire investigation association to facilitate collaboration between jurisdictions.
Chapter 16
The document discusses arson, including the three elements required for a crime of arson, various motives for setting fires, and indicators that can help determine if a fire was intentionally set. Case studies and figures are provided to illustrate investigation techniques.
Chapter 15
This document discusses procedures for investigating fire scenes involving fatalities or injuries. It describes documenting victims and evidence, identifying bodies, and determining the cause of death. The medical examiner conducts an autopsy to examine the body and determine the cause, manner, and mechanism of death. Notifying family of a death also requires sensitivity.
Chapter 23
The document discusses the process of developing a final report after a fire investigation and preparing to testify in court. It describes including all hypotheses, facts, and the investigator's conclusions in the final report. It also discusses preparing for court by meeting with attorneys, providing discovery documents, and maintaining a professional demeanor while testifying. The role of a public information officer to inform the public about fire investigations is also outlined.
Chapter 14
This document discusses vehicle fires and how to investigate them. It describes safety precautions for investigators and outlines the various fuel and electrical systems in common vehicles. The document provides a case study example and discusses examining the exterior and interior of vehicles to determine how and why the fire occurred. Potential heat sources and fuels are outlined, along with considerations for investigating motor homes, boats, diesel and hybrid vehicles.
Chapter 13
The document discusses determining the cause of fires by investigating the area of origin. It describes examining evidence on the exterior and interior of structures and identifying the first material ignited to reconstruct the ignition sequence. Fires can be classified as natural, accidental, or incendiary based on whether they were caused by natural events, mistakes, or intentionally. Once the origin and cause are identified, responsibility may need to be placed on persons or faulty products.
Chapter 12
The document discusses the process of examining a fire scene to determine the origin area of the fire. It describes looking for indicators on the exterior and interior of the structure, such as burn patterns, to systematically work from the least damaged to most damaged areas. Safety is the top priority when examining utilities, building systems and contents that may provide clues. Through a careful, scientific examination of all evidence, the investigator can typically identify the origin area, which is the first step towards determining the fire's cause.
Chapter 09
The document discusses fire safety concepts from NFPA 550. It describes two main strategies for fire safety from model codes: preventing ignition and managing impact. To prevent ignition, it aims to control heat sources and fuels through regulating materials storage, smoking, and open flames. To manage impact, it focuses on limiting building size, requiring fire resistance, adequate egress, and fire protection systems.
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Chapter 07
- 1. Science, Methodology, and Fire Behavior Chapter 7
- 10. Chemistry of Fire for the Fire Investigator Figure 7-2 The fire triangle and the fire tetrahedron are the basic models that explain how to extinguish a fire as well as how a fire started.