VLAN Membership Types
•
3 likes•791 views
Static VLANs assign switch ports to VLANs set by the network administrator. The VLAN assignment does not change unless the administrator changes the port assignment. Dynamic VLANs automatically assign ports to VLANs using information from the user device, allowing instant movability when a device is moved to another switch port. Dynamic VLANs require configuration of a VLAN database on a VLAN Membership Policy Server.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
CCNAv5 - S2: Chapter3 Vlans
CCNAv5
S2-Routing and Switching: VLANS
Download here:
ccna5vn.wordpress.com
ccna5vn.blogspot.com
Cehv8:
cehv8vn.blogspot.com
Youtube Channel:
www.youtube.com/user/VuzBlog
Virtual Private Network main
This document provides an overview of virtual private networks (VPNs). It defines a VPN as using public networks like the Internet to connect private networks securely through authentication and encryption. The document discusses the need for VPNs to reduce costs, improve communication, and ensure security. It covers VPN types, components, protocols, and security measures like firewalls and encryption. Advantages include cost savings and mobility, while disadvantages include security understanding and performance issues outside an organization's control. The future of VPNs is described as widespread use through standardization.
VLAN
This document discusses VLANs (virtual local area networks). VLANs logically separate network users and resources connected to switch ports, creating smaller broadcast domains. VLANs simplify network management, provide security over flat networks, and allow flexibility and scalability. VLANs reduce broadcast traffic by containing it within virtual broadcast domains. They allow users to be added to VLANs regardless of physical location and enable adding new VLANs as network growth requires more bandwidth. The document also covers VLAN trunking, identification, membership configuration, and VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) which centrally manages VLAN configurations across switches to maintain consistency.
Basics of IP Addressing
This document provides an introduction to IP addressing, including:
- A brief history of IP development and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
- An overview of IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they are determined, and their characteristics like address ranges and network/host portions.
- Explanations of limitations of classful addressing, subnetting, and how classless or CIDR addressing helps address those limitations by allowing flexible prefix lengths.
- An example is given of how CIDR allows efficient allocation of addresses to networks of different sizes.
Vlans (virtual local area networks)
in the slide we discuss - VLAN overview, effectiveness, benefits, how VLAN work, memberships mode, operations, creation Guidelines, add VLAN, accessing,managing and verifying .
Access Control List (ACL)
The document discusses Access Control Lists (ACLs), which are lists of permit or deny rules that control what traffic can enter or leave a router's interface. There are standard ACLs, which filter traffic based only on the source IP address, and extended ACLs, which can filter traffic based on additional attributes like destination address, protocol, and port numbers. ACL rules are evaluated sequentially, with an implicit "deny all" rule at the end, so ACLs should be placed strategically to filter traffic close to either its source or destination.
IP addressing and Subnetting PPT
This is Powerpoint Presentation on IP addressing & Subnet masking. This presentation describes how IP address works, what its classes and how the subnet masking works and more.
Open shortest path first (ospf)
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
Recommended
CCNAv5 - S2: Chapter3 Vlans
CCNAv5
S2-Routing and Switching: VLANS
Download here:
ccna5vn.wordpress.com
ccna5vn.blogspot.com
Cehv8:
cehv8vn.blogspot.com
Youtube Channel:
www.youtube.com/user/VuzBlog
Virtual Private Network main
This document provides an overview of virtual private networks (VPNs). It defines a VPN as using public networks like the Internet to connect private networks securely through authentication and encryption. The document discusses the need for VPNs to reduce costs, improve communication, and ensure security. It covers VPN types, components, protocols, and security measures like firewalls and encryption. Advantages include cost savings and mobility, while disadvantages include security understanding and performance issues outside an organization's control. The future of VPNs is described as widespread use through standardization.
VLAN
This document discusses VLANs (virtual local area networks). VLANs logically separate network users and resources connected to switch ports, creating smaller broadcast domains. VLANs simplify network management, provide security over flat networks, and allow flexibility and scalability. VLANs reduce broadcast traffic by containing it within virtual broadcast domains. They allow users to be added to VLANs regardless of physical location and enable adding new VLANs as network growth requires more bandwidth. The document also covers VLAN trunking, identification, membership configuration, and VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) which centrally manages VLAN configurations across switches to maintain consistency.
Basics of IP Addressing
This document provides an introduction to IP addressing, including:
- A brief history of IP development and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
- An overview of IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they are determined, and their characteristics like address ranges and network/host portions.
- Explanations of limitations of classful addressing, subnetting, and how classless or CIDR addressing helps address those limitations by allowing flexible prefix lengths.
- An example is given of how CIDR allows efficient allocation of addresses to networks of different sizes.
Vlans (virtual local area networks)
in the slide we discuss - VLAN overview, effectiveness, benefits, how VLAN work, memberships mode, operations, creation Guidelines, add VLAN, accessing,managing and verifying .
Access Control List (ACL)
The document discusses Access Control Lists (ACLs), which are lists of permit or deny rules that control what traffic can enter or leave a router's interface. There are standard ACLs, which filter traffic based only on the source IP address, and extended ACLs, which can filter traffic based on additional attributes like destination address, protocol, and port numbers. ACL rules are evaluated sequentially, with an implicit "deny all" rule at the end, so ACLs should be placed strategically to filter traffic close to either its source or destination.
IP addressing and Subnetting PPT
This is Powerpoint Presentation on IP addressing & Subnet masking. This presentation describes how IP address works, what its classes and how the subnet masking works and more.
Open shortest path first (ospf)
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
Subnetting
Subnets divide a network into smaller sub-networks or subnets. Each subnet is treated as a separate network and can be further divided. When a packet enters a network with subnets, routers will route based on the subnet ID which is a combination of the network ID and subnet portion of the IP address. Subnets are only relevant for routing within an organization and are transparent outside the organization.
