This document provides information about different coordinate systems used in astronomy and mapping. It discusses the celestial sphere projection and altitude-azimuth and equatorial coordinate systems used to describe positions of celestial objects. It also covers horizon coordinates, celestial coordinates including right ascension and declination, and concepts like the celestial equator, ecliptic, and seasons. The document further summarizes coordinate systems used for mapping earth resources, including local geographic coordinates, projected coordinate systems, and specific projections like Lambert conformal conic and transverse Mercator.
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode.
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based radio navigation system for determination of precise position and time, using radio signals from the satellites, in real-time or in post-processing mode.
Surveying is an important part of Civil engineering. Various part like theodolite, plane table surveying, computation of area and volume are useful for all university examination and other competitive examination
the presentation is about Field Astronomy, generally deals with astronomical terms & Co-ordinate system related to field astronomy. Astronomical terms like celestial sphere, Zenith, Nadir & Celestial pole/ equators all are included in these slides; rather than that Celestial latitude & longitude co-ordinate system, Altitude & azimuth co-ordinate system, declination & Right ascension co-ordinate system & Declination & hour angle co-ordinate system are explained in these slides.
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
Edm is a surveying instrument used to measure the distance electronically. This Surveying Instrument is used in triangulation to measure the length of Base line because more accuracy is required to measure the length of base line.
the presentation is about Field Astronomy, generally deals with astronomical terms & Co-ordinate system related to field astronomy. Astronomical terms like celestial sphere, Zenith, Nadir & Celestial pole/ equators all are included in these slides; rather than that Celestial latitude & longitude co-ordinate system, Altitude & azimuth co-ordinate system, declination & Right ascension co-ordinate system & Declination & hour angle co-ordinate system are explained in these slides.
Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, electromagnetic distance measurement, types of EDM instruments, electronic digital theodolites, total station, digital levels, scanners for topographical survey, global positioning system.
What is a Total Station?
Capability of a Total Station
Important Operations of Total Station
Uses of Total Station
Advantages of Using Total Stations
Applications
Edm is a surveying instrument used to measure the distance electronically. This Surveying Instrument is used in triangulation to measure the length of Base line because more accuracy is required to measure the length of base line.
Celestial astronomy, the study of celestial objects and phenomena beyond Earth's atmosphere, captivates the imagination and fuels our quest to understand the universe's vastness. It delves into the mysteries of stars, galaxies, planets, and other cosmic entities, unraveling the intricacies of their formation, evolution, and behavior.
At the heart of celestial astronomy lies the study of stars, those luminous beacons scattered throughout the cosmos. Astronomers examine stars of various sizes, temperatures, and ages, peering into their cores to decipher the nuclear fusion processes that sustain their brilliance. Through spectroscopy, they analyze the light emitted by stars, unveiling clues about their chemical compositions, distances, and motions.
Galaxies, sprawling collections of stars, gas, and dust, present another frontier in celestial exploration. Astronomers classify galaxies based on their shapes, from spiral and elliptical to irregular, unraveling the cosmic ballet of gravity, dark matter, and dark energy that shapes their structures and dynamics. They probe the depths of galactic cores, where supermassive black holes lurk, influencing their surroundings in profound ways.
Planets, moons, and other celestial bodies within our solar system offer windows into both the past and the future. Through telescopic observations and robotic explorers, scientists study the diverse landscapes of rocky worlds like Mars, the gaseous giants of Jupiter and Saturn, and the icy realms of the outer solar system. By analyzing meteorites and lunar samples, they piece together the solar system's turbulent history, from its violent beginnings to the emergence of life on Earth.
Celestial astronomy also encompasses the study of transient phenomena such as supernovae, black holes, and gamma-ray bursts, whose fleeting brilliance illuminates the cosmos for brief moments. By observing these cosmic cataclysms across the electromagnetic spectrum, astronomers glean insights into the most extreme environments in the universe.
In essence, celestial astronomy is a journey of exploration and discovery, spanning billions of light-years and countless eons. It inspires wonder, curiosity, and a deep appreciation for the grandeur of the cosmos, reminding us of our place in the vast tapestry of the universe.
