1) Describe the three primary options for enabling inter-VLAN routing.
2) Configure legacy inter-VLAN routing.
3) Configure router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing.
4) Troubleshoot common inter-VLAN configuration issues.
5) Troubleshoot common IP addressing issues in an inter-VLAN-routed environment.
6) Configure inter-VLAN routing using Layer 3 switching.
7) Troubleshoot inter-VLAN routing in a Layer 3-switched environment.
Difference between Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol (RSTP)
1. The main difference between Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W) and Spanning
Tree Protocol (STP IEEE 802.1D) is that Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W)
assumes the three Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) ports states Listening, Blocking, and Disabled are
same (these states do not forward Ethernet frames and they do not learn MAC addresses).
Hence Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W) places them all into a new called
Discarding state. Learning and forwarding ports remain more or less the same.
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNP nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of Virtual
Local Area Networks (VLAN) on the whole local area network.[1] To do this, VTP carries VLAN
information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over ISL, 802.1Q, IEEE
802.10 and LANE trunks. VTP is available on most of the Cisco Catalyst Family products.
1) Describe the three primary options for enabling inter-VLAN routing.
2) Configure legacy inter-VLAN routing.
3) Configure router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing.
4) Troubleshoot common inter-VLAN configuration issues.
5) Troubleshoot common IP addressing issues in an inter-VLAN-routed environment.
6) Configure inter-VLAN routing using Layer 3 switching.
7) Troubleshoot inter-VLAN routing in a Layer 3-switched environment.
Difference between Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and Rapid Spanning Tree
Protocol (RSTP)
1. The main difference between Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W) and Spanning
Tree Protocol (STP IEEE 802.1D) is that Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W)
assumes the three Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) ports states Listening, Blocking, and Disabled are
same (these states do not forward Ethernet frames and they do not learn MAC addresses).
Hence Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP IEEE 802.1W) places them all into a new called
Discarding state. Learning and forwarding ports remain more or less the same.
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNP nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of Virtual
Local Area Networks (VLAN) on the whole local area network.[1] To do this, VTP carries VLAN
information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over ISL, 802.1Q, IEEE
802.10 and LANE trunks. VTP is available on most of the Cisco Catalyst Family products.
VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding) is a technology that allows multiple instances of a routing table to
co-exist within the same router at the same time. This increases functionality by allowing network paths
to be segmented without using multiple devices. Because traffic is automatically segregated, VRF also
increases network security and can eliminate the need for encryption and authentication. Internet
service providers (ISPs) often take advantage of VRF to create separate virtual private networks (VPNs)
for customers; thus the technology is also referred to as VPN routing and forwarding. Because the
routing instances are independent, the same or overlapping IP addresses can be used without
conflicting with each other.
CCNA DC ,CCNP DC ,CCIE DC ,CCIE DC RACK RENTALS ,CCIE DC LEARNING PPT ,CCIE DC ONLINE TRAINING.
UCS RACK RENTALS ,MDS RACK RENTALS ,NEXUS 7000 RACK RENALS
I tried to make as detailed, clear, abundant example and visual presentation of VLANs as possible. You can contact the e-mail address in the slide to get information about the yours issue or correct my any mistakes.
1. An introduction of LAN.
2. An introduction of VLAN.
3. Properties of VLAN.
4. Types of VLAN.
5. VLAN Identification Method
6. VLAN Trunking Protocol.
7. Inter-VLAN routing.
VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding) is a technology that allows multiple instances of a routing table to
co-exist within the same router at the same time. This increases functionality by allowing network paths
to be segmented without using multiple devices. Because traffic is automatically segregated, VRF also
increases network security and can eliminate the need for encryption and authentication. Internet
service providers (ISPs) often take advantage of VRF to create separate virtual private networks (VPNs)
for customers; thus the technology is also referred to as VPN routing and forwarding. Because the
routing instances are independent, the same or overlapping IP addresses can be used without
conflicting with each other.
CCNA DC ,CCNP DC ,CCIE DC ,CCIE DC RACK RENTALS ,CCIE DC LEARNING PPT ,CCIE DC ONLINE TRAINING.
UCS RACK RENTALS ,MDS RACK RENTALS ,NEXUS 7000 RACK RENALS
I tried to make as detailed, clear, abundant example and visual presentation of VLANs as possible. You can contact the e-mail address in the slide to get information about the yours issue or correct my any mistakes.
1. An introduction of LAN.
2. An introduction of VLAN.
3. Properties of VLAN.
4. Types of VLAN.
5. VLAN Identification Method
6. VLAN Trunking Protocol.
7. Inter-VLAN routing.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Implementing Ethernet Virtual
LANs
So far we saw a switch receives a frame and makes a
Forwarding decision and forwards it.
We haven’t much deal with the VLANs so in this chapter
We will see that.
Section 1 : How vlan works in 1 switch and how to span
Single vlan across multiple switches.
Section 2 : How to configure VLANs and VLAN trunks, and how
To route a frame from one vlan to another vlan
Section 3 : Issues that can arise with vlans
3. Virtual LAN Concepts
LAN - A LAN includes all devices in the same broadcast domain.