Routing Information Protocol
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways and hosts. It works by limiting routes to a maximum of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. There are three versions of RIP: RIP version 1 supports only classful routing; RIP version 2 adds support for VLSM and authentication; and RIPng extends RIP version 2 to support IPv6. RIP has limitations such as a small hop count limit and slow convergence times. It is commonly implemented in Cisco IOS, Junos, and open source routing software.
Inter VLAN Routing
Inter-VLAN routing is the process of forwarding network traffic from one VLAN to another VLAN using a
router.
VLANs divide broadcast domains in a LAN environment. Whenever hosts in one VLAN need to
communicate with hosts in another VLAN, the traffic must be routed between them. This is known as
inter-VLAN routing. On Catalyst switches it is accomplished by creating Layer 3 interfaces (Switch virtual
interfaces (SVI)).
VPN (virtual private network)
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) extends a private network across a public network, such as the
Internet.
A VPN is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide
remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network. A VPN ensures
privacy through security procedures and tunneling protocols such as the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
(L2TP). Data is encrypted at the sending end and decrypted at the receiving end.
Private VLANs
Private VLANs allow splitting a regular VLAN into multiple "subdomains" to provide isolation between hosts at layer 2. The domains are isolated broadcast domains that require layer 3 forwarding to communicate. Primary, isolated, and community ports are defined for the sub-VLANs. Primary VLANs deliver frames downstream, isolated VLANs carry frames upstream, and community VLANs allow communication within the same group and to promiscuous ports. The configuration binds VLANs into a private VLAN domain, maps host ports to secondary VLANs, and maps a promiscuous port to all secondary VLANs to allow inter-subnet communication.
Ospf.ppt
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF's message encapsulation, packet types, neighbor discovery process using Hello packets, link state database and shortest path first algorithm, metric and cost calculation, and mechanisms for handling multi-access networks like designated router election. The objectives are to describe OSPF configuration and troubleshooting.
Vlan and vtp
VLANs logically segment a network into separate broadcast domains to improve security, performance, and manageability. VLANs use frame tagging to identify which VLAN a frame belongs to. The two main frame tagging protocols are Cisco's proprietary ISL protocol and the open standard IEEE 802.1Q protocol. A VLAN port can be either an access port assigned to one VLAN or a trunk port that can carry multiple VLAN traffic between switches.
OSPF
OSPF uses cost as the metric value, which is calculated by dividing the reference bandwidth of 100 Mbps by the interface bandwidth. This means interfaces with higher bandwidth have lower costs by default. The default cost does not differentiate between interfaces faster than 100 Mbps. The OSPF router ID is a unique 32-bit identifier for each router and is usually the highest IP address of a loopback or active interface; it should not be changed without reloading the router.
Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
This document provides an overview of virtual local area networks (VLANs). It defines VLANs and discusses why they are used to logically segment physical networks. VLAN trunking is described as using a trunk port to interconnect VLAN switches. VLAN tagging is explained as a method to identify packets traversing trunk links by adding a tag to frames. Different types of VLANs are outlined such as static, dynamic, data, management, default and native. Finally, advantages like increased performance and disadvantages like management complexity are highlighted.
Ppt of routing protocols
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
MAC Address – All you Need to Know About it
Many users of computers, tablets, smartphones, routers and other networking devices are faced with a term such as MAC address. In this presentation, we’ll explain what a MAC address is, how to get a MAC address and how to change it in on a Mac operating system.
Ipv4 and Ipv6
This document provides information about IPv4 and IPv6 by comparing their key aspects. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, allowing for more available addresses. IPv4 addresses are represented in dotted decimal notation while IPv6 uses colon-separated hexadecimal. IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4 such as address space exhaustion and lack of security features. The document outlines differences between the two protocols in areas like packet fragmentation, checksums, and address types.
Virtual Routing and Forwarding, (VRF-lite)
VRF-Lite allows a single physical router to virtualize multiple routers by creating independent virtual routing tables (VRFs). Each VRF logically isolates the routing tables and network traffic of customers or applications. The physical router uses VLAN trunking to keep traffic from different VRFs separate when sending data to other devices. Configuring VRF-Lite involves defining VRFs, assigning interfaces to VRFs, and configuring routing protocols for each VRF.
A very good introduction to IPv6
The document provides an overview of IPv6 implementation including key features like larger address space, simplified headers, and auto-configuration. It discusses IPv6 addressing modes like unicast, multicast, and anycast. Special address types and the IPv6 header are also explained. Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 like dual stack routers and tunneling are covered. IPv6 routing protocols and basic configuration are also summarized.
Cisco packet tracer router
This document provides steps to connect multiple networks in Cisco Packet Tracer using a router:
1. Set up networks and configure IP addresses on end devices and switches.
2. Connect switches to the router using cables and configure the router interface for each network with matching IP addresses.
3. Set the default gateway on all end devices to the router IP so devices on different networks can communicate.
Cisco ACL
The document discusses access control lists (ACLs), including:
1) ACLs are used for packet filtering and can allow or deny traffic based on source/destination IP addresses and TCP/UDP ports.
2) Standard ACLs filter based on source IP address, extended ACLs add destination IP address and ports.
3) ACLs are configured with numbers or names and applied to interfaces to filter incoming or outgoing traffic.
Hot standby router protocol (hsrp) using
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) provides redundancy for local subnets by allowing routers to share a virtual IP address and MAC address. HSRP configures one router as the active router that forwards traffic, while one or more standby routers take over if the active router fails. Routers in an HSRP group elect an active router using priority values and exchange hello messages to monitor each other. If the active router fails to send hellos, a standby router will become active to maintain network connectivity and avoid traffic interruption.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
VTP allows for synchronization of VLAN information between switches to reduce administration. It uses advertisements sent over trunk links to exchange VLAN configuration details. A switch can be configured as a VTP server to manage VLANs for a domain, as a client to receive updates, or as transparent to only use local VLAN data. VTP pruning helps optimize traffic flow by restricting broadcasts only to necessary trunks.