Valuation - professional prractice and valuationKavin Raval
VALUATION IS USED TO DECIDE THE VALUE OF A STRUCTURE OR A RENT OF A HOUSE OR OFFICE . THE TYPES OF RENT ARE DESCRIBED. THE METHOD OF FIXING RENT IS ILLUSTRATED.
HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCE MANAGMENT PPTKavin Raval
PRINCIPLE COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Intake structure
Forebay
Surge tank
Penstocks
Conveyance systems
Power house
Draft tube
Tail race
PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
FIELD ASTRONOMY SURVEYING
1.
2. FIELD ASTRONOMY
-: CREATED BY :-
ALAY MEHTA 141080106026
SHIVANI PATEL 141080106021
KAVIN RAVAL 141080106026
KUNTAL SONI 141080106028
SUBMITTED TO :-
Prof. NUTAN C. PATEL
5. Positions on the Celestial Sphere
The Altitude-Azimuth Coordinate System
• Coordinate system based on observers local horizon
• Zenith - point directly above the observer
• North - direction to north celestial pole NCP projected onto the plane tangent to the earth at
the observer’s location
• h: altitude - angle measured from the horizon to the object along a great circle that passes
the object and the zenith
• z: zenith distance - is the angle measured from the zenith to the object h=90
• A: azimuth - is the angle measured
along the horizon eastward
from north to the great circle
used for the measure
of the altitude
6. Equatorial Coordinate System
• Coordinate system that results
in nearly constant values for
the positions of distant
celestial objects.
• Based on latitude-longitude
coordinate system for the
Earth.
• Declination - coordinate on
celestial sphere analogous to
latitude and is measured in
degrees north or south of the celestial equator
• Right Ascension - coordinate on celestial sphere analogous to
longitude and is measured eastward along the celestial equator from
the vernal equinox to its intersection with the objects hour circle
7. POSITIONS ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE
THE EQUATORIAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
• Hour Angle - The angle between a
celestial object ’ s hour circle and the
observer ’ s meridian, measured in the
direction of the object’s motion around the
celestial sphere.
• Local Sidereal Time(LST) - the amount
of time that has elapsed since the vernal
equinox has last traversed the meridian.
• Right Ascension is typically measured in
units of hours, minutes and seconds. 24
hours of RA would be equivalent to 360.
• Can tell your LST by using the known RA of
an object on observer’s meridian
Hour circle
9. Sky Coordinates
Horizon Coordinates:
Horizon - the "sky line", i.e. where the sky apparently meets the earth.
Azimuth (Az) - Angular coordinate measure around the horizon, starting from the North point
and moving Eastward.
Altitude (Alt) - angular measure above the horizon along a great circle passing through the
zenith
North Point - the point that is on the horizon and directly North
Zenith - The point in the sky directly overhead.
Nadir - The point directly beneath one’s feet.
Meridian - the great circle that passes from the North point through the zenith to the South
Point
10. Sky Coordinates
Celestial Coordinates:
Right Ascension (RA) - similar to Earth longitude but for the sky; RA is measured Eastward starting
from the Vernal Equinox
Declination (Dec) - similar to Earth latitude but for the sky; Dec is positive in the North Celestial
Sphere and negative in the South
Celestial Poles - projection of North and South Poles onto the sky
Celestial Sphere - The imaginary sphere centred on the observer upon which the stars appear to be
projected.
Celestial Equator (CE) - projection of equator onto the sky
Ecliptic - apparent path of the Sun over the course of one year
Solstice - Time of greatest or smallest declination for the Sun.
Equinox - Time when the Sun crosses the celestial equator. (Vernal = spring)
12. Seasons and the Sky
• Vernal Equinox - first day of spring; the Sun lies exactly over
the equator and is passing into the N. hemisphere
• Autumnal Equinox - first day of autumn; the Sun lies exactly
over the equator and is passing into the S. hemisphere
• Summer Solstice - first day of summer; the Sun is highest in
the sky for N. observers (lowest for S. observers)
• Winter Solstice - first day of winter; the Sun is lowest in the
sky for N. observers (highest for S. observers)
13. Sky Coordinates
• Vertical Circle - A secondary great circle in the horizon system. Such a circle
passes through the zenith and nadir and is vertical since it is perpendicular to
the horizon.
• Hour Circle - A secondary great circle in the equatorial system. Such a circle
therefore passes through the celestial poles and is perpendicular to the celestial
equator.
• Hour Angle (HA) - Another longitude-like coordinate in the equatorial
system. It is measured in units of time westward along the celestial
equator from the celestial meridian to the hour circle of a point. (Unlike the
right ascension it does depend both upon the observer's position and also upon
the time. A star's hour angle can be thought of both as an angle and also as the
elapsed time since that star crossed the celestial meridian.)
14. Sky Coordinates
Celestial Meridian - A great circle passing through the zenith,
nadir, north and south celestial poles, and north and south
points of the horizon. It is both a vertical circle and an hour
circle and is therefore perpendicular to both the celestial
equator and horizon. The celestial meridian bisects the sky into
eastern and western halves.
Local Sidereal Time (LST) - The hour angle of the vernal
equinox or, equivalently, the right ascension of points on the
celestial meridian. LST is dependent upon the observer's
position and is constantly changing with time.
15. Coordinate systems
• In order to find something one needs a system of
coordinates.
• For determining the positions of the stars and planets
where the distance to the object often is unknown it
usually suffices to use two coordinates.
• Different types of coordinate systems are:
The Horizon System
Equatorial Coordinate System .
Ecliptic Coordinate System.
Galactic Coordinate System.
16.
17. Local and Projected coordinates for
earth resources mapping
o Local Geographic coordinate systems
o Geographic coordinate systems use a 3-D spherical surface to represent the earth and
define locations on it, which are referenced by longitude and latitude values.
o Because the earth is not completely round, it isn't possible to base a coordinate
system on a perfect sphere. Therefore a variety of "spheroids" are used instead, each
of which is more accurate in a particular part of the world. In North America, the
most popular spheroid is known as GRS 1980. Another spheroid which is used is
WGS 1984.
o Going even further, spheroids can have datum's associated with them, which
incorporate local variations in elevation, since the earth is not really smooth. In
North America, the most popular datum's are NAD 1983 (North American Datum;
based on the GRS 1980 spheroid) and WGS 1984 (World Geodetic System; based on
the WGS 1984 spheroid).
18. coordinate systems
Projected coordinate systems
Projection refers to the process of representing the earth's round surface as a
flat surface (a piece of paper, or your computer screen). Projected coordinate
systems, or projections, are always based on a geographic coordinate
system.
There are many different types of projections, and each one of necessity
distorts the representation of the earth in some way. When selecting a
projection for your data, it is important to be aware of what distortions are in
place - certain types of distortion are more acceptable for some purposes
than for others.
Here is a description of the features of the projections currently used:
19. coordinate systems
• Lambert Conformal Conic
• Type : Conic
• Properties : Conformal - all angles at any point are preserved.
Maintains shapes for small areas (i.e. large scale maps), but
distorts the size of large areas.
• Common uses : mapping Canada and the US; mapping
equatorial/mid-latitude areas; mapping at large and medium
scales.
20. coordinate systems
• Transverse Mercator
• Type: Cylindrical
• Properties : Conformal - all angles at any point are preserved. Maintains
shape for small areas-specifically, in zones only a few degrees wide in east-
west extent.
Common uses : large scale topographic map series, NTS and USGS maps.
• Planar Projection
A planar projection projects information to a plane. The plane may be either
tangent or secant.
21. Mercantor Cylinderical
• A Mercator projection is
created using a cylinder
tangent at the equator.
• A Transverse Mercator
projection is created using a
cylinder that is tangent at a
selected meridian.
• An Oblique Mercator
projection is created using a
cylinder that is tangent
along a great circle other
than the equator or a
meridian.
22. Lambert Conformal Conic
• A conic projection projects
information from the spherical Earth
to a cone that is either tangent to the
Earth at a single parallel, or that is
secant at two standard parallels.
• Once the projection is complete, the
cone is unwrapped to form a flat
surface.
• The lines where the cone is tangent or
secant are the places with the least
distortion.
• A polyclone projection uses a series of
cones to reduce distortion.
23. Planar Projection
A map projection resulting
from the conceptual
projection of the Earth onto
a tangent or secant plane.
Usually, a planar projection
is the same as an azimuthal
projection.
24. Determination of Latitude
A LATITUDE is also defined as the angle between the zenith & the
celestial equator.