The document provides an overview of IPv6 implementation including key features like larger address space, simplified headers, and auto-configuration. It discusses IPv6 addressing modes like unicast, multicast, and anycast. Special address types and the IPv6 header are also explained. Methods for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 like dual stack routers and tunneling are covered. IPv6 routing protocols and basic configuration are also summarized.
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
IPv6 is short for "Internet Protocol Version 6". IPv6 is the "next generation" protocol designed by the IETF to replace the current version Internet Protocol, IP Version 4 ("IPv4").
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
IPv6 is short for "Internet Protocol Version 6". IPv6 is the "next generation" protocol designed by the IETF to replace the current version Internet Protocol, IP Version 4 ("IPv4").
Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in Internet Protocol (IP) datagram packet headers while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is what you are going to discover onwards. Here, you will get format, features and related required information of IPv6 addresses and its related protocols.
Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in Internet Protocol (IP) datagram packet headers while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is what you are going to discover onwards. Here, you will get format, features and related required information of IPv6 addresses and its related protocols.
IPv6 Autoconfig full process from initial configuration of IPV6 Node. Refreshment of IPv6 Addresses using RA or DHCPv6. How to keep your home config everywhere you go and only logout when you want to, not when you move to a new access point.
The “Hands on Experience with IPv6 Routing and Services” Techtorial will provide attendees an opportunity to configure, troubleshoot, design and implement an IPv6 network using IPv6 technologies and features such as: IPv6 addressing, IPv6 neighbor discovery, HSRPv6, static routing, OSPFv3, EIGRPv6 and BGPv6. You will be provided with a scenario made up of an IPv4 network where you will get the opportunity to configure and implement IPv6 based on the requirements on the network, i.e., where would you deploy dual stack, where it make sense to do funneling and how to deploy IPv6 routing protocols without impacting your existing Network infrastructure.
Module 4: Configuring and Troubleshooting IPv6 TCP/IP
This module introduces you to IPv6, a technology that will help ensure that the Internet can support a growing user base and the increasingly large number of IP-enabled devices. The current Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) has served as the underlying Internet protocol for almost thirty years. Its robustness, scalability, and limited feature set is now challenged by the growing need for new IP addresses, due in large part to the rapid growth of new network-aware devices.
Lessons
Overview of IPv6
IPv6 Addressing
Coexistence with IPv6
IPv6 Transition Technologies
Transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6
Lab : Configuring an ISATAP Router
Configuring a New IPv6 Network and Client
Configuring an ISATAP Router to Enable Communication Between an IPv4 Network and an IPv6 Network
Lab : Converting the Network to Native IPv6
Transitioning to a Native IPv6 Network
After completing this module, students will be able to:
Describe the features and benefits of IPv6.
Implement IPv6 addressing.
Implement an IPv6 coexistence strategy.
Describe and select a suitable IPv6 transition solution.
Transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
Troubleshoot an IPv6-based network.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4. Watch more: http://telecomacadmey.com/What-is-Ipv6/ ============================================================================================================ Join us on Site: http://telecomacadmey.com/ Join us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Telecom-Acad... Join us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TelecomAcad Join us on tumblr: https://www.tumblr.com/blog/telecomac... Join us on Quora: https://www.quora.com/profile/Telecom... Join us on Google +: https://plus.google.com/u/0/104392545... Join us on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/telecomacad/ Join us on pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/hamzathenet...
8-Lect_8 Addressing the Network.tcp.pptxZahouAmel1
Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing the Network.Addressing
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
2. What we are going to do
• IPv6 Overview
• IPv6 Features
• IPv6 Addressing Modes
• IPv6 Address Types
• IPv6 Special Address
• IPv6 Headers
• IPv6 Communication
• IPv6 Routing
• IPv6 Implementation
• IPv6 Summary
4. IPv6 Overview
• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), is a new addressing protocol
designed to incorporate whole sort of requirement of future internet
known to us as Internet version 2.
• IPv6 is a 128 bit address
• It is represented as 32 hexadecimal numbers arranged in 8 quartets of
4 hexadecimal digit separated by a “ : ”
• Ex: 2001:ABCD:25687:EFCD:ABCD:25687:EFCD:3458
• Case insensitive for A, B, C, D, E and F
• IPv6 is currently a flat addressing scheme i.e, it is not divided into
classes.
Prefix Host
5. Why new IP version?
• IPv4 has proven itself as a robust routable addressing protocol and has
served human being for decades on its best-effort-delivery mechanism.
• It was designed in early 80‟s and did not get any major change afterward.
• At the time of its birth, Internet was limited only to a few Universities for
their research and to Department of Defense.
• IPv4 is 32 bits long which offers around 4,294,967,296 (232) addresses. This
address space was considered more than enough that time.
6. Below are the few points for IPv6 birth
• Internet has grown exponentially and the address space allowed by IPv4 is
saturating.
