III STUDY GUIDE
Chemistry and Physics of Fire and Fire
Protection Systems and Equipment
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 4:
Chemistry and Physics of
Fire
Chapter 12:
Fire Protection Systems and Equipment
Additional Required
Reading
See information below.
Supplemental
Reading
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Ambient temperature
2. Bonnet
3. Fire department connection
4. Free radicals
5. Halogenated agents
6. Latent heat of vaporization
7. Miscible
8. Molecule
9. Nonmiscible
10. Open screw and yoke valve (OS&Y)
11. Oxidation
12. Oxidizer
13. Polar solvents
14. Post indicator valve
(PI)
15. Pyrolysis
16. Retard chamber
17. Thrust block
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Describe the differences between fire triangle and fire tetrahedron.
2. Illustrate the comparison between chemistry of fire and physics of fire.
3. Differentiate the principles of flame spread of solid, liquid, and gas/vapor fuels.
4. Describe classes of fire, stages of fire, and heat transfer during a fire.
5. Differentiate public and private water supply systems.
6. Illustrate the design and components of a water supply system.
7. Describe various extinguishing agents.
8. Illustrate the design and components of various types of extinguishing systems.
Written Lecture
Introduction
In this unit we will explore the world of the chemistry and physics of fire found in Chapter 4. We will also explore Chapter 12 where we will consider fire protection systems and the equipment associated with fire protection systems.
Chapter 4: Chemistry and Physics of Fire
Definition of fire: Fire is a rapid and self-sustaining oxidation process that is assisted by the generation of heat and light in various degrees of intensity. As stated in your textbook, fire is the process of oxidation and is associated with the term combustion, which is the chemical chain reaction that releases both light and heat. For all intents and purposes, fire is both friend and foe. We use fire for heating, cooking, manufacturing, and controlling other fire sources.
Fire triangle and fire tetrahedron: Perhaps as a child you were taught that fire was represented by a triangle with each side denoting one of the three components required to sustain fire: air, fuel, and heat. Classically known as the Fire Triangle we learned that by removing any one of the three components fire would be extinguished.
1
Over time, the scientific community has added another dimension called the chemical reaction found during the combustion process. With the addition of this fourth side we now have the new symbol of fire called the fire tetrahedron.
Chemistry of fire: Fire needs two basic elements in order to sustain its existence, and without the two in union, fire cannot occur. These two elements are oxidizer and fuel.
Oxidizer: An oxidizer is any substance that generates oxygen. The most common and abundant oxidizer ...
This document provides an overview of fire technology and arson investigation. It discusses the early human use of fire, the chemistry and elements of fire including the fire triangle and tetrahedron. It describes the different states of matter and how heating causes pyrolysis which produces combustible vapors. Solid, liquid and gaseous fuels are classified and their properties discussed. The physical and chemical properties of fire are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the chemistry and physics of fire. It defines the fire triangle and tetrahedron, and describes the key elements of a fire - fuel, heat/energy, and oxidizer. It explains the states of matter and process of pyrolysis. Properties of solid, liquid, and gas fuels are covered. Heat and temperature are differentiated, and the methods of heat transfer are illustrated. The five classifications and four stages of fire are defined. Understanding these chemical and physical properties is important for predicting fire behavior and choosing appropriate extinguishing methods.
The document discusses fire behavior and development through various stages. It describes the components of fire, including the fire triangle and tetrahedron models. The stages of fire are defined as incipient (beginning), growth, fully developed, and decay. Factors that influence fire development within a compartment include available fuels, ventilation, and thermal properties. Flashover can occur when the fire rapidly transitions from growth to fully developed stage.
A tetrahedron can be described as a pyramid which is a solid having four plane faces. When we talk about the fire tetrahedron, it is symbolically used to express all four essential elements that must be present for fire to occur – fuel, heat, oxygen, and a chemical chain reaction. Removal of any one of these essential elements will result in the fire being extinguished.
Fire requires four key elements - fuel, oxygen, heat, and a chemical chain reaction. These four elements form a tetrahedron shape to represent what is needed for fire. Each element must be present for combustion to occur and removing any one will extinguish the fire. Heat is transferred during fires through conduction, convection, and radiation. A fire goes through distinct stages from ignition to fully developed. Understanding how fires start and progress is important for fire investigation and arson detection.
This document discusses the key elements of fire including:
- Fire is a chemical reaction that requires fuel, heat, oxygen and an uninhibited chain reaction. It can be stopped by removing one of these elements.
- Fires progress through distinct stages from incipient to free-burning to smoldering and can be classified based on the type of fuel burning.
- Important fire patterns like plume, confinement, movement and irregular patterns provide clues about the fire's origin and behavior. Careful analysis of patterns is important for fire investigation.
This document provides an overview of fire, including its definition, causes, outcomes, classes, stages, combustion theory, and firefighting mechanisms. It defines fire as a rapid oxidation chemical reaction and notes that fires usually start small due to sparks from neglecting prevention. The main outcomes of fire are combustion gases, heat, flames, and smoke. Fires can be caused by human carelessness, natural causes, or technical failures. Combustion requires fuel, oxygen, heat, and a chain reaction. Firefighting works by removing one of these factors through starvation, smothering, cooling, or stopping the chain reaction.
This chapter discusses the chemistry and physics of fire. It defines the fire triangle and fire tetrahedron, and describes the key elements of fire - fuel, heat, and oxygen or oxidizer. It explains the states of matter and process of pyrolysis. Properties that affect different types of solid, liquid, and gas fuels are outlined. Heat and temperature are differentiated, and the methods of heat transfer are illustrated. The five classifications of fire and four stages of fire are described. Understanding the chemical and physical properties of fire allows for better control and prediction of fire behavior and choice of appropriate extinguishing methods.
This document provides an overview of fire technology and arson investigation. It discusses the early human use of fire, the chemistry and elements of fire including the fire triangle and tetrahedron. It describes the different states of matter and how heating causes pyrolysis which produces combustible vapors. Solid, liquid and gaseous fuels are classified and their properties discussed. The physical and chemical properties of fire are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the chemistry and physics of fire. It defines the fire triangle and tetrahedron, and describes the key elements of a fire - fuel, heat/energy, and oxidizer. It explains the states of matter and process of pyrolysis. Properties of solid, liquid, and gas fuels are covered. Heat and temperature are differentiated, and the methods of heat transfer are illustrated. The five classifications and four stages of fire are defined. Understanding these chemical and physical properties is important for predicting fire behavior and choosing appropriate extinguishing methods.
The document discusses fire behavior and development through various stages. It describes the components of fire, including the fire triangle and tetrahedron models. The stages of fire are defined as incipient (beginning), growth, fully developed, and decay. Factors that influence fire development within a compartment include available fuels, ventilation, and thermal properties. Flashover can occur when the fire rapidly transitions from growth to fully developed stage.
A tetrahedron can be described as a pyramid which is a solid having four plane faces. When we talk about the fire tetrahedron, it is symbolically used to express all four essential elements that must be present for fire to occur – fuel, heat, oxygen, and a chemical chain reaction. Removal of any one of these essential elements will result in the fire being extinguished.
Fire requires four key elements - fuel, oxygen, heat, and a chemical chain reaction. These four elements form a tetrahedron shape to represent what is needed for fire. Each element must be present for combustion to occur and removing any one will extinguish the fire. Heat is transferred during fires through conduction, convection, and radiation. A fire goes through distinct stages from ignition to fully developed. Understanding how fires start and progress is important for fire investigation and arson detection.
This document discusses the key elements of fire including:
- Fire is a chemical reaction that requires fuel, heat, oxygen and an uninhibited chain reaction. It can be stopped by removing one of these elements.
- Fires progress through distinct stages from incipient to free-burning to smoldering and can be classified based on the type of fuel burning.
- Important fire patterns like plume, confinement, movement and irregular patterns provide clues about the fire's origin and behavior. Careful analysis of patterns is important for fire investigation.
This document provides an overview of fire, including its definition, causes, outcomes, classes, stages, combustion theory, and firefighting mechanisms. It defines fire as a rapid oxidation chemical reaction and notes that fires usually start small due to sparks from neglecting prevention. The main outcomes of fire are combustion gases, heat, flames, and smoke. Fires can be caused by human carelessness, natural causes, or technical failures. Combustion requires fuel, oxygen, heat, and a chain reaction. Firefighting works by removing one of these factors through starvation, smothering, cooling, or stopping the chain reaction.
This chapter discusses the chemistry and physics of fire. It defines the fire triangle and fire tetrahedron, and describes the key elements of fire - fuel, heat, and oxygen or oxidizer. It explains the states of matter and process of pyrolysis. Properties that affect different types of solid, liquid, and gas fuels are outlined. Heat and temperature are differentiated, and the methods of heat transfer are illustrated. The five classifications of fire and four stages of fire are described. Understanding the chemical and physical properties of fire allows for better control and prediction of fire behavior and choice of appropriate extinguishing methods.