Ip address presentation
An IP address is a unique 32-bit number that identifies each device on a network. It allows devices to communicate by sending and receiving data packets. IP addresses are made up of a network portion and host portion, with four sections that each range from 0-255. There are five classes of IP addresses - A, B, C, D and E - that determine the number of networks and hosts. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses written in dotted decimal notation, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses written in hex. IP addresses can be static or dynamically assigned by a DHCP server.
Software Defined Networking (SDN)
SDN allows centralized control of network devices to dynamically adjust traffic routing and QoS policies. As networks adopt SDN, Cisco professionals will need programming skills to interface with SDN controllers. SDN uses APIs to separate the data, control, and management planes. The Cisco APIC is an SDN controller that uses OpFlex to interface with devices and REST APIs to interface with applications. The APIC-EM can interface with traditional devices and provides network monitoring and configuration apps like discovery and path tracing.
EtherChannel Configuration
EtherChannel allows grouping multiple physical Ethernet links into a single logical link to provide fault tolerance and increased bandwidth. Key points for configuration include using the same port types, speed and duplex settings across all ports in the channel. Settings like VLAN lists and STP settings must also be consistent. Layer 3 EtherChannel requires assigning an IP to the port-channel interface, while Layer 2 only requires adding the physical ports to the channel group. Verification can be done with show commands.
More Related Content
What's hot
Subnetting
Subnets divide a network into smaller sub-networks or subnets. Each subnet is treated as a separate network and can be further divided. When a packet enters a network with subnets, routers will route based on the subnet ID which is a combination of the network ID and subnet portion of the IP address. Subnets are only relevant for routing within an organization and are transparent outside the organization.
Routing Information Protocol
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a standard routing protocol that exchanges routing information between gateways and hosts. It works by limiting routes to a maximum of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. There are three versions of RIP: RIP version 1 supports only classful routing; RIP version 2 adds support for VLSM and authentication; and RIPng extends RIP version 2 to support IPv6. RIP has limitations such as a small hop count limit and slow convergence times. It is commonly implemented in Cisco IOS, Junos, and open source routing software.
Inter VLAN Routing
Inter-VLAN routing is the process of forwarding network traffic from one VLAN to another VLAN using a
router.
VLANs divide broadcast domains in a LAN environment. Whenever hosts in one VLAN need to
communicate with hosts in another VLAN, the traffic must be routed between them. This is known as
inter-VLAN routing. On Catalyst switches it is accomplished by creating Layer 3 interfaces (Switch virtual
interfaces (SVI)).
VPN (virtual private network)
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) extends a private network across a public network, such as the
Internet.
A VPN is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such as the Internet, to provide
remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organization's network. A VPN ensures
privacy through security procedures and tunneling protocols such as the Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
(L2TP). Data is encrypted at the sending end and decrypted at the receiving end.
Private VLANs
Private VLANs allow splitting a regular VLAN into multiple "subdomains" to provide isolation between hosts at layer 2. The domains are isolated broadcast domains that require layer 3 forwarding to communicate. Primary, isolated, and community ports are defined for the sub-VLANs. Primary VLANs deliver frames downstream, isolated VLANs carry frames upstream, and community VLANs allow communication within the same group and to promiscuous ports. The configuration binds VLANs into a private VLAN domain, maps host ports to secondary VLANs, and maps a promiscuous port to all secondary VLANs to allow inter-subnet communication.
Ospf.ppt
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF's message encapsulation, packet types, neighbor discovery process using Hello packets, link state database and shortest path first algorithm, metric and cost calculation, and mechanisms for handling multi-access networks like designated router election. The objectives are to describe OSPF configuration and troubleshooting.
Vlan and vtp
VLANs logically segment a network into separate broadcast domains to improve security, performance, and manageability. VLANs use frame tagging to identify which VLAN a frame belongs to. The two main frame tagging protocols are Cisco's proprietary ISL protocol and the open standard IEEE 802.1Q protocol. A VLAN port can be either an access port assigned to one VLAN or a trunk port that can carry multiple VLAN traffic between switches.
OSPF
OSPF uses cost as the metric value, which is calculated by dividing the reference bandwidth of 100 Mbps by the interface bandwidth. This means interfaces with higher bandwidth have lower costs by default. The default cost does not differentiate between interfaces faster than 100 Mbps. The OSPF router ID is a unique 32-bit identifier for each router and is usually the highest IP address of a loopback or active interface; it should not be changed without reloading the router.
Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)
This document provides an overview of virtual local area networks (VLANs). It defines VLANs and discusses why they are used to logically segment physical networks. VLAN trunking is described as using a trunk port to interconnect VLAN switches. VLAN tagging is explained as a method to identify packets traversing trunk links by adding a tag to frames. Different types of VLANs are outlined such as static, dynamic, data, management, default and native. Finally, advantages like increased performance and disadvantages like management complexity are highlighted.
Ppt of routing protocols
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
MAC Address – All you Need to Know About it
Many users of computers, tablets, smartphones, routers and other networking devices are faced with a term such as MAC address. In this presentation, we’ll explain what a MAC address is, how to get a MAC address and how to change it in on a Mac operating system.
Ipv4 and Ipv6
This document provides information about IPv4 and IPv6 by comparing their key aspects. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, allowing for more available addresses. IPv4 addresses are represented in dotted decimal notation while IPv6 uses colon-separated hexadecimal. IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4 such as address space exhaustion and lack of security features. The document outlines differences between the two protocols in areas like packet fragmentation, checksums, and address types.
Virtual Routing and Forwarding, (VRF-lite)
VRF-Lite allows a single physical router to virtualize multiple routers by creating independent virtual routing tables (VRFs). Each VRF logically isolates the routing tables and network traffic of customers or applications. The physical router uses VLAN trunking to keep traffic from different VRFs separate when sending data to other devices. Configuring VRF-Lite involves defining VRFs, assigning interfaces to VRFs, and configuring routing protocols for each VRF.