• IPv4 on its own does not provide any security feature which makes data
vulnerable on Internet
• Data prioritization in IPv4 is not up to date.
8. Where is IPv5 ?
• Till date, Internet Protocol has been recognized has IPv4 only.
• Version 0 to 3 were used while the protocol was itself under
development and experimental process.
• So, we can assume lots of background activities remain active before
putting a protocol into production.
• Similarly, protocol version 5 was used while experimenting with
stream protocol for internet.
• It is known to us as Internet Stream Protocol which used Internet
Protocol number 5 to encapsulate its datagram.
• Though it was never brought into public use, but it was already used.
9. IPv6 Features
• Larger Address Space
• Simplified Header
• End-to-end Connectivity
• Auto-configuration
• Faster Forwarding/Routing
• IPSec
• No Broadcast
• Anycast Support
• Mobility
• Enhanced Priority support
• Smooth Transition
• Extensibility
10. • Larger Address Space:
• IP Version 6 is a 128 bit address
• 2128 = 3.4 x1038 [Approx 340 Trillion Trillion Trillion IP addresses]
• According to an estimate, 1564 addresses can be allocated to every square meter of this
earth.
• Simplified Header:
• IPv6 header has been simplified by moving all unnecessary information and options
(which are present in IPv4 header) to the end of the IPv6 header.
• End-to-end Connectivity:
• Every system now has unique IP address and can traverse through the internet without
using NAT or other translating components
• Auto-configuration:
• IPv6 supports both stateful and stateless auto configuration mode of its host devices.
This way absence of a DHCP server does not put halt on inter segment communication.
11. • Faster Forwarding/Routing:
• Simplified header puts all unnecessary information at the end of the header.
• All information in first part of the header are adequate for a Router to take routing
decision thus making routing decision as quickly as looking at the mandatory header.
• IPSec:
• Initially it was decided for IPv6 to must have IPSec security, making it more secure than
IPv4. This feature has now been made optional.
• No Broadcast:
• IPv6 does not have any Broadcast support anymore left with it. It uses multicast to
communicate with multiple hosts.
12. IPv6 Addressing Modes
1. Unicast
• Global Unicast (Public IP addresses)
• Link-Local Unicast (Private IP addresses)
• Loopback Address (Virtual IPs)
2. Multicast
3. Anycast
13. 1. Unicast
• In unicast mode of addressing, an IPv6 interface (host) is uniquely identified in
a network segment.
• The IPv6 packet contains both source and destination IP addresses. A host
interface is equipped with an IP address which is unique in that network
segment.
• A network switch or router when receives a unicast IP packet, destined to
single host, sends out to one of its outgoing interface which connects to that
particular host.
15. • Global Unicast Address
• This address type is equivalent to IPv4‟s public address. Global Unicast addresses in IPv6
are globally identifiable and uniquely addressable.
• Global Routing Prefix: The most significant 48-bits are designated as Global Routing
Prefix which is assigned to specific Autonomous System. Three most significant bits of
Global Routing Prefix is always set to 001.
• Link-Local Address
• Auto-configured IPv6 address is known as Link-Local address. This address always starts
with FE80. First 16 bits of Link-Local address is always set to 1111 1110 1000 0000
(FE80). Next 48-bits are set to 0
• Link-Local addresses are used for communication among IPv6 hosts on a link (broadcast
segment) only. These addresses are not routable so a Router never forwards these
addresses outside the link.
16. • Unique-Local Address
• This type of IPv6 address which is though globally unique, but it should be used in local
communication. This address has second half of Interface ID and first half is divided
among Prefix, Local Bit, Global ID and Subnet ID.
• Prefix is always set to 1111 110. L bit, which is set to 1 if the address is locally assigned.
So far the meaning of L bit to 0 is not defined. Therefore, Unique Local IPv6 address
always starts with „FD‟.
17.
18. Multicast
• The IPv6 multicast mode is same as that of IPv4.
• The packet destined to multiple hosts is sent on a special multicast
address.
• All hosts interested in that multicast information, need to join that
multicast group first.
• All interfaces which have joined the group receive the multicast
packet and process it, while other hosts not interested in multicast
packets ignore the multicast information.
20. Anycast
• IPv6 has introduced a new type of addressing, which is called Anycast
addressing.
• In this addressing mode, multiple interfaces (hosts) are assigned same
Anycast IP address.
• When a host wishes to communicate with a host equipped with an Anycast IP
address, sends a Unicast message.
• With the help of complex routing mechanism, that Unicast message is
delivered to the host closest to the Sender, in terms of Routing cost.
26. IPv6 Address Type
• Before introducing IPv6 Address format, we shall look into Hexadecimal
Number System.
• Hexadecimal is positional number system which uses radix (base) of 16.