The document provides information for fire brigade members on firefighting equipment and techniques. It covers the components of fire, classes of fire, fire extinguishing methods, self-contained breathing apparatus, and stages of fire development. Practical firefighting skills like handling hoses and breathing apparatus are also discussed.
Here are the possible causes of fire identified in the passage and a brief explanation for each:
1. Electrical faults/wiring - Faulty electrical wiring or connections can cause sparks or overheating that ignites nearby combustible materials.
2. Gas appliances - Leaks from LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) tanks or lines used in stoves, heaters, etc. provide fuel that can ignite if a source of ignition is present.
3. Cooking accidents - Leaving cooking unattended on the stove can allow grease or other foods to overheat and ignite.
4. Cigarettes - Discarded cigarettes that are not fully extinguished can smolder and ignite combustibles like trash or mul
The document provides an overview of a course on fire technology and arson investigation. It discusses key concepts like the fire triangle and tetrahedron, combustion, pyrolysis, oxidation, types of flames, heat transfer, fire behavior, stages of fire, and unique fire events like flashover and backdraft. The document contains lecture content, diagrams, questions, and notes that will be used for the course. It provides foundational knowledge on fire and combustion processes.
The document discusses the basics of fire behavior including:
1) The fire triangle/tetrahedron which depicts the relationship between fuel, heat, and oxygen/chemical chain reaction required for combustion.
2) The different classes of fire (A-K) and their corresponding extinguishing agents.
3) The five types of fires - diffusion, smoldering, spontaneous combustion, self-heating, and premixed flame.
4) The five stages of fire - pre-ignition, ignition, growth, fully developed, and decay.
Fire Prevention and Protection Module 3.pdfGmvViju1
Three key points about fire prevention and protection:
1. Fire requires oxygen, heat, and fuel to burn in a process called combustion. Removing any one of these three elements can extinguish a fire.
2. There are different classes of fires based on the fuel source (e.g. Class A for ordinary combustibles, Class B for flammable liquids). Choosing the proper type of fire extinguisher for the class of fire is important for effectively fighting the fire.
3. Early detection of fires is critical for life safety, as it allows fires to be extinguished easily and results in less property damage. Common detection systems include thermal, photoelectric, radiation, and UV/infrared detectors
This document summarizes key concepts about fire behavior and fire spread. It discusses the three main modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and the four phases of fire development (incipient, emergent smoldering, free-burning, and oxygen-regulated smoldering). Factors that influence fire spread include fuel, slope, aspect, weather, and structural elements that can enhance fire movement. Smoke color indicates the type of material burning, and fire investigation examines burn patterns and damage to determine fire origin and path.
This document defines key terms related to fire chemistry and behavior. It explains that the three necessary elements for a fire are heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen from air). Fires start when these elements come together in the proper proportions. Fuels must be in gaseous form to burn, requiring solids and liquids to undergo pyrolysis or vaporization first when heated. Heat is then transferred between objects via conduction, convection or radiation to allow the fire to spread.
Combustion is the rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen, producing heat and light. Heating value or calorific value refers to the amount of heat released during combustion of a fuel. There are two types - gross calorific value includes the heat of vaporization of water, while net calorific value does not. Combustion efficiency is a measure of how well a fuel is utilized during combustion, calculated based on heat produced versus potential heat of the fuel. Factors like excess air, flue gas temperature, fuel specifications and ambient temperature can impact combustion efficiency.
Fire safety and prevention systems aim to control or extinguish fires. There are two main types - active fire protection which requires systems to respond like sprinklers, and passive fire protection which uses fire-resistant materials. Fires start when a fuel, heat and oxygen combine. They can spread through radiation, convection or conduction. Controlling fires involves removing one of these elements like the fuel or oxygen. Buildings use detection systems to locate fires and suppression systems like sprinklers to douse flames automatically. Passive measures include fire-rated walls and doors to contain blazes. Together, these active and passive systems work to prevent fires from starting and slowing their spread if one occurs.
The document is a lesson plan about combustion and flames for an 8th grade science class. It includes objectives, an introduction to combustion, the three main types of combustion (rapid, spontaneous, explosion), ignition temperature, combustible and non-combustible substances, the conditions needed for combustion, how to control fires, and the structure and properties of flames. It also discusses fuels, fuel efficiency, and the harmful products from burning fuels that can cause pollution and global warming.
This 1-hour presentation discusses the differences and similarities between solids and gases as they move to equilibrium through the combustion process.
1. The document discusses the chemistry of combustion, defining combustion as a chemical chain reaction that takes place when a substance burns and reacts with oxygen.
2. It explains the fire tetrahedron - the four components (fuel, oxygen, heat, and chemical chain reaction) necessary for fire.
3. The document provides details on the different types of fuels, states of matter, and how temperature affects combustion. It describes the roles of oxygen, heat sources, and ignition sources in fires.
Combustion or burning is the exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel and oxidant that produces heat and converts chemical species. It involves the oxidation of organic compounds or hydrocarbons and the products are compounds of each element in the fuel combined with the oxidizing element, such as oxygen. A flame is the visible, gaseous part of a fire caused by a highly exothermic reaction taking place in a thin zone, and some flames can be considered plasma if hot enough to be ionized. Fuels store potential energy that can be released as heat through combustion or other oxidation reactions.
The document discusses the fundamentals of fire, including the elements and tetrahedron of fire. It defines fire as a chemical reaction between a fuel, oxygen, and an ignition source that produces heat and light. The three main elements of fire are fuel, oxygen, and heat. For a fire to be self-sustaining, it must produce enough energy through a chain reaction to trigger further combustion. Heat can be transmitted through conduction, convection, or radiation. There are various ignition sources like electricity, smoking, hot surfaces, sparks, and chemical reactions. Fires are classified based on the type of fuel involved, such as solids, liquids, gases, or metals.
Thermodynamics concepts like heat transfer, phase changes, and water activity help explain important food processing techniques. The three laws of thermodynamics state that (1) energy is conserved, (2) entropy increases over time, and (3) no process is 100% efficient. Refrigeration uses phase changes - compressing and expanding gases to lower temperatures for cooling. Water activity measures the chemical potential of water in solutions and gases in contact, helping understand phenomena like dissolving, boiling, and humidity. Thermodynamics provides insights into limits and equilibrium states in many food processing applications.
This document provides an introduction and overview of liquefied gas tankers, including mandatory training requirements. It covers the history and development of liquefied gas shipping, different types of gases and their hazards. Terminology commonly used on gas tankers is defined, such as boiling point, evaporation, and vaporization. Gas laws and heat-related concepts are also explained, such as latent heat and saturated vapor pressure. Safety procedures, cargo handling equipment, and ship layouts are reviewed at a basic level.
The document discusses the gas laws and properties of gases. It begins by describing the composition of Earth's atmosphere, which is primarily nitrogen and oxygen. It then discusses that gases have mass and low densities compared to liquids and solids. The document outlines four variables that describe gases - pressure, volume, temperature, and amount. It explains concepts such as gas compressibility, units of measurement for gases, and the kinetic molecular theory which describes gas particles as being in constant random motion.
This report is detailed study of the research conducted in Kirori Mal College. The basic objective of this report is to get a tough insight in the use of research techniques. Geography, being a field science, a geographical enquiry always need to been supplemented through well planned Research. Research is an essential component of geographic enquire. It is a basic procedure to understand the earth as a home of humankind. Disaster management is an inseparable part of the discipline especially which deals with the study of natural phenomena. This research focuses upon the FIRE safety plan of the institution. It is carried out through observation, sketching, measurement, interviews, etc. The Research facilitate the collection of local level information that is not available through secondary sources.
In this report, various methodologies have been employed such as my, measurement and interviewing, photographing, examining, the collection and gathering of information at different corners of the institution and later, tabulating and computing them is an important part of the field work.
Furthermore, the research report has been prepared in concise form alongside with maps and diagrams for giving visual impressions. Moreover, it contains all the details of the procedures followed, methods, tools and techniques employed.
Occupational Safety and Health Adminitration(OSHA).PPT.pptxSiddaramSG1
Usha is a leader in Fast Moving Consumer Durables including products like Fans, Sewing Machines, Home Appliances, and Power Products. It is a manufacturing, sales, and marketing organization with a pan-India footprint.
1. The document discusses scientific methodology and fire behavior concepts important for fire investigators to understand, including the fire tetrahedron model, heat transfer mechanisms, and compartment fire dynamics.
2. Key aspects of fire behavior covered include the fire triangle, self-sustained chain reactions of combustion, thermal layering in fires, and fire development stages like flashover.
3. Understanding fundamentals of chemistry, physics, and the scientific method helps fire investigators conduct effective investigations based on proven principles rather than speculation.
Part 1.....InstructionsSelect one of the age groups disc.docxMARRY7
Part 1.....