A very good introduction to IPv6
The document provides an overview of IPv6 implementation including key features like larger address space, simplified headers, and auto-configuration. It discusses IPv6 addressing modes like unicast, multicast, and anycast. Special address types and the IPv6 header are also explained. Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 like dual stack routers and tunneling are covered. IPv6 routing protocols and basic configuration are also summarized.
Cisco packet tracer router
This document provides steps to connect multiple networks in Cisco Packet Tracer using a router:
1. Set up networks and configure IP addresses on end devices and switches.
2. Connect switches to the router using cables and configure the router interface for each network with matching IP addresses.
3. Set the default gateway on all end devices to the router IP so devices on different networks can communicate.
Cisco ACL
The document discusses access control lists (ACLs), including:
1) ACLs are used for packet filtering and can allow or deny traffic based on source/destination IP addresses and TCP/UDP ports.
2) Standard ACLs filter based on source IP address, extended ACLs add destination IP address and ports.
3) ACLs are configured with numbers or names and applied to interfaces to filter incoming or outgoing traffic.
Hot standby router protocol (hsrp) using
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) provides redundancy for local subnets by allowing routers to share a virtual IP address and MAC address. HSRP configures one router as the active router that forwards traffic, while one or more standby routers take over if the active router fails. Routers in an HSRP group elect an active router using priority values and exchange hello messages to monitor each other. If the active router fails to send hellos, a standby router will become active to maintain network connectivity and avoid traffic interruption.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
VTP allows for synchronization of VLAN information between switches to reduce administration. It uses advertisements sent over trunk links to exchange VLAN configuration details. A switch can be configured as a VTP server to manage VLANs for a domain, as a client to receive updates, or as transparent to only use local VLAN data. VTP pruning helps optimize traffic flow by restricting broadcasts only to necessary trunks.
Ip address presentation
An IP address is a unique 32-bit number that identifies each device on a network. It allows devices to communicate by sending and receiving data packets. IP addresses are made up of a network portion and host portion, with four sections that each range from 0-255. There are five classes of IP addresses - A, B, C, D and E - that determine the number of networks and hosts. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses written in dotted decimal notation, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses written in hex. IP addresses can be static or dynamically assigned by a DHCP server.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Software Defined Networking (SDN)
SDN allows centralized control of network devices to dynamically adjust traffic routing and QoS policies. As networks adopt SDN, Cisco professionals will need programming skills to interface with SDN controllers. SDN uses APIs to separate the data, control, and management planes. The Cisco APIC is an SDN controller that uses OpFlex to interface with devices and REST APIs to interface with applications. The APIC-EM can interface with traditional devices and provides network monitoring and configuration apps like discovery and path tracing.
EtherChannel Configuration
EtherChannel allows grouping multiple physical Ethernet links into a single logical link to provide fault tolerance and increased bandwidth. Key points for configuration include using the same port types, speed and duplex settings across all ports in the channel. Settings like VLAN lists and STP settings must also be consistent. Layer 3 EtherChannel requires assigning an IP to the port-channel interface, while Layer 2 only requires adding the physical ports to the channel group. Verification can be done with show commands.
VRF (virtual routing and forwarding)
VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding) is a technology that allows multiple instances of a routing table to
co-exist within the same router at the same time. This increases functionality by allowing network paths
to be segmented without using multiple devices. Because traffic is automatically segregated, VRF also
increases network security and can eliminate the need for encryption and authentication. Internet
service providers (ISPs) often take advantage of VRF to create separate virtual private networks (VPNs)
for customers; thus the technology is also referred to as VPN routing and forwarding. Because the
routing instances are independent, the same or overlapping IP addresses can be used without
conflicting with each other.
What is Firewall?
Firewall is a system that prevents unauthorized access to and from a secure network by examining all incoming and outgoing traffic and blocking packets that do not follow the network's security policies. Firewalls can be software installed on individual devices, dedicated hardware devices, or a combination of both. They detect and block suspicious external activities and allow or deny traffic on a connection-by-connection basis according to configured rules. Cisco routers and switches support integrated firewall capabilities, and Cisco also offers dedicated security appliances like the ASA and its predecessor the PIX.
BGP Next-hop-self
This document discusses configuring next-hop-self on routers to change the next hop attribute for BGP routes advertised between autonomous systems. It shows the configuration of ISP1, ISP2 and Branch routers without changing the next hop. ISP1 is then configured with next-hop-self so that routes learned from ISP2 and advertised to Branch will have ISP1 as the next hop rather than ISP2. This allows Branch to successfully ping the network learned via BGP.
Cisco ISR 4351 Router
The Cisco ISR4351 router is designed to fill the gap between the Cisco 3900 series routers and Cisco ASR routers. It offers up to 400 Mbps of bandwidth in a 2RU form factor. The Cisco ISR4351 is suggested for migrations from Cisco 2951 routers. It has an 8-core CPU with dedicated processing cores and support for up to 16GB of memory. The Cisco ISR4351 is recommended for networks requiring bandwidth between 200-400 Mbps.
MTU (maximum transmission unit) & MRU (maximum receive unit)
MTU refers to the largest size packet that can be transmitted out of a network interface. The path MTU is the lowest MTU of any interface along the transmission path. If a packet is larger than the path MTU, it will be fragmented or dropped. PMTUD allows endpoints to determine the optimal packet size to avoid fragmentation by starting with the local MTU and reducing size if packets are dropped.
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)
- Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) improves forwarding speed and enables new capabilities like traffic engineering and virtual private networks. It uses short fixed-length labels to represent IP packets and make forwarding decisions.
- MPLS was originally conceived as being independent of Layer 2 but has found success deploying IP networks across ATM backbones. Standards are being developed and it is seen as an important network development.
- MPLS encapsulates IP packets with labels which are then used instead of the IP header for forwarding decisions, allowing separation of the forwarding and control planes.
DMVPN configuration - Configuring Cisco dynamic Multipoint VPN - HUB, SPOKES,...