• To represent the values in readable format, this system uses 0-9 symbols to
represent values from zero to nine and A-F symbol to represent values from
ten to fifteen.
• Every digit in Hexadecimal can represent values from 0 to 15.
27.
28. Address Structure
• An IPv6 address is made of 128 bits divided into eight 16-bits blocks. Each
block is then converted into 4-digit Hexadecimal numbers separated by colon
symbol.
• For example, the below is 128 bit IPv6 address represented in binary format
and divided into eight 16-bits blocks:
• 0010000000000001 0000000000000000 0011001000110100
1101111111100001 0000000001100011 0000000000000000
0000000000000000 1111111011111011
• Each block is then converted into Hexadecimal and separated by „:‟ symbol:
2001:0000:3238:DFE1:0063:0000:0000:FEFB
29. Cont..
• Even after converting into Hexadecimal format, IPv6 address remains long.
IPv6 provides some rules to shorten the address.
• These rules are:
• Rule:1 Discard leading Zero(es):
• In Block 5, 0063, the leading two 0s can be omitted, such as (5th block):
2001:0000:3238:DFE1:63:0000:0000:FEFB
• Rule:2 If two of more blocks contains consecutive zeroes, omit them all and
replace with double colon sign ::, such as (6th and 7th block):
2001:0000:3238:DFE1:63::FEFB Consecutive blocks of zeroes can be replaced
only once by :: so if there are still blocks of zeroes in the address they can be
shrink down to single zero, such as (2nd block): 2001:0:3238:DFE1:63::FEFB
30.
31. IPv6 Header
An Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) data packet comprises of two main parts: the header and the payload. The
first 40 bytes/octets (40x8 = 320 bits) of an IPv6 packet comprise of the header
31
32.
33. IPv6 – IPv4 to IPV6
• One problem in transition from IPv4 to IPv6 completely is that IPv6 is not
backward compatible.
• This results in a situation where either a site is on IPv6 or it is not.
• Unlike an implementation of new technology where the newer one is
backward compatible so the older system can still work with the newer
without any additional changes.
• To overcome this short-coming, there exist few technologies which can be used
in slow and smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6:
34. Dual Stack Routers
It's a process of configuring IPv4 and IPv6 address on the same interface.
35. Tunneling
• In a scenario where different IP versions exist on intermediate path or transit
network, tunneling provides a better solution where user's data can pass
through a non-supported IP version.
• The above diagram depicts how two remote IPv4 networks can communicate
via Tunnel, where the transit network was on IPv6. Vice versa is also possible
where transit network is on IPv6 and remote sites which intends to
communicate, are on IPv4.
36. NAT Protocol Translation
• This is another important method of transition to IPv6 by means of a NAT-PT
(Network Address Translation – Protocol Translation) enabled device. With
help of NAT-PT device, actual conversion happens between IPv4 and IPv6
packets and vice versa. See the diagram below:
37. IPv6 Routing Protocols
• RIPng (Routing Information Protocol Next Generation)
• OSPFv3
• BGPv4
• EIGRPv6
• Other Protocols like
• ICMPv6
• DHCPv6
• DNS
38. Configuring with IPv6
Router(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
Router(config-if)#ipv6 enable
38
39. Future of IPv6
• IPv6 enabled Internet version 2 will replace todays IPv4 enabled Internet.
• When Internet was launched with IPv4, developed countries like US and Europe took the
larger space of IPv4 for deployment of Internet in their respective countries keeping future
need in mind. But Internet exploded everywhere reaching and connecting every country of
the world increasing the requirement of IPv4 address space.
• As a result, till this day US and Europe have many IPv4 address space left with them and
countries like India and China are bound to address their IP space requirement by means
of deployment of IPv6.
• Most of the IPv6 deployment is being done outside US, Europe. India and China are
moving forward to change their entire space to IPv6.
• China has announced a five year deployment plan named China Next Generation Internet.
After June 06, 2012 all major ISPs were shifted to IPv6 and rest of them are still moving.
IPv6 provides ample of address space and is designed to expand today‟s Internet services.
Feature-rich IPv6 enabled Internet version 2 may deliver more than expected.
42. Arsh Networks
Syed Arshad
Cisco (R&S, Security and Wireless) | Checkpoint | UTMs | Linux |Microsoft | VMware
E-Mail : arshnetwors@gmail.com
Blog : http://arshnetworks.blogspot.com/
Skype : arshnetworks
42
Editor's Notes
A host with IPv4 address sends a request to IPv6 enabled Server on Internet which does not understand IPv4 address. In this scenario, NAT-PT device can help them communicate. When IPv4 host sends a request packet to IPv6 Server, NAT-PT device/router, strips down the IPv4 packet, removes IPv4 header and adds IPv6 header and passes it through the Internet. When a response from IPv6 Server comes for IPv4 host, the router does vice versa.