Instructions
Select one of the age groups discussed in this unit (adolescent, adult, or elderly). Create a community health strategy for dealing with intentional and unintentional injuries (motor vehicle accidents, suicide, or violence).Your response should include information on the morbidity and mortality rates and the key factors associated with the injuries.Your APA-Style essay must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages). All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Part 2....... Need To Be 1 Paragraph Long
According to the Centers for Medicare Services (CMS), the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to give U.S. citizens improved flexibility and control, allowing them to make more informed decisions about their own health plans and healthcare providers.
Now that the ACA has been in place for several years, do you feel that in fact happened? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the ACA today.
.
Part 1 – Add to Website PlanList at least three .docxMARRY7
Part 1 – Add to Website Plan
List
at least three interactive features that could be added to your
site and what purpose each would serve for your site and its visitors.
The form created in Part Two of this assignment can be included as
one of the interactive features.
Part 2 – Refine and finalize your website
Refine
and finalize your website by doing the following:
•
Add a simple web form—such as an order form, a subscription
to a newsletter, or a request for contact.
•
Use division or a table to structure the form elements.
•
Apply JavaScript
®
to validate the form.
•
Finalize a navigation system.
•
Use metadata to increase accessibility and search engine
optimization.
15
WEB/240 Version 1
8
•
Test for functionality and usability.
As in the prior assignment, use only Adobe
®
Dreamweaver
®
or
another HTML editor to refine the homepage developed in Week
Three.
Check
your HTML code using the Markup Validation Service on the
W3C
®
website, (www.w3.org) prior to submitting your web page(s).
A link to this site may be found in the Materials tab on your student
website.
Submit
all website files in a compressed folder.
.
More Related Content
Similar to III STUDY GUIDEChemistry and Physics of Fire and FireProtecti.docx
The document provides information for fire brigade members on firefighting equipment and techniques. It covers the components of fire, classes of fire, fire extinguishing methods, self-contained breathing apparatus, and stages of fire development. Practical firefighting skills like handling hoses and breathing apparatus are also discussed.
Here are the possible causes of fire identified in the passage and a brief explanation for each:
1. Electrical faults/wiring - Faulty electrical wiring or connections can cause sparks or overheating that ignites nearby combustible materials.
2. Gas appliances - Leaks from LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) tanks or lines used in stoves, heaters, etc. provide fuel that can ignite if a source of ignition is present.
3. Cooking accidents - Leaving cooking unattended on the stove can allow grease or other foods to overheat and ignite.
4. Cigarettes - Discarded cigarettes that are not fully extinguished can smolder and ignite combustibles like trash or mul
The document provides an overview of a course on fire technology and arson investigation. It discusses key concepts like the fire triangle and tetrahedron, combustion, pyrolysis, oxidation, types of flames, heat transfer, fire behavior, stages of fire, and unique fire events like flashover and backdraft. The document contains lecture content, diagrams, questions, and notes that will be used for the course. It provides foundational knowledge on fire and combustion processes.
The document discusses the basics of fire behavior including:
1) The fire triangle/tetrahedron which depicts the relationship between fuel, heat, and oxygen/chemical chain reaction required for combustion.
2) The different classes of fire (A-K) and their corresponding extinguishing agents.
3) The five types of fires - diffusion, smoldering, spontaneous combustion, self-heating, and premixed flame.
4) The five stages of fire - pre-ignition, ignition, growth, fully developed, and decay.
Fire Prevention and Protection Module 3.pdfGmvViju1
Three key points about fire prevention and protection:
1. Fire requires oxygen, heat, and fuel to burn in a process called combustion. Removing any one of these three elements can extinguish a fire.
2. There are different classes of fires based on the fuel source (e.g. Class A for ordinary combustibles, Class B for flammable liquids). Choosing the proper type of fire extinguisher for the class of fire is important for effectively fighting the fire.
3. Early detection of fires is critical for life safety, as it allows fires to be extinguished easily and results in less property damage. Common detection systems include thermal, photoelectric, radiation, and UV/infrared detectors
This document summarizes key concepts about fire behavior and fire spread. It discusses the three main modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and the four phases of fire development (incipient, emergent smoldering, free-burning, and oxygen-regulated smoldering). Factors that influence fire spread include fuel, slope, aspect, weather, and structural elements that can enhance fire movement. Smoke color indicates the type of material burning, and fire investigation examines burn patterns and damage to determine fire origin and path.
This document defines key terms related to fire chemistry and behavior. It explains that the three necessary elements for a fire are heat, fuel, and an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen from air). Fires start when these elements come together in the proper proportions. Fuels must be in gaseous form to burn, requiring solids and liquids to undergo pyrolysis or vaporization first when heated. Heat is then transferred between objects via conduction, convection or radiation to allow the fire to spread.
Combustion is the rapid chemical combination of a substance with oxygen, producing heat and light. Heating value or calorific value refers to the amount of heat released during combustion of a fuel. There are two types - gross calorific value includes the heat of vaporization of water, while net calorific value does not. Combustion efficiency is a measure of how well a fuel is utilized during combustion, calculated based on heat produced versus potential heat of the fuel. Factors like excess air, flue gas temperature, fuel specifications and ambient temperature can impact combustion efficiency.
Fire safety and prevention systems aim to control or extinguish fires. There are two main types - active fire protection which requires systems to respond like sprinklers, and passive fire protection which uses fire-resistant materials. Fires start when a fuel, heat and oxygen combine. They can spread through radiation, convection or conduction. Controlling fires involves removing one of these elements like the fuel or oxygen. Buildings use detection systems to locate fires and suppression systems like sprinklers to douse flames automatically. Passive measures include fire-rated walls and doors to contain blazes. Together, these active and passive systems work to prevent fires from starting and slowing their spread if one occurs.
The document is a lesson plan about combustion and flames for an 8th grade science class. It includes objectives, an introduction to combustion, the three main types of combustion (rapid, spontaneous, explosion), ignition temperature, combustible and non-combustible substances, the conditions needed for combustion, how to control fires, and the structure and properties of flames. It also discusses fuels, fuel efficiency, and the harmful products from burning fuels that can cause pollution and global warming.
This 1-hour presentation discusses the differences and similarities between solids and gases as they move to equilibrium through the combustion process.
1. The document discusses the chemistry of combustion, defining combustion as a chemical chain reaction that takes place when a substance burns and reacts with oxygen.
2. It explains the fire tetrahedron - the four components (fuel, oxygen, heat, and chemical chain reaction) necessary for fire.
3. The document provides details on the different types of fuels, states of matter, and how temperature affects combustion. It describes the roles of oxygen, heat sources, and ignition sources in fires.
Combustion or burning is the exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel and oxidant that produces heat and converts chemical species. It involves the oxidation of organic compounds or hydrocarbons and the products are compounds of each element in the fuel combined with the oxidizing element, such as oxygen. A flame is the visible, gaseous part of a fire caused by a highly exothermic reaction taking place in a thin zone, and some flames can be considered plasma if hot enough to be ionized. Fuels store potential energy that can be released as heat through combustion or other oxidation reactions.
The document discusses the fundamentals of fire, including the elements and tetrahedron of fire. It defines fire as a chemical reaction between a fuel, oxygen, and an ignition source that produces heat and light. The three main elements of fire are fuel, oxygen, and heat. For a fire to be self-sustaining, it must produce enough energy through a chain reaction to trigger further combustion. Heat can be transmitted through conduction, convection, or radiation. There are various ignition sources like electricity, smoking, hot surfaces, sparks, and chemical reactions. Fires are classified based on the type of fuel involved, such as solids, liquids, gases, or metals.
Thermodynamics concepts like heat transfer, phase changes, and water activity help explain important food processing techniques. The three laws of thermodynamics state that (1) energy is conserved, (2) entropy increases over time, and (3) no process is 100% efficient. Refrigeration uses phase changes - compressing and expanding gases to lower temperatures for cooling. Water activity measures the chemical potential of water in solutions and gases in contact, helping understand phenomena like dissolving, boiling, and humidity. Thermodynamics provides insights into limits and equilibrium states in many food processing applications.
This document provides an introduction and overview of liquefied gas tankers, including mandatory training requirements. It covers the history and development of liquefied gas shipping, different types of gases and their hazards. Terminology commonly used on gas tankers is defined, such as boiling point, evaporation, and vaporization. Gas laws and heat-related concepts are also explained, such as latent heat and saturated vapor pressure. Safety procedures, cargo handling equipment, and ship layouts are reviewed at a basic level.
The document discusses the gas laws and properties of gases. It begins by describing the composition of Earth's atmosphere, which is primarily nitrogen and oxygen. It then discusses that gases have mass and low densities compared to liquids and solids. The document outlines four variables that describe gases - pressure, volume, temperature, and amount. It explains concepts such as gas compressibility, units of measurement for gases, and the kinetic molecular theory which describes gas particles as being in constant random motion.
This report is detailed study of the research conducted in Kirori Mal College. The basic objective of this report is to get a tough insight in the use of research techniques. Geography, being a field science, a geographical enquiry always need to been supplemented through well planned Research. Research is an essential component of geographic enquire. It is a basic procedure to understand the earth as a home of humankind. Disaster management is an inseparable part of the discipline especially which deals with the study of natural phenomena. This research focuses upon the FIRE safety plan of the institution. It is carried out through observation, sketching, measurement, interviews, etc. The Research facilitate the collection of local level information that is not available through secondary sources.