DMVPN configuration - Configuring Cisco dynamic Multipoint VPN - HUB, SPOKES, MGRE Protection and Routing
DMVPN
The document describes the configuration of a Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network (DMVPN) using three phases. Phase 1 establishes IPsec and IKE tunnels between the hub router and spoke routers using EIGRP routing. Phase 2 optimizes the configuration by removing split horizon and enabling next hop self. Phase 3 enables features like NHRP redirect and shortcut to optimize network traffic flow.
Cisco ASR 1001-X Router
The document discusses using the Cisco ASR 1001-X router to handle large traffic loads entering a centralized datacenter from global sites. Specifically:
- The ASR 1001-X is capable of aggregating 1Gbps of traffic entering the datacenter and connecting to an ISP edge router.
- It has redundant Cisco IOS-XE software, encryption support up to 78Gbps, 8GB of DRAM, and a quad-core processor.
- While the ASR 1001-X can handle many scenarios, larger routers like the ASR 1001-HX or ASR 1002-HX are needed for more slots or higher traffic loads over 20Gbps.
Securing management, control & data plane
The document discusses securing the management, control, and data planes of a network. It describes:
1. Securing the management plane through strong passwords, encrypted protocols like SSH, user authentication using AAA, role-based access control, logging, and network time protocol.
2. Securing the control plane using control plane policing and protection to minimize CPU load and protect against denial of service attacks.
3. Securing the data plane using access control lists, antispoofing features, port security, DHCP snooping, dynamic ARP inspection, and IP source guard to filter traffic and prevent spoofing and man-in-the-middle attacks.
DHCP Snooping
DHCP Snooping allows switches to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks by DHCP spoofing. It trusts only the port connected to the DHCP server, monitors traffic for IP and MAC bindings, and uses this information for other security features. When enabled, DHCP Snooping will only forward DHCP requests to trusted ports and maintain a table of client bindings.
Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI)
Dynamic ARP inspection (DAI) is a security feature that prevents man-in-the-middle attacks by validating ARP packets. It relies on DHCP snooping to build a database of valid IP-MAC address bindings. When enabled, DAI will drop ARP packets that do not match entries in the DHCP snooping database, preventing ARP poisoning attacks. The document then demonstrates configuring and testing DAI on a switch to block an ARP poisoning attempt by a rogue workstation.
IP Source Guard
IP Source Guard (IPSG) helps prevent IP spoofing attacks by dropping any traffic that does not match the bindings in the DHCP Snooping database or configured static IP bindings. IPSG creates ACLs dynamically on each port to block unauthorized traffic. It must be enabled on all access ports along with DHCP Snooping to be effective. Static IP/MAC bindings can also be configured for devices not using DHCP.
Storm-Control
Storm control blocks interfaces from receiving excessive broadcast, multicast, or unicast traffic over a threshold within a time period. When traffic exceeds the rising threshold, the interface is blocked until traffic drops below the falling threshold. Storm control can shut down interfaces or send SNMP traps. It was tested between two switches, with one interface shutting down when unicast traffic exceeded 100 packets per second due to storm control being triggered.
Common Layer 2 Threats, Attacks & Mitigation
This document discusses common layer 2 security threats and attacks, including MAC layer attacks, VLAN attacks, spoofing attacks, and attacks against switch devices. It describes several specific attacks such as MAC flooding, VLAN hopping, DHCP starvation, and CDP manipulation. The document also provides mitigation strategies for each threat, such as using port security, private VLANs, DHCP snooping, and disabling unused protocols.
MPLS Layer 3 VPN
This document explains MPLS Layer 3 VPNs. It discusses how Layer 3 VPNs allow routing information to be shared between customer sites using protocols like OSPF and BGP across the service provider's MPLS network. It describes how Virtual Routing and Forwarding instances (VRFs), MP-BGP, Route Distinguishers (RDs), and Route Targets (RTs) work together to separate routing information for different customers and establish VPN connectivity between their sites while avoiding overlapping address spaces.
Viewers also liked (19)
MTU (maximum transmission unit) & MRU (maximum receive unit)
MTU (maximum transmission unit) & MRU (maximum receive unit)
DMVPN configuration - Configuring Cisco dynamic Multipoint VPN - HUB, SPOKES,...
DMVPN configuration - Configuring Cisco dynamic Multipoint VPN - HUB, SPOKES,...
Similar to VLAN Membership Types
Vlan
VLANs can logically separate users into different broadcast domains even if they are physically located together. VLANs allow workstations in different buildings or floors to belong to the same logical LAN. A VLAN is a group of network devices that are on the same LAN but can be located on different network segments. VLANs can be configured statically by associating each port with a specific VLAN, or dynamically using software to determine VLAN membership based on device MAC addresses. Trunking allows multiple VLANs to share the same link between switches to conserve ports.
4270 vlan-tutorial
VLANs logically segment networks based on organizational functions rather than physical connections. This allows workstations and servers used by the same workgroup to communicate regardless of location. VLANs restrict communication between different VLAN groups and function by logically segmenting the network into broadcast domains so packets are only switched between ports in the same VLAN. Routers provide security, broadcast filtering, and traffic management between VLANs. VLANs address issues like scalability, security, and network management.
4270-vlan-tutorial.ppt
VLANs logically segment networks based on organizational functions rather than physical connections. This allows workstations and servers used by the same workgroup to communicate regardless of location. VLANs restrict communication between different VLAN groups and function by logically segmenting the network into broadcast domains so packets are only switched between ports in the same VLAN. Routers provide security, broadcast filtering, and traffic management between VLANs. VLANs address issues like scalability, security, and network management.
VIRTUAL LANS (VLANS).pptx
VLANs logically segment networks into broadcast domains based on organizational functions rather than physical connections. Switches maintain separate bridging tables for each VLAN to restrict communication between ports in different VLANs. Routers provide security and traffic management between VLANs. Common ways to assign devices to VLANs include by port, MAC address, or protocol.