It stands for virtual local area network.
VLAN is a network that collects a set of network ports on a switching
device into a single broadcast domain.
VLAN separating the large broad cast domain into small broadcast domains.
If a device in one VLAN sends a broadcast frame all device in that same
VLAN receive and other VLAN device will not receive that.
4. VLAN are most often used over ethernet network.
In one physical switch we can create multiple logical network thus each
VLAN create its own broadcast domain.
By default all the port are in VLAN1.
VLAN1 is management VLAN.
VLAN2 can create 2-1005.
5. Other Reason to use VLANS
To reduce CPU overhead on each device, improving host performance, by
reducing the number of devices that receive each broadcast frame.
To create more flexible designs that groups users by department, or by groups
that work together, instead of by physical location.
To solve problems more quickly, because the failure domain for many
problems is the same set of devices as those in the same broadcast domain.
6.
7. Creating Multi switch VLANs Using
Trunking
Generally we are configuring VLANs on a single switch and simply configuring
each port to tell it the VLAN number to which the port belongs.
But if w have multiple switches, then we need to consider additional concepts
about how to forward traffic between the switches.
When we are using VLANs in networks that have multiple interconnected
switches the switches need to use VLAN Trunking on the links between the
switches.
VLAN trunking causes the switches to use a process called VLAN Tagging, by
which switch that is sending switch adds another header to the frame before
sending it over the trunk.
This exrtra Trunking header includes a VLAN identifier that is VLAND ID field
so that the sending switch can associate the frame with a particular VLAN ID
and receiving switch can then know in what VLAN each frame belongs.
8.
9. Interface Types In Switch
Trunk Port :
Trunk port is a port in a switch which can carry multiple vlan traffic.
Access Port :
Access port is a port in a switch which can carry single vlan traffic only.
10. VLAN Tagging Concepts
The use of Trunking allows switches to forward frames from multiple VLANs over
a single physical connection by adding a small header.
SW1 adds a VLAN header to the original Ethernet frame, with the
VLAN header listing a VLAN ID of 10 in this case
11. CISCO has supported two different
Trunking protocols.
1. Inter-switch Link(ISL)--------CISCO created the ISL it add 30 byte
2. IEEE802.1Q------IEEE it add 4 byte
3. Both ISL and IEEE tags the frame in the trunk but how is what differs.
4. 1.IEEE inserts 4byte or 24 bits 802.1Q Header out of which 12 bit is for VLAN
ID
5. Hence Maximum vlan is 2^12(4096)VLANs.
12.
13. Types of VLAN
1. Static VLAN---→Base on port number
2. Dynamic VLAN-→Base on the MAC address
Static VLAN
Static VLANs are based on port numbers.
Need to configure manually i.e. Assign a port on a switch to a VLAN.
One port can be a member of only one VLAN.
It is also called port Based VLANs.
Static VLAN is a group of ports designated by the switch as belonging to the same
broadcast domain.
VLAN Creation:
Switch(Config)#vlan <no>
Switch(Config-vlan)#name<name>
14. Assigning ports in VLAN:
Switch(Config)#interface<interface type><interface n0.>
Switch(Config-if)#switchport mode access
Switch(Config-if)#switchport access Vlan <no>
Dynamic VLAN:
Generally we don’t use Dynamic VLAN.
Dynamic VLAN’s are based on the MAC address of a PC.
Switch automatically assign the port of multiple VLAN
Each port can be member of multiple VLAN’s
For Dynamic VLAN configuration .a software called VMPS(VLAN
Membership policy server)is needed.
15. Native VLAN
By definition, 802.1Q Simply does not add an 802.1Q header to frames in the
native VLAN.
If my switch receives a frame without vlan tags it then it decides to choose it
as a part of Native VLAN.
Native VLAN can change from one switch to another switch.
16. We can change Native vlan from vlan 1
to other.
Switch(configuration)
Switch>en
Switch#config t
Switch(config)#vlan 666
Switch(config-vlan)#end
Switch(config)#into f0/1
Switch(config-if)#switchport trunk native vlan 666
Remember: For CISCO switches the Native VLAN ID must match on both end
of trunk.
17. To see Native VLAN:
Switch#sh in trunk
Switch#sh in f0/1 switchport
18. VLAN Trunking Protocol
It’s a protocol developed by Cisto to send the vlan information
from ne switch to others, instead of configuring every switch.
VTP Modes:
1.Server:
The server switches can configure VLANs in
the standard range only(1-1005)
2.Client:
The client switches cannot configure VLANs,
however, they receive it from server.
3.Transparent:
If they receive a VTP message it will
update itself with vlan it just passes it to next switch.
19. DTP – Dynamic Trunking Protocol
We can use DTP to dynamically make our port as Trunk port if neighbor is
trunk port.
20. Troubleshooting VLANs and VLAN TRUNKS
This final session will discuss about the issues related to VLAN.
1. Make sure the access vlan is up or active, normally a vlan goes to shut
state when you use shutdown command.
IOU2(config)#vlan 10
IOU2(config-vlan)#shutdown