In this report, various methodologies have been employed such as my, measurement and interviewing, photographing, examining, the collection and gathering of information at different corners of the institution and later, tabulating and computing them is an important part of the field work.
Furthermore, the research report has been prepared in concise form alongside with maps and diagrams for giving visual impressions. Moreover, it contains all the details of the procedures followed, methods, tools and techniques employed.
Occupational Safety and Health Adminitration(OSHA).PPT.pptxSiddaramSG1
Usha is a leader in Fast Moving Consumer Durables including products like Fans, Sewing Machines, Home Appliances, and Power Products. It is a manufacturing, sales, and marketing organization with a pan-India footprint.
1. The document discusses scientific methodology and fire behavior concepts important for fire investigators to understand, including the fire tetrahedron model, heat transfer mechanisms, and compartment fire dynamics.
2. Key aspects of fire behavior covered include the fire triangle, self-sustained chain reactions of combustion, thermal layering in fires, and fire development stages like flashover.
3. Understanding fundamentals of chemistry, physics, and the scientific method helps fire investigators conduct effective investigations based on proven principles rather than speculation.
Similar to III STUDY GUIDEChemistry and Physics of Fire and FireProtecti.docx (20)
Part 1.....InstructionsSelect one of the age groups disc.docxMARRY7
Part 1.....
Instructions
Select one of the age groups discussed in this unit (adolescent, adult, or elderly). Create a community health strategy for dealing with intentional and unintentional injuries (motor vehicle accidents, suicide, or violence).Your response should include information on the morbidity and mortality rates and the key factors associated with the injuries.Your APA-Style essay must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages). All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Part 2....... Need To Be 1 Paragraph Long
According to the Centers for Medicare Services (CMS), the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to give U.S. citizens improved flexibility and control, allowing them to make more informed decisions about their own health plans and healthcare providers.
Now that the ACA has been in place for several years, do you feel that in fact happened? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the ACA today.
.
Part 1 – Add to Website PlanList at least three .docxMARRY7
Part 1 – Add to Website Plan
List
at least three interactive features that could be added to your
site and what purpose each would serve for your site and its visitors.
The form created in Part Two of this assignment can be included as
one of the interactive features.
Part 2 – Refine and finalize your website
Refine
and finalize your website by doing the following:
•
Add a simple web form—such as an order form, a subscription
to a newsletter, or a request for contact.
•
Use division or a table to structure the form elements.
•
Apply JavaScript
®
to validate the form.
•
Finalize a navigation system.
•
Use metadata to increase accessibility and search engine
optimization.
15
WEB/240 Version 1
8
•
Test for functionality and usability.
As in the prior assignment, use only Adobe
®
Dreamweaver
®
or
another HTML editor to refine the homepage developed in Week
Three.
Check
your HTML code using the Markup Validation Service on the
W3C
®
website, (www.w3.org) prior to submitting your web page(s).
A link to this site may be found in the Materials tab on your student
website.
Submit
all website files in a compressed folder.
.
Part 1 True or False Questions. (10 questions at 1 point each).docxMARRY7
Part 1: True or False Questions.
(10 questions at 1 point each)
T
F
A hash algorithm uses a one-way cryptographic function, whereas both secret-key and public-key systems use two-way (i.e., reversible) cryptographic functions.
Answer: _____
T
F
The strongest 3DES (Triple DES) requires the use of three independent keys.
Answer: _____
T
F
When it comes to the ethics of a particular situation, there is only one right answer.
Answer: _____
T
F
Packet filters protect networks by blocking packets based on the packets’ contents.
Answer: _____
T
F
The biggest advantage of
public-key
cryptography over
secret-key
cryptography is in the area of key management/key distribution.
Answer: _____
T
F
In terms of privacy laws, companies have no advantage over the government in terms of the types of data that a company can collect.
Answer: _____
T
F
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) provide no protection from internal threats.
Answer: _____
T
F
A Denial-of-Service attack does not require the attacker to penetrate the target's security defenses.
Answer: _____
T
F
AES uses the Rijndael algorithm.
Answer: _____
T
F
A one-time pad is a safe house used only once by an undercover agent.
Answer: _____
Part 2: Multiple Choice Questions. Print
all
the correct answers in the blank following the question; in some cases a fully correct answer may require more than one lettered choice to be selected. (
Each question is worth 2 points.
There is no guarantee of partial credit for partially correct answers.)
If person A uses AES to transmit an encrypted message to person B, which key or keys will A have to use:
a.
A’s private key
b.
A’s public key
c.
B’s private key
d.
B’s public key
e.
None of the keys listed above
Answer(s): ____
From the perspective of
entropy
:
Plaintext will have a higher entropy than the ciphertext
The unequal frequency of characters in human languages tends to reduce the entropy of plaintext messages in that language
Encrypted messages appear to be noise-like
Plaintext requires more transmission bandwidth than ciphertext
None of the above
Answer(s): _____
Protection of a software program that uses a unique, novel algorithm could be legally protected by:
a.
A patent
b.
A copyright
c.
A patent and copyright
d.
Ethical standards
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Security
threats
include which of the following:
a.
Unlocked doors
b.
Disgruntled employees
c.
Hurricanes
d.
Un-patched software programs
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Denial of service attacks include:
a.
DNS poisoning
b.
Smurf attack
c.
Ping of death
d.
SYN flood
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Part 3: Short Answer Questions.
(10 questions at 5 points each)
Alan and Beatrice are both users of PKI. Explain how they use their keys to communicate when Alan sends a private message to Beatrice, and provides proof that he sent the message.
Answer:
Briefly describe the purpose of firewalls and how .
Part 11. Why is it so important in system engineering to become .docxMARRY7
Part 1
1. Why is it so important in system engineering to become familiar with some of the analytical methods?
2. Identify and describe some of the technologies that are being applied in the design process. Provide some examples of typical applications, and describe some of the benefits associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process.
3. How does CAM and CAS relate to system engineering? Describe some possible impacts.
4. How is design review and evaluation accomplished? Why is it important relative to meeting system engineering objectives? Describe some of the checks and balances in the design process.
5. What is included in the establishment of a "functional” baseline, Allocated baseline, and Product baseline? Why is baseline management important?
6. What is configuration management (CM) and how does it relate to system engineering? Define Configuration Identification (CI) and Configuration Status Accounting (CSA).
Part 2
Select a system of your choice, and construct a sequential flow diagram of the overall system development process. Identify the major tasks in system development, and develop a plan/schedule of formal design review. Briefly describe what is covered in each.
Part 3
Discuss some of the problems associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process. Provide examples. What cautions must be observed?
.
Part 1 Using the internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Using the internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What classification systems and descriptions are used and how can these be used to compare the features and components of each IDPS? Create a comparison spreadsheet identifying the classification systems you find.
Part 2: What are some of the legal and ethical issues surrounding the use of intrusion detection systems logs and other technology tools as evidence in criminal and legal matters?
Part 3: Write a 2 - 3 page APA style paper summarizing the background, description, and purpose of NIST Special Publication 800-94,
Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems
. The last section of your paper should be titled "Author Reflection" and should reflect your critique of the publication examined. You are not expected to read the entire guide, you should be mainly concerned with section two of the report, titled "Intrusion Detection and Prevention Principles" and section three of the report, titled "IDPS Technologies."
Part 4:
Why is it so important in system engineering to become familiar with some of the analytical methods?
Identify and describe some of the technologies that are being applied in the design process. Provide some examples of typical applications, and describe some of the benefits associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process.
How does CAM and CAS relate to system engineering? Describe some possible impacts.
How is design review and evaluation accomplished? Why is it important relative to meeting system engineering objectives? Describe some of the checks and balances in the design process.
What is included in the establishment of a "functional” baseline, Allocated baseline, and Product baseline? Why is baseline management important?
What is configuration management (CM) and how does it relate to system engineering? Define Configuration Identification (CI) and Configuration Status Accounting (CSA).
Part 5: Select a system of your choice, and construct a sequential flow diagram of the overall system development process. Identify the major tasks in system development, and develop a plan/schedule of formal design review. Briefly describe what is covered in each.
Part 6:
Discuss some of the problems associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process. Provide examples. What cautions must be observed?
.
Part 1- Create an outline of the assignment below thenPart 2-1000 .docxMARRY7
Part 1- Create an outline of the assignment below then
Part 2-1000 word assignment
Your fast-food franchise has been cleared for business in all 4 countries (United Arab Emirates, Israel, Mexico, and China). You now have to start construction on your restaurants. The financing is coming from the United Arab Emirates, the materials are coming from Mexico and China, the engineering and technology are coming from Israel , and the labor will be hired locally within these countries by your management team from the United States. You invite all of the players to the headquarters in the United States for a big meeting to explain the project and get to know one another. The people seem to be staying with their own groups and not mingling.