VLAN -VIRTUAL LAN -COMPUTER NETWORKS
LAN
A Local Area Network (LAN) was originally defined as a network of computers located within the same area
Local Area Networks are defined as a single broadcast domain. This means that if a user broadcasts information on his/her LAN, the broadcast will be received by every other user on the LAN.
Broadcasts are prevented from leaving a LAN by using a router. The disadvantage of this method is routers usually take more time to process incoming data compared to a bridge or a switch
Benefits of vlan
VLANs logically separate broadcast domains to improve network efficiency and security. They allow easy administration by keeping devices on the same VLAN when moved. VLANs segment networks to restrict access between groups and isolate traffic like preventing YouTube at work. They provide security through authentication and wireless user assignment to VLANs regardless of location. VLAN tags allow traffic segregation within and between switches through trunk ports.
Vlan configuration in medium sized network
This document provides instructions on implementing VLANs and trunks in a medium-sized computer network. It discusses how VLANs can segment a network into logical broadcast domains while trunks allow multiple VLANs to be transported over a single link between switches. Static and dynamic VLAN configuration methods are described. The document also covers VLAN trunking protocols, configuring trunk links on switches, and managing VLAN traffic passing over trunks.
Virtual LAN
1. An introduction of LAN.
2. An introduction of VLAN.
3. Properties of VLAN.
4. Types of VLAN.
5. VLAN Identification Method
6. VLAN Trunking Protocol.
7. Inter-VLAN routing.
Vlan
Virtual LANs (VLANs) logically segment a network into broadcast domains to restrict communication between devices. VLANs group devices by function, department, application or other criteria without regard to physical location. Routers provide connectivity between VLAN segments. Implementing VLANs on a switch creates separate bridging tables for each VLAN so frames are only switched between ports in the same VLAN. VLANs improve security, flexibility and management of the network compared to relying solely on physical segmentation.
Chapter 8 .vlan.pdf
This document discusses implementing Ethernet virtual LANs (VLANs) across multiple switches. Section 1 covers how a single VLAN can span multiple switches using VLAN trunking. Section 2 discusses configuring VLANs and VLAN trunks, and routing frames between VLANs. Section 3 addresses potential issues that may arise with VLAN implementations.
Lecture_Network Design, InterVlan Routing and Trunking_.pptx
This document discusses VLAN trunking and inter-VLAN routing using routers. It provides an overview of VLANs and how they segment networks logically without regard to physical location. It then describes how VLAN trunks carry multiple VLANs between switches to allow inter-VLAN communication. The document outlines different approaches to inter-VLAN routing, including legacy routing using separate router interfaces per VLAN, and router-on-a-stick which uses a single router interface trunked to multiple VLAN subinterfaces to route between VLANs. It also provides configuration examples for router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing and how to verify the configurations.
Vlan
A VLAN (virtual LAN) is a logical grouping of devices on a network that are not restricted by their physical location. VLANs allow network administrators to segment networks for security and performance reasons. The document defines a VLAN, explains how VLANs are created using switch ports, and discusses trunk ports for carrying traffic between VLANs. It also covers when VLANs are needed and how devices in different VLANs communicate via a router or Layer 3 switch.
Vlan Types
- Port-based VLANs are commonly used today, where a port is associated with a VLAN.
- Data VLANs carry only user traffic, separating it from voice and management traffic. The default VLAN on Cisco switches is VLAN 1.
- A native VLAN is assigned to trunk ports to handle untagged traffic using VLAN 99 as an example. A management VLAN like VLAN 99 provides switch management access. Voice VLANs use a separate VLAN like VLAN 150 to ensure quality of voice traffic.
Vlan
VLANs logically segment a local area network (LAN) into separate broadcast domains to limit broadcast traffic and provide additional security. A VLAN uses switches to create isolated network segments and define broadcast domains without changing the physical cabling. VLANs offer benefits like limiting broadcast domains, increased security by separating users, and flexibility to change user assignments by reconfiguring ports on switches instead of moving cables.
Mod8 vlans
VLANs logically segment networks based on functions or project teams, regardless of physical connections. VLANs create broadcast domains by assigning switch ports to VLANs. Routers are used for communication between VLANs. Common VLAN types include port-based VLANs where a device assumes the VLAN of its connected port, and dynamic VLANs where software assigns VLANs based on MAC addresses. VLAN tagging allows a link to carry multiple VLANs by adding a tag to frames to designate VLAN membership.
mod8-VLANs.ppt
VLANs logically segment networks based on functions or projects regardless of physical connections. This document defines VLANs, lists benefits like improved security and easier network changes, and explains how VLANs create broadcast domains separated by routers. It also covers configuring static VLANs on Catalyst switches by assigning ports to VLANs, creating VLANs, and verifying configurations with commands like show vlan. Dynamic VLANs assign membership based on device MAC addresses.
Switching
http://www.cyberintelligents.in
info@cyberintelligents.in
https://www.facebook.com/cyberintelligents
https://in.linkedin.com/in/cyberintelligents/en
https://cyberintelligents.wordpress.com/
http://cyberintelligent.blogspot.in
+91 9876162698 +919988288019
http://trainingcyberintelligents.blogspot.com
https://cyberintelligentsnews.wordpress.com/
VLAN Virtual Area Network ,Switch,Ethernet ,VIkram Snehi
A VLAN allows computers on different physical LAN segments to communicate as if they were on the same LAN. VLANs logically segment LANs into different broadcast domains by using frame tagging to identify which VLAN a frame belongs to. There are two main types of VLAN configurations - static, where ports are manually assigned to VLANs, and dynamic, where assignments are made via network management software based on device MAC addresses.
Vlan.pdf
A VLAN allows devices on different LAN segments to communicate as if they were on the same LAN. VLANs logically segment LANs into broadcast domains to limit broadcast traffic. Frame tagging and filtering methods are used to associate devices with VLANs and control broadcast domains. Common frame tagging protocols are IEEE 802.1Q and Cisco's ISL which add identifiers to frames to associate them with VLANs.
