Subnets divide a network into smaller sub-networks or subnets. Each subnet is treated as a separate network and can be further divided. When a packet enters a network with subnets, routers will route based on the subnet ID which is a combination of the network ID and subnet portion of the IP address. Subnets are only relevant for routing within an organization and are transparent outside the organization.

1. Subnets
Routing within an Organization

2. Subnet
 Subnets are a subset of the entire
network
 Networks can be divided into subnets
 Subnets can be divided into subnets
 Each subnet is treated as a separate
network
 A subnet can be a WAN or LAN

3. Subnets
Subnet 1 Subnet 2
Subnet 3 Subnet 4

4. Subnet Addresses
 Typical (classed) IP addresses (e.g.
137.207.32.2) have two parts:
 A network ID (e.g. 137.207.0.0)
 A host ID (e.g. 0.0.32.2)
 A subnetted network will divide the IP
address differently
 Part of the host ID will be used to specify the
subnet number
 The network ID and subnet portion of the host
ID can be considered the subnet ID

5. Subnet Addresses
 For example, if we want to divide a
network into 4 subnets, we can use
the following scheme:
 4 subnets can be represented with 2
bits (22 = 4)
 For a class B address, which already
uses 16 bits for the network portion,
the address would use 18 bits for the
subnet portion

6. External Routing with Subnets
 Subnetting is transparent outside an
organization
 e.g. If subnetting is used in the
University, routers outside the
University will not consider subnetting
at all
 Thus, subnetting is only relevant within
an organization

7. Internal Routing with Subnets
 When a packet enters a network
with subnetting, the routers will
behave differently
 A route may use the subnet ID
(network portion + subnet portion,
followed by zeroes) to determine which
route to take

8. Routing with Subnets
17710 = ER2
101100012 Subnet 1
137.207.177.81
00
(137.207.0.0)
01
ER1 IR Subnet 2
10
Subnet 3
11
ER3
Subnet 4

9. Routing with Subnets
17710 = ER2
12810 =
101100012 Subnet 1
100000002
00
137.207.177.81
(137.207.128.0)
01
ER1 IR Subnet 2
10
Subnet 3
11
ER3
Subnet 4

10. Routing with Subnets
ER2
Subnet 1
00
01
ER1 IR Subnet 2
10
Subnet 3
137.207.177.81
(137.207.177.81)
11
ER3
Subnet 4

11. Multi-Level Subnets
 A subnet can be divided into
subnets
 If the first layer of subnetting used 2
bits for the subnet portion, a second
layer can be used to subnet within each
subnet
 Using more bits from the host portion of
the address

12. Multi-Level Subnets
Layer 1 Layer 2
Subnet 1
Subnet 2a
Network 1 Subnet 2
Subnet 2b
Subnet 3

13. Calculating Subnet IDs
 Calculating the subnet ID is very much
the same process as calculating a network
ID (net ID)
 The difference is that typically net IDs are
calculated using one of the three standard
subnet masks:
 255.0.0.0 (Class A)
 255.255.0.0 (Class B)
 255.255.255.0 (Class C)
 A subnet ID is calculated using a non-standard
subnet mask
 e.g. 255.255.192.0 (192
10 = 110000002)

14. Common Class B Subnet Masks
Subnet Mask # of Subnets
255.255.192.0 4 (22)
(19210 = 110000002)
255.255.240.0 16 (24)
(24010 = 111100002)
255.255.252.0 64 (26)
(25210 = 111111002)
• Class A and C subnet masks would be similar

15. CIDR Notation
 A convenient way to specify this kind of
subnet mask is CIDR addressing
 e.g. 137.207.32.2/255.255.0.0:
137.207.32.2/16
 e.g. 24.1.2.3/255.0.0.0: 24.1.2.3/8
 The number after the ‘/’ is the number of
bits that are 1s in the subnet mask
 137.207.177.81/255.255.240.0:
137.207.177.81/20 (16 bits for network ID + 4
bits for subnetting)