What is the cultural phenomenon at play here (what is it called/ term)?
How do you explain the lack of intercultural communication and interaction?
What do you know about these cultures—specifically their economic, political, educational, and social systems—that could help you in getting them together?
What are some of the contrasting cultural values of these countries?
You are concerned about some of the language barriers as you start the meeting, particularly the fact that the United States is a low-context country, and some of the countries present are high-context countries. Furthermore, you only speak English, and you do not have an interpreter present.
How will this affect the presentation?
What are some of the issues you should be concerned about regarding verbal and nonverbal language for this group?
What strategy would you use to begin to have everyone develop a relationship with each other that will help ease future negotiations, development, and implementation?
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is the difference between criminal la.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is the difference between criminal law and civil law?
What is privacy, in the context of information security?
What is intellectual property? Is it offered the same protection in every country of the world? What laws currently protect it in the U.S. and Europe?
What are the three general categories of unethical and illegal behavior?
Part 2: Module Practice
What does CISSP stand for? Using the Internet, find out what continuing education is required in order for the holder of a CISSP to remain current and in good standing.
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is the difference between authenticat.docxMARRY7
The document contains two parts. Part 1 lists review questions about authentication vs authorization, network security relationships, network vs host intrusion detection systems, and VPNs. Part 2 instructs the reader to create a spreadsheet that encrypts values using a transposition cipher, then further encrypts the results using a substitution cipher.
Part 1 SQLDatabase workScenarioDevelopment of a relationa.docxMARRY7
Part 1: SQL/Database work
Scenario
Development of a relational database system for a food producing company
FoodRU is a Leicester-based food producing company. The company wants to keep details regarding both past and present employees and their assignment to shifts over time. At present, there are three defined shift patterns; the morning shift starts at 6am and finishes at 2pm, the day shift starts at 9am and finishes at 5pm, and the evening shift starts at 4pm and finishes at 12am (midnight). However, management have already indicated that they may need to add further shift patterns in the future (e.g., by adding a night shift to the existing ones so that the company can meet a high user demand for their foods). They therefore require shift details to be stored within a separate Shift table, with attributes that allow the storage of a shift name with its associated start and finish times (use the 24 hour clock for these times).
Past and present employee details are to be kept in the same Employee table, and the details to be kept are the employee’s unique 6 digit reference number, the first name, surname and any other names (if there are any) of the employee, the employee’s gender, contact address and contact telephone, the date on which the employee started his/her employment at the company and the date on which the employee finished his/her employment at the company (should s/he be a past employee). Details regarding staff assignments to shifts include the date that an employee was allocated to work a particular shift, and the date that s/he was taken off the shift (if not still assigned to it). Employees can be assigned to different shifts over time and even to the same shift over different time periods, although they cannot be assigned to more than one shift at any one time. A new employee may not yet be assigned to a shift.
Tasks:
1. Provide the table specifications for the THREE tables that are required by FoodRU to store employee, shift and assignment details. That is, for each of the three tables, you should provide, in a suitable presentation format, the name of the table and a specification of each its attributes to include:
• Attribute name
• Attribute brief description as to its meaning
• a description of the attribute’s data type/integrity (e.g., date field, character field of length 20, number field <= 10, etc. – you can use the Oracle data types within these descriptions if you want to)
• An indication as to whether the attribute is a primary key attribute and/or foreign key attribute
• An indication as to whether the attribute can or cannot take null values
Make sure your design specifies the appropriate links between the three tables. Remember to write down any additional integrity you need to enforce either at a specific table level or across two or more tables, if this is required. Also, remember to write down any justifications for the data types/integrity or for any other design features that.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat functions constitute a complete infor.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What functions constitute a complete information security program?
What is the typical size of the security staff in a small organization? A medium-sized organization? A large organization? A very large organization?
Where can an organization place the information security unit? Where should (and shouldn’t) it be placed?
Into what four areas should the information security functions be divided?
Part 2: Module Practice
Design three security posters on various aspects of information security using a graphics presentation program and clip art. Describe the methods you used to develop your design.
.
Part 1A persons lifestyle has a significant influence on the p.docxMARRY7
Part 1:
A person's lifestyle has a significant influence on the person's health and development as he or she moves into middle age (and old age). Stability and change are also common factors in an adult's life.
Describe how middle adulthood provides stability in a person's life. Explain some of the factors that would lead to stability in a person's life as he or she moves through middle age.
Describe some of the more common lifestyle issues that have a negative impact on a person's continued development. Explain how a person may be able to reverse some of the lifestyle influences.
On the basis of your readings, describe what is meant by a midlife crisis. Explain why a midlife crisis may or may not be critical.
Part 2:
Erikson, Gould, Helson, and Levinson provide different perspectives on middle age in adulthood.
Describe each of these theories as it relates to middle adulthood.
On the basis of your readings, compare and contrast these theories. Which one gives a better explanation of middle adulthood?
Justify your answers with appropriate reasoning and research from your text and course readings. Comment on the postings of at least two peers, and provide an analysis of each peer’s postings while also suggesting specific additions or clarifications for improving the discussion question response.
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is the definition of information secu.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is the definition of information security? What essential protections must be in place to protect information systems from danger?
Define the InfoSec processes of identification, authentication, authorization, and accountability.
Define project management. Why is project management of particular interest in the field of information security?
What are the five basic outcomes that should be achieved through information security governance?
What is a threat in the context of information security? How many categories of threats exist as presented in this chapter?
Part 2: Module Practice
Find an article that talks about relative risk either from inside the organization or form external sources. Once you locate and read it, compose a 1-2 page paper that summarizes your findings and critique the article. Use a word processor to complete your assignment and submit it as a .docx or .doc document.
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is a security modelWhat are the es.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is a security model?
What are the essential processes of access control?
Identify at least two different approaches used to categorize access control methodologies. List the types of controls found in each.
What is COBIT? Who is its sponsor? What does it accomplish?
What is the standard of due care? How does it relate to due diligence?
What is baselining? How does it differ from benchmarking?
Part 2: Module Practice
Make a list of at least ten information security metrics that could be collected for a small internet commerce company with 10 employees. For this senario, the company uses an outside vendor for packaging and distribution. Whom should the metrics be reported?
.
Part 1 Listed below are several key Supreme Court decisions that .docxMARRY7
Part 1:
Listed below are several key Supreme Court decisions that resulted in a clarification of inmate rights.
Choose any one
of the cases listed below. Summarize the facts of the case, the issue that needed to be resolved, the court’s decision, and the reasoning behind the decision.
Helling v. McKinney
(1993)
Washington v. Harper
(1990)
Hudson v. Palmer
(1984)
Bell v. Wolfish
(1979)
Bounds v. Smith
(1977)
Estelle v. Gamble
(1976)
Wolff v. McDonnell
(1974)
.
Part 1 Infrastructure DesignCreate an 8–10-page infrastructur.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Infrastructure Design
Create an 8–10-page infrastructure design document in which you:
Identify the major hardware and software components of your hypothetical e-commerce company's information systems infrastructure.
Design your e-commerce company's hardware (database and proxy servers, network equipment) and software (analytics, big data, API, content management) from a size, scale, type, and interoperability standards perspective.
Document the potential security vulnerabilities and a security design for your e-commerce company.
Use graphical tools to create a data flow diagram (DFD) for your e-commerce company.
Use sources to support your writing.
Choose sources that are credible, relevant, and appropriate.
Cite each source listed on your source page at least one time within your assignment.
Part 2: Updated Gantt Chart
Use Microsoft Project to update the previously created Gantt chart with the major and minor tasks identified in the infrastructure design document.
.
part 1 I attended an international conference on Biotechnology and .docxMARRY7
part 1: I attended an international conference on Biotechnology and one of the sessions I went to was on the subject of bio-engineering a "death gene" that could be introduced into the mosquito population and destroy every mosquito on earth. The discussion that ensued was about the ethics of such a thing. I want you to tell how you feel about introducing such a gene. Look up something about this. Your reference does not have to be about this particular gene, but can be about anything that relates to the discussion. Remember to cite your reference, and write at least 150 words
part 2:
Respond to another student
respond to this
I think that with regulation of the mosquito communities would be a good thing. Mosquitos carry many dangerous diseases and if we can lower the population we can slow the rate of transmission of these diseases. This could save many many lives around the world. I would be hesitant though to release the genetically engineered mosquitos into the environment. In the article I read they releases sterile male mosquitos into the environment. This I feel is a safer way to regulate because we are not altering any genes we are just regulating a naturally occurring issue in nature. Sterile males cannot pass on the genes and also male mosquitos are not the ones who would be likely to pass on the diseases. The article stated that only females bite and therefore males would not be capable of spreading the diseases. With sterile males being released there will be less mosquitos due to lack of repopulation. This will still allow organisms relying on mosquitos for food to still be able to survive with less risk to humans. They are an invasive species so it would help to eliminate the spread of mosquitos to different areas. This will keep the spread of disease throughout areas. I do not think it is right to alter the genes for human use though. It is not how nature had intended. If the gene pops up naturally in the population then it should not be taken out but we should not introduce it due to humans "playing God" with genetics. "Mosquitoes Engineered To Kill Their Own Kind." NPR. NPR, n.d. Web. 22 July 2014. .