Virtual lan
This document discusses Local Area Networks (LANs) and Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs). It defines VLANs as a way to logically segment a LAN into separate broadcast domains even if devices are not physically close together. The document outlines several advantages of VLANs such as improved performance, easier administration of virtual workgroups, reduced costs, and increased security. It also describes how VLANs work by tagging frames with VLAN identifiers and using filtering databases to direct traffic to the appropriate VLANs.
Similar to VLAN Membership Types (20)
Lecture_Network Design, InterVlan Routing and Trunking_.pptx
Lecture_Network Design, InterVlan Routing and Trunking_.pptx
VLAN Virtual Area Network ,Switch,Ethernet ,VIkram Snehi
VLAN Virtual Area Network ,Switch,Ethernet ,VIkram Snehi
More from NetProtocol Xpert
Basic Cisco ASA 5506-x Configuration (Firepower)
This document provides instructions for configuring basic network security on a Cisco ASA 5506-x firewall. It outlines requirements for separating networks into an Internet, user, and DMZ segment. It then provides steps to update the ASA software, configure interfaces and security levels, enable internet access via NAT and routing, allow web access to servers on the DMZ, optionally configure DHCP, and optionally redirect traffic to the FirePOWER module. It also includes steps for hardening the device by shutting down unused interfaces, enabling SSH access, and configuring time and logging.
Password Recovery
This document provides steps to recover passwords on a Cisco router by booting from flash memory rather than the startup configuration. The steps include shutting down the router, removing the compact flash card, rebooting to enter ROMMON mode, changing the configuration register to boot from flash, and resetting the router. Once logged in, the user can issue commands like "show running-config" to view current settings, and "configure terminal" to change the enable secret password.
Application & Data Center
The document discusses changes in data center and network architecture over time from mainframes to personal computers to modern cloud platforms. Traditional spanning tree protocol (STP) architectures are no longer suitable due to shifting traffic patterns and new applications. New options like layer 2 fabrics, encapsulated overlays, and software-defined networking can provide more flexibility, scalability, and agility needed to adapt to changing demands.
Point to-point protocol (ppp), PAP & CHAP
- The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol packets over point-to-point links. PPP establishes communication in three phases: Link Control Protocol (LCP) phase for link configuration, optional authentication phase using Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) or Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP), and Network Control Protocol (NCP) phase for layer 3 configuration.
- PAP transmits passwords in clear text, while CHAP uses an encrypted hash to authenticate peers without transmitting passwords. The document provides configuration examples for PPP, PAP, and CHAP authentication between two routers to establish a point-to-point link.
TCLSH and Macro Ping Test on Cisco Routers and Switches
TCLSH and macros can be used on Cisco routers and switches to automate pinging multiple IP addresses to check connectivity. TCLSH scripts use a foreach loop to ping each IP address returned from show commands like show ip alias or show ip interface brief. Macros can also be used on switches that do not support TCLSH by creating a macro that executes multiple ping commands in the global configuration. Both methods ping multiple addresses without needing to manually ping each one.
OTV Configuration
This document provides instructions for setting up and configuring OTV (Overlay Transport Virtualization) in a lab environment to connect two data center sites. The key steps include:
1. Setting up the physical lab topology with two Nexus 7000 switches acting as OTV edge devices in each site, with dedicated VDCs for OTV.
2. Configuring OTV features and licenses on the edge devices, defining the site VLAN and extended VLANs, and configuring join interfaces to connect the devices.
3. Creating overlay interfaces on the edge devices and associating the control and data multicast groups.
4. Verifying the OTV configuration and checking for adjacencies between edge devices
Cisco OTV
This document discusses Cisco OTV (Overlay Transport Virtualization) and how it separates STP domains between sites, allows different STP technologies per site, handles multi-homing between sites using an Authoritative Edge Device (AED) to prevent loops, and optimizes the forwarding of different traffic types including unicast, multicast, broadcast, and ARP packets between sites while supporting MAC mobility. It also discusses how OTV isolates FHRP protocols between sites.
OTV(Overlay Transport Virtualization)
OTV is a technology that provides layer 2 extension capabilities between different data centers without using tunnels. It encapsulates layer 2 traffic with an IP header and transports it across an IP network. OTV devices called edge devices perform layer 2 learning and forwarding within a data center and encapsulation functions to extend layer 2 traffic across sites using IP addresses and multicast groups for control and data plane MAC address advertisement and traffic forwarding between sites.
Regular expression examples
This document provides examples and explanations of regular expressions. It covers basic regex syntax like | (or), [] (character sets), . (wildcards), ^/$ (start/end anchors), and *+? (quantifiers). Simple examples demonstrate matching numbers, ranges, and strings. More complex examples show grouping, repetition, and matching BGP autonomous system paths. The document concludes with examples of using regex to filter Cisco IOS show command output.
Eigrp is restricted to stub connections
The document discusses EIGRP functionality on Cisco 3850 switches with an IP Base license. It explains that EIGRP is restricted to stub connections only, meaning it can only run as a stub. This prevents routes learned by EIGRP from being advertised upstream from the 3850 switch. However, a route leak map can override this behavior and allow routes to be advertised after all.
Converting ipv4 to ipv6 and vice versa
- IPv6 addresses can be converted to IPv4 addresses and vice versa through a process of dividing the octets by 16 and representing the quotients and remainders in hexadecimal.
- For example, the IPv4 address 192.168.99.1 would convert to the IPv6 portion 2002:C0A8:6301::1/64 by dividing each octet by 16 to get the hexadecimal representation.
- Converting back, the hexadecimal values C0A8:6301 would be reconverted to decimal by multiplying the hexadecimal places by 16 and 1, respectively, and summed to get the original IPv4 address 192.168.99.1.
Password recovery cisco catalyst 3850
The document provides steps to recover the password on a Cisco Catalyst 3850 switch. The steps are: 1) power off the switch and hold the mode button for 12 seconds to boot to the ROMMON prompt, 2) enter commands to ignore the startup config and reboot, 3) copy the startup config to running to restore configuration, 4) add a new user or change the enable secret, and 5) save the configuration and reload the switch.
Cisco 2960x switch password recovery
The document provides step-by-step instructions for performing a password recovery on a Cisco 2960X switch. It explains that to begin, the mode button must be held for 30-40 seconds during power up until "USB Console INIT" appears. Then the flash_init and dir flash: commands allow renaming the config.text file. Reloading the switch ignores the startup config and allows changing passwords before copying the renamed file back.
VMware ESXi 6.0 Installation Process
The document provides step-by-step instructions for installing VMware ESXi 6.0 on a server. It first lists the minimum hardware requirements including supported server hardware, CPUs, RAM, network adapters and storage. It then outlines the interactive installation process using a CD/DVD including selecting options, providing passwords, configuring networking and applying changes. Once complete, the vSphere client can be used to manage the new ESXi host.
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
EIGRP is a proprietary routing protocol developed by Cisco that uses a composite metric and has fast convergence properties. It functions as a hybrid of distance-vector and link-state routing protocols, sending subnet mask and VLSM information in updates. EIGRP forms neighbor relationships through periodic hello messages and establishes three key tables - Neighbor, Topology, and Routing - to store neighbor, route, and best path information. It utilizes five packet types and reliable transport to efficiently share routing updates.
OSPF External Route Summarization
The document discusses OSPF external route summarization. It explains that external routes are carried by type 5 LSAs generated by ASBR routers. To summarize external routes, the summary-address command is configured on the ASBR with the IP address and mask of the summary. This replaces individual external routes with a single summary route. The example configuration shows external routes being redistributed into OSPF on a router acting as ASBR, and an external route being summarized to replace multiple individual routes with one summary route.
OSPF Internal Route Summarization
The document discusses OSPF internal route summarization. It explains that OSPF summarization can only be configured on area border routers (ABRs) between areas, and that it involves using a route range to join multiple routes into fewer summary routes. Configuring summarization reduces routing table and link state database sizes. The example shows routing tables and link state databases before and after configuring a route range on an ABR to summarize two networks in an area into a single inter-area route.
More from NetProtocol Xpert (17)
TCLSH and Macro Ping Test on Cisco Routers and Switches
TCLSH and Macro Ping Test on Cisco Routers and Switches
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
Recently uploaded
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Unit-III-ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE DEVICES.ppt
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering PROJECT REPORT ON SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING
AT MBB AIRPORT
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
CalArts毕业证学历书【微信95270640】CalArts毕业证’圣力嘉学院毕业证《Q微信95270640》办理CalArts毕业证√文凭学历制作{CalArts文凭}购买学历学位证书本科硕士,CalArts毕业证学历学位证【实体公司】办毕业证、成绩单、学历认证、学位证、文凭认证、办留信网认证、（网上可查，实体公司，专业可靠）
(诚招代理)办理国外高校毕业证成绩单文凭学位证,真实使馆公证（留学回国人员证明）真实留信网认证国外学历学位认证雅思代考国外学校代申请名校保录开请假条改GPA改成绩ID卡
1.高仿业务:【本科硕士】毕业证,成绩单（GPA修改）,学历认证（教育部认证）,大学Offer,,ID,留信认证,使馆认证,雅思,语言证书等高仿类证书；
2.认证服务: 学历认证（教育部认证）,大使馆认证（回国人员证明）,留信认证（可查有编号证书）,大学保录取,雅思保分成绩单。
3.技术服务：钢印水印烫金激光防伪凹凸版设计印刷激凸温感光标底纹镭射速度快。
办理加利福尼亚艺术学院加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证文凭证书流程：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
-办理真实使馆公证（即留学回国人员证明）
-办理各国各大学文凭（世界名校一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度）
-全套服务：毕业证成绩单真实使馆公证真实教育部认证。让您回国发展信心十足！
（详情请加一下 文凭顾问+微信:95270640）欢迎咨询！子小伍玩小伍比山娃小一岁虎头虎脑的很霸气父亲让山娃跟小伍去夏令营听课山娃很高兴夏令营就设在附近一所小学山娃发现那所小学比自己的学校更大更美操场上还铺有塑胶跑道呢里面很多小朋友一班一班的快快乐乐原来城里娃都藏这儿来了怪不得平时见不到他们山娃恍然大悟起来吹拉弹唱琴棋书画山娃都不懂却什么都想学山娃怨自己太笨什么都不会斟酌再三山娃终于选定了学美术当听说每月要交元时父亲犹豫了山娃也说爸算了吧咱学校一学期才转
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
It gives the overall description of SIH problem statement " AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India".
Recently uploaded (20)
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Engineering Drawings Lecture Detail Drawings 2014.pdf
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
AI assisted telemedicine KIOSK for Rural India.pptx
VLAN Membership Types
- 2. Two types ofVLAN membership methods exists and they are Static & Dynamic Static VLANs: In a static VLAN, the network administrator creates a VLAN and then assigns switch ports to the VLAN. Static VLANs are also called port-based VLANs. The association with the VLAN does not change until the administrator changes the port assignment. End- user devices become the members of VLAN based on the physical switch port to which they are connected. The ports on a single switch can be assigned multiple VLANs. Even though two devices are connected to different ports on a same switch, traffic will not pass between them if the connected ports are on different VLANs. We need a layer 3 device (typically a Router) to enable communication between twoVLANs.
- 3. DynamicVLANs: In a dynamic VLAN, the switch automatically assigns the port to a VLAN using information from the user device like MAC address, IP address etc. When a device is connected to a switch port the switch queries a database to establish VLAN membership. A network administrator must configure VLAN database of aVLAN Membership Policy Server (VMPS). Dynamic VLANs support instant movability of end devices. When we move a device from a port on one switch to a port on another switch, the dynamic VLANs will automatically configure the membership of theVLAN.