The document provides an in-depth overview of total stations, which are advanced surveying instruments combining electronic theodolites and electronic distance meters. It covers their definition, features, components, setup procedures, and various measurement techniques, highlighting their versatility in fields such as construction, archaeology, and law enforcement. The document also details the advantages of total stations over traditional surveying