.
Part 1 Chapter 7 Summary plus end of chapter discussion of Alfred.docxMARRY7
Part 1:
Chapter 7 Summary plus end of chapter discussion of Alfred Marshall, should be 100-250 words
Part 2: The discussion on the first 7 pages is a satire on the economists (known as the neoclassical economists).
List 4 passages that can be considered satire.
(You need not write the entire passage.
Simply show clearly where the passage begins and ends.)
.
Parent Involvement Plan This week you will create a Parent Involve.docxMARRY7
Parent Involvement Plan
This week you will create a Parent Involvement Plan in response to the following scenario:
Imagine you are working with infant, toddler and preschool aged children in a child care center. The majority of the children has special needs and receives early intervention or are on an IEP. Many of the children’s parents work two jobs and have a difficult time participating in the center's activities. Whenever the center plans an event, the parental involvement is lower than desired. The center has tried to increase parental involvement through such methods as calling to remind parents and sending home notices, but is not having any luck.
Your assignment is to create a Parental Involvement Plan to encourage better participation from parents. Follow these steps to develop your plan:
Step 1:
Identify the issue, discuss your beliefs about the situation, and formulate conclusions and offer suggestions to the director of the child care center.
Step 2:
Create a Parent Involvement Plan that your director can copy and paste into the employee and parent handbook. Your plan should include:
The importance of early intervention and individual educational plans
Ways to assist students and their families
The importance of parent involvement
Please use the template provided and your rubric as your guide to completing this assignment.
.
Parenting Practices Over GenerationsGeneration 1 Years children.docxMARRY7
Parenting Practices Over Generations
Generation 1: Years children were raised (19XX-XXXX)
Generation 2: Years
Generation 3: Years
Parenting Practice 1: Education
Parenting Practice 2:
Parenting Practice 3:
Parenting Practice 4:
.
ParamsThe interface must be pleasing to look at (a basic form wit.docxMARRY7
Params:
The interface must be pleasing to look at (a basic form with the four fields listed below, a playlist queue (checked listbox) and media player will suffice).
There must be a separate file that will contain information about each soundtrack in your system. That information will be:
Title;
Artist;
Note area;
Type; and
Anything else that you wish to include on each record.
There must be a way to add data to this file.
There must be a way to delete data from this file.
There must be at least one report using data from the file.
There must be a queue to allow you to play selected music tracks in sequence (like two in a row) without manual intervention.
There must be a way to show the data in at least two different sequences (by title, by artist, etc.).
There must be documentation explaining how your Jukebox works (how you add songs, play songs, etc.).
Currently there is a Text file that contains the information about the wav files to be played, several wav files that the text file references. I have also made an access database from the text file.
.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
III STUDY GUIDEChemistry and Physics of Fire and FireProtecti.docx
1. III STUDY GUIDE
Chemistry and Physics of Fire and Fire
Protection Systems and Equipment
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 4:
Chemistry and Physics of
Fire
Chapter 12:
Fire Protection Systems and Equipment
Additional Required
Reading
See information below.
Supplemental
Reading
See information below.
Key Terms
1. Ambient temperature
2. Bonnet
3. Fire department connection
4. Free radicals
5. Halogenated agents
6. Latent heat of vaporization
2. 7. Miscible
8. Molecule
9. Nonmiscible
10. Open screw and yoke valve (OS&Y)
11. Oxidation
12. Oxidizer
13. Polar solvents
14. Post indicator valve
(PI)
15. Pyrolysis
16. Retard chamber
17. Thrust block
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Describe the differences between fire triangle and fire
tetrahedron.
2. Illustrate the comparison between chemistry of fire and
physics of fire.
3. Differentiate the principles of flame spread of solid, liquid,
and gas/vapor fuels.
4. Describe classes of fire, stages of fire, and heat transfer
during a fire.
3. 5. Differentiate public and private water supply systems.
6. Illustrate the design and components of a water supply
system.
7. Describe various extinguishing agents.
8. Illustrate the design and components of various types of
extinguishing systems.
Written Lecture
Introduction
In this unit we will explore the world of the chemistry and
physics of fire found in Chapter 4. We will also explore Chapter
12 where we will consider fire protection systems and the
equipment associated with fire protection systems.
Chapter 4: Chemistry and Physics of Fire
Definition of fire: Fire is a rapid and self-sustaining oxidation
process that is assisted by the generation of heat and light in
various degrees of intensity. As stated in your textbook, fire is
the process of oxidation and is associated with the term
combustion, which is the chemical chain reaction that releases
both light and heat. For all intents and purposes, fire is both
friend and foe. We use fire for heating, cooking, manufacturing,
and controlling other fire sources.
Fire triangle and fire tetrahedron: Perhaps as a child you were
taught that fire was represented by a triangle with each side
denoting one of the three components required to sustain fire:
air, fuel, and heat. Classically known as the Fire Triangle we
learned that by removing any one of the three components fire
would be extinguished.
4. 1
Over time, the scientific community has added another
dimension called the chemical reaction found during the
combustion process. With the addition of this fourth side we
now have the new symbol of fire called the fire tetrahedron.
Chemistry of fire: Fire needs two basic elements in order to
sustain its existence, and without the two in union, fire cannot
occur. These two elements are oxidizer and fuel.
Oxidizer: An oxidizer is any substance that generates oxygen.
The most common and abundant oxidizer on the planet is the air
we breathe. Normal atmospheric air consists of about 21%
oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and 1% miscellaneous elements. In an
atmosphere having an oxygen concentration greater than 21%,
fire is greatly intensified. Conversely, in oxygen depleted
atmospheres combustion will decrease and fire will die out.
Fuel: In its simplest form, a fuel is anything that will burn. Two
of the most common elements found in fuels are carbon and
hydrogen. From wood to gasoline to flammable metals, our
planet is abundant in hydrocarbons.
Physics of fire:
Fuel: Fuels are found in one of three states: solid, liquid, and
gas. In order for a fuel to maintain combustion, the fuel must
transition to a vapor or gaseous state. As the ambient
temperature of a given fuel increases, the molecular structure of
the fuel begins to convert from a solid or liquid state to a vapor
state, thereby igniting and maintaining combustion. The process
of decomposition of a fuel is called pyrolysis.
Solid fuels: Four factors influence the rate at which solid fuels
pyrolize: mass, arrangement, continuity, and moisture content.
Mass relates to the physical size of the fuel. The smaller the
5. mass, the greater the surface area requiring less heat needed to
sustain pyrolysis. The larger the mass, the lower the surface
area, and therefore a greater amount of heat will be required.
Arrangement
2
considers the spacing of the fuel particles regardless of size
(mass). A stack of tightly packed lumber will burn much slower
than the wood framing of an
exposed unfinished structure. Continuity relates to the physical
positioning of the fuel: vertical, horizontal, or both. Consider
the speed of a wildland fire where the horizontal fuel of grass
burns upward towards the vertical fuels; trees and brush.
Moisture content affects the ease of ignition and sustaining of
combustion. Dry fuels will ignite and burn with greater speed
and intensity than damp or wet fuels.
Flame spread: As a given fuel converts from its original state to
a vapor and sustains pyrolysis, flames will spread across the
surface, heating, vaporizing, and igniting additional fuel.
Scientists study the effects of flame spread using a procedure
known as the Steiner Tunnel (ASTM E-84), which is conducting
in a controlled environment to better understand and measure
flame spread for any given fuel. The test results are given a
numeric value that relates to three measured characteristics:
flame spread, temperature, and smoke density. To illustrate
value ratings, consider that asbestos-cement board is rated at 0
while red oak flooring is rated at 100.
Liquid fuels: All liquid fuels have common properties that
firefighters should become familiar with: specific gravity
(liquid), volatility, vapor pressure, boiling point, vapor density,
flash point, and miscibility.
6. Specific gravity (SG) is the weight of a specific volume of a
liquid as compared to an equal volume of water. The SG value
of water is always 1.0, and liquids having a SG of less than 1.0
will float on water, while those having a SG greater than 1.0
will sink. Gasoline as a SG less than 1.0 and will therefore float
on top
of water.
Volatility refers to the ease with which a liquid fuel will
generate vapors at ambient temperature. Generally, as the
ambient temperature increases, so too does the volatility.
Vapor pressure (VP) is common to all liquids and relates to the
pressure exerted against the side walls of a container as the
liquid vaporizes.
Boiling point (BP) refers to the vapor pressure being equal to
atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi at sea level) at the surface of the
liquid, at which point the molecules of the liquid have sufficient
energy to actively leave the surface of the liquid. The BP varies
from liquid to liquid and can be found in Table 4-1 in your
textbook.
Vapor density (VD) is the relative density of a vapor or gas in
comparison to air, similar to SG. The VD of air is always 1.0,
and like the SG concept, a VD greater than 1.0 causes the
vapor/gas to sink, whereas a VD less than 1.0 permits the
vapor/gas to rise. Propane is heavier than air and sinks to the
lowest point of resistance, whereas natural gas is lighter and
rises.
Flash point (FP) refers to the lowest temperature at which a
given liquid will generate vapors sufficient to support ignition
in air; however not sustain burning. In essence the vapors will
7. “flash” then stop burning. If however, the temperature of the
liquid has reached its boiling point and maintains vaporization,
the vapors will continue to burn.
Miscibility is the ability of one substance to mix with water.
Most all flammable liquids do not mix well with water, making
them difficult to extinguish using only water. An example of a
flammable liquid that has great miscibility with water is
alcohol.
3
Classification of gases: Gases are classed into two distinct
groups: flammable and nonflammable. Nonflammable gases
include oxygen, helium, and nitrogen, as these gases do not
support combustion. Flammable gases include hydrogen,
propane, and acetylene, all of which do in fact support
combustion. Great care and caution must be considered when
handling or approaching compressed gases in cylinders, as
cylinders under extreme heat conditions are subject to sudden
unpredictable catastrophic explosion.
Heat and temperature: Heat is generated by a number of
sources: chemical, mechanical, electrical, and nuclear. Heat
provides the basis of temperature where as a substance absorbs
the energy of heat, the temperature of the substance rises. Heat
is measured in two forms: British thermal unit (BTU) and
calorie. BTU refers to the amount of energy required to raise
the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
On the other hand, calorie refers to the amount of heat required
to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius. Suffice to say
that as heat is applied to a given fuel, the temperature of the
fuel rises causing the fuel to decompose and vaporize
supporting ignition and sustained combustion.
8. Heat transfer: In order for a fuel to begin the process of
pyrolysis, heat must be transferred or applied to the surface of
the fuel. Heat is transferable by one of three means: conduction,
convection, and radiation.
Conduction: Heat is transferred through a medium (substance)
without visible motion of transfer; such as placing a pan on a
stove burner, soon the pan becomes hot, yet without visible
signs of the conduction of heat from the burner flame to the
pan’s surface.
Convection: Heat is transferred by means of a circulating
medium such as air which is one of the most common means of
convecting heat; heat generated by a wood burning stove is
convected in air to warm a given space.
Radiation: Heat is transferred by means of waves of heat energy
from its source to nearby objects or substances; radiated heat
will pass through air very easily while a spray of water will
slow its progression.
Classification of fires: Fires are classified into five distinct
groups: Class A – ordinary combustibles, Class B – flammable
liquids, Class C – electrical equipment, Class D – combustible
metals, and Class K – combustible cooking. This classification
system is applied to corresponding extinguishing agents.
Portable fire extinguishers are classified according to the same
system and must be labeled according to the type of
extinguishing agent.
Stages of fire: Formerly fire was categorized in three phases:
incipient, free burning, and smoldering. Modern scientific
research has outmoded the former, evolving into the present day
concept of four stages: ignition, growth, fully developed, and
decay.
9. Ignition stage: This is the point at which the temperature of a
substance (solid, liquid, or gas) has reached the point of burning
without additional support of a heat source. As a substance
ignites and burns, it continues to pyrolize and combustion is
self-supported.
Growth stage: This is the period during which fire releases
sufficient heat to surrounding substances, raising the
temperature of additional substances creating another source of
ignition and combustion. This continues until removal of one of
the four components of the fire tetrahedron. It is during the
growth
4
stage that combustibles continue to feed on one another and
flame spread is imminent, provided that sufficient air is
introduced. Also during this stage, any and all objects, such as
furniture, absorb heat which increases the flash point while
consuming all available air. If the air supply is depleted, flame
spread may be terminated. However, caution must be given as
all objects may have reached their ignition temperatures and the
slightest introduction of air will create a sudden and explosive
ignition of combustibles known as flashover.
Fully developed stage: At this point all available fuel sources
within the reach of fire are burning, and the process of pyrolysis
continues without check until an extinguishing agent is applied.
In the case of a compartment fire, such as a single room within
a structure, the fire may be contained, providing no outlet for
escaping flame is provided. In the case of a wildland fire, fire
spreads from area to area until extinguished.
Decay stage: This is the point at which the fire has consumed
all available fuels or air and begins a natural end to itself.
10. Applying an extinguishing agent begins the decay process. Fires
not extinguished manually will continue to burn and decay until
the last bit of fuel has been consumed.
Chapter 12: Fire Protection Systems and Equipment
Water is the number one extinguishing agent world-wide
Typically, water is in abundant supply and readily available in
almost every corner of the earth. Water is the life-blood of
existence for all species on the planet. All forms of life need
water in order to survive. As humans, we utilize water for
drinking, cooking, bathing, and growing food supplies. Since
the beginning of time, humans have used water as a means of
extinguishing fire; a practice that continues.
Mechanical water purification is a common practice in most all
industrialized countries, and natural purification methods are
common world-wide. Water treatment companies can be found
in two forms in the U.S.: public and private. The former is a
subdivision of a governmental body such as a city, county, or
state government, and is the most commonly found type. The
latter is more specific to industrial or commercial entities such
as large manufacturers.
Water supply systems: Whether public or private, all water
systems begin with a source of raw water (i.e., lake, river,
stream, pond, or collection basins). Many public water systems
store raw water in reservoirs that have been man-made. From
these sources the water is typically processed or treated using a
variety of purification methods then stored in suitable
containers or pumped directly into a network of pipes to supply
recipients.
Water supply sources are subject to the impact of natural
disasters, and as such, must be continually monitored by
engineers for structure integrity. At the treatment plant,
technicians ensure that raw water is properly processed into
11. potable (drinkable) water. Water purification standards are set
by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the federal
government. Known as
the Clean Water Act of 1972, strict standards have been
established that all water companies must abide by.
Distribution systems: In a typical community with a public
water supply
system, water is pumped into a network of underground pipes
from the treatment plant or storage tanks to residential,
commercial, and industrial customers. The larger pipes of the
system are known as primary feeders, having diameters of
generally greater than 16 inches. Water then flows from primary
feeders into secondary feeders having a slightly small diameter
of 8, 12, or 16 inches.
5
From the secondary feeders, water is delivered to individual
customers by pipes having a variety of diameters. Typically a
residential feeder line is one to two inches in diameter, whereas
commercial and industrial feeder lines might be up to six inches
in diameter. Pipe diameter is generally set by ordinance or
regulations established by the water supply district or company.
As a general rule, a water supply system having hydrants should
have a minimum pipe diameter of six inches. Since most fire
hydrant barrels have six inch diameters, any pipe size less than
six inches would be insufficient to meet the fire flow demand of
a community.
Firefighting protection – hydrants: The tell-tale sign of any
community that has a public water supply system is the
12. recognizable fire hydrant. Hydrants can be found in a wide
range of sizes, types, and colors, and are generally either wet or
dry. The hydrant is the mainstay water source for fighting fires.
As previously mentioned, most fire hydrants have a six-inch
barrel and as such, need an equal or greater supply feeder.
The type of hydrant, wet or dry, in use in a given community is
dependent upon the annual climate. In geographical regions that
experience freezing
winter weather, dry barrel hydrants are most likely to be found,
while in the warmer climates wet barrel will be the hydrant of
choice. Their name implies their basic design: dry barrel
hydrants are dry until a valve is opened beneath the frost line
and water flows from the supply feeder into the barrel of the
hydrant; wet barrel hydrants are continually filled with water
and each port (opening) of the hydrant has an individual valve
for flowing water.
In communities not having a public or private water distribution
system it is likely that such a community will have a system of
dry hydrant suction collection basins. These structures are mini-
water reservoirs situated along the streets providing a basin
where rainwater collects and is stored for use during a fire
fight. These types of hydrants require drafting in order to obtain
water.
6
Water systems program:
The basic fundamental element of any municipal fire department
is the ability to extinguish fires by making use of its available
resources. The first of which is water. Having a system of fire
hydrants supplied continually and adequately reduces the risk of
conflagration and reduces the municipality’s insurance risk
13. rating. Having an ordinance or regulation requiring fire
sprinklers in all residential, commercial, industrial, educational,
and high-life hazards occupancies, i.e. hospitals and nursing
homes, is a benefit all municipal fire departments should
research and give serious consideration.
While many states have adopted national recommendations and
standards for the requirement of residential fire sprinkler
systems, the debate over cost continues to hamper installation.
It can be stated emphatically that fire sprinklers save lives.
However, having a distribution system for water supply and
sufficient water hydrants in working condition can be the best
first step in a water system program.
Hydrants typically require minimal maintenance over their life,
though all hydrants should be checked annually to ensure that
proper water flow meets the fire flow demand of a given area of
the community. Flow testing should be done annually and the
results recorded properly. Hydrant caps should be removed,
checked for cracks, interior of hydrant examined, and thread
greased for quick and easy removal when needed.
Hydrants should be painted using the recommended NFPA color
coding system. Hydrants found to be inadequate to meet fire
flows should be either replaced or marked as non-functional or
out-of-service.
Detection devices: One of the most basic of early detection
devices on the market today is the smoke detector, often called
the smoke alarm. Here again the motto across the nation is
“Smoke Alarms Save Lives,” yet many homes are without these
relatively inexpensive devices. Smoke detectors at their
simplest form are battery powered and hung individually in
specific locations in the residential dwelling. Other smoke
detector systems are interconnected (hard wired) using a
common wiring scheme to connect each detector to the next so
14. that as one detector is activated all others on the system will
sound an alarm.
7
More elaborate systems will have the means to transmit an
alarm of fire to the local fire department either directly or by
way of a third party service company. It is prudent of all
firefighting personnel to know all local, state, and federal
regulations applicable to the installation and requirements of
smoke and/or fire detection devices for the various occupancies.
Extinguishing agents:
Water: As mentioned previously. Water is the extinguishing
agent of choice in use today. Water can absorb many times its
own weight in BTUs of heat. One gallon of water has the ability
to absorb about 1,280 BTUs of heat and when applied in a fog
(fine droplet spray) pattern, heat energy is absorbed faster using
less water. This is because the surface area of a fog pattern is
far greater than that of the straight or solid water stream.
Foam: This is a combination of water and foam concentration
mixed in specific proportions. Foam is not cost-effective for
conventional firefighting, such as ordinary combustible
construction. Foam is however an excellent agent for fighting
flammable liquid fires, such as gasoline and other petroleum
fires. Foam is placed on top of the burning substance in a
blanket form thereby excluding air and smothering the fire.
Wetting agents: One of the oldest wetting agents is common
household dish detergent. The soap reduces surface tension of
water and permits greater saturation when applied. Often brush
fires are attacked using “wet water” as this method allows water
to permeate the ground spreading water over a greater area
while at the same time reducing the volume of water. Adding
15. common dish detergent to tank water will provide sufficient fire
extinguishment.
Fire retardant: Typically commercial fire retardants are utilized
for fighting wildland fires. All fire retardants are water based.
Often, large volumes of fire retardant are dropped onto wildland
fires using helicopters or fixed wing aircraft. One tell-tale sign
of a fire retardant additive is the classic red or rust color of the
agent being dropped onto the fire.
Carbon dioxide: Commonly referred to as a CO2, carbon
dioxide is a non- flammable inert gas having the ability to
sufficiently smother flame and extinguish fire. CO2
extinguishers are recognizable from others in that the
canister has a wide mouthed cone shaped discharge nozzle.
Carbon dioxide gas is very cold and appears as ice crystals.
Halogenated agents: These agents act to break the chemical
chain reaction as opposed to smothering the fire. There is great
debate and controversy regarding halogen agents. There is
considerable concern as to their effects on the ozone. While
halogenated concentrations used in firefighting are non-
hazardous, SCBA must be worn in their proximity as a by-
product of their use can be harmful to breathing.
Dry chemical: This type of agent is a mixture of finely divided
powers stored in containers having a small diameter discharge
nozzle. The contents are under pressure of an inert gas that
provides force to expel the contents from the container. Dry
chemical agents are used primarily on Class A, B, and C fires.
Dry chemical agents are not effective for deep seated fires as
the powders do not penetrate far below the surface.
Dry powder: This type is similar to dry chemical except that
this agent is used for Class D (combustible metals) fires. This
16. agent can be found in buckets, pails, or hand held extinguishers.
A common form of this agent is simple dry sand that is spread
over the burning metal.
8
Extinguishing Systems
Sprinkler systems: The automatic fire sprinkler system has been
in existence for nearly 150 years. These systems have a proven
record of fire suppression and property conservation in addition
to saving lives. Statistically, fire sprinklers control about 96%
of fires once activated. Automatic fire sprinklers were for many
years found only in commercial or industrial settings. However,
in more recent history, in the United States automatic fire
sprinkler systems are being installed in more and more
residential settings.
The debate surrounding sprinkler systems centers on cost versus
benefit. While the fire service argues benefit outweighs cost,
the construction trades argue that the cost of a residential
sprinkler system is often prohibitive. More and more states are
enacting legislation requiring that all new or multi-unit
residential dwellings must have automatic fire sprinklers
installed. Residential fire sprinkler systems are far less
expensive and complicated than commercial or industrial
systems.
Commercial and industrial sprinkler systems:
Wet pipe system: This type of sprinkler system is always filled
with pressurized water. As a sprinkler head opens, water is
delivered immediately beginning the process of fire suppression
and control. Wet systems are best suited for geographical
regions where freezing temperatures are not an issue. In climate
zones where freezing does occur, there is a demand for heating
the spaces protected by such a system.
17. Dry pipe system: This type of sprinkler system is a bit more
complicated in design as this type is used in regions where
freezing temperatures are likely to occur. This system is the
exact opposite of the wet pipe system, and should this system
become “wet,” immediate attention must be given to drain the
water and protect the pipes from freezing and bursting. When a
sprinkler head is activated on this system, the air within the
pipes will be evacuated as water from the main valve fills the
pipes. There is a time delay in getting water to the seat of the
fire.
Common system components: Whether the system is wet or dry,
each have components in common: from the supply pipe at the
street to the post indicator valve (PI), fire department
connection, main valve, piping grid, sprinkler heads, tamper
devices, and alarm devices.
Standpipe systems: These systems are adjunct appliances
located at various locations within an occupancy and piped
directly from the main water supply, but not as part of the
automatic sprinkler system. Standpipes typically have hand
line hoses attached to their valve, or may be simply a threaded
connection and
valve for fire department use only.
Foam systems: Foam systems can be found in two forms:
stationary or vehicle mounted. This type of system utilizes
firefighting foam concentrate and water in various proportions
using an in-line concentration percentage valve. The finished
foam product is then forced into hose lines and nozzles for
fighting fire.
Carbon dioxide: This type of system is for all intents and
18. purposes a larger version of the hand held portable extinguisher
of the same type. CO2 is stored in large tanks or cylinders that
in turn feed into a distributor and then into the piping system.
9
Fire pumps: This appliance is used to boost the water pressure
of a municipal supply or pump a static supply through the
piping of a sprinkler system. Fire pumps consist of a centrifugal
pump comparable to that of a fire pumper and are powered by
either a gasoline or diesel powered engine or electric motor.
Fire protection engineers often recommend that one of each type
of power sources be installed to ensure adequate fire protection
during power outages.
References
Klinoff, R. (2012). Introduction to fire protection (4th ed.).
Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
Additional Required Reading
Click here to access a PDF of the following reading:
Grosshandler, W., Bryner, N., Mardrzykowski, D., & Kuntz, K.
(2005). Report of the technical investigation of The Station
Nightclub fire. National Institute
of Standards and Technology Act Report, 1(2). Retrieved from
http://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire05/art032.html
Supplemental Reading
EPA: Water http://water.epa.gov/
Click here to access a PDF of “The Current Knowledge &
Training Regarding Backdraft, Flashover, And Other Rapid Fire
Progression Phenomena” Retrieved from www.kennedy-
19. fire.com/PDFs/backdraft.pdf
The Chemistry of Fire
Go to http://sfpe.discoveryeducation.com and watch the
Introductory Video. Also, click on Classroom Resources, and
watch Videos 1-3.
10
�
�
�
�
�
24. �
Case Study
Fire Protection Analysis
For this Case Study you are required to read the “NIST
NCSTAR2:
Volume I – Report of the Technical Investigation of
The Station Nightclub Fire” found in the required reading
section of your Unit III Study Guide.
After reviewing the report you will write a case study analysis
in response to a series of questions that are listed below. Your
final report will be in APA format and will include the
following: a cover page, a minimum of four pages of analysis in
response to given questions, and a reference page. All responses
should be written in a professional analytical manner as though
you are a fire protection specialist providing counsel and advice
in response to a request by a municipality wishing to avoid such
a catastrophic event.
You are encouraged to use your textbook as a reference source
in order to write a professional level analysis. All sources must
be properly referenced both in-text and on the Reference Page.
The Case Study should address the following questions in your
analysis:
1. What was the occupancy history of the building?
25. 2. What were the pre-fire conditions of the building housing
The Station Nightclub?
3. What were, if any, previous incidents at this building site?
4. What are the response capabilities of the West Warwick Fire
Department?
5. What type of construction was the building?
6. What was the primary cause of the inferno?
7. What material was largely responsible for such volume of
fire?
8. What fire protection systems where in place at the time of
the fire?
9. What recommendations would you make relative to fire
detection and protection systems?
10. What might another city or town do to avoid such a
catastrophe as this?
Please review chaper 4 and 12 by clicking link below…
http://books.google.com/books/about/Introduction_to_Fire_Prot
ection.html?id=PlqwCEu3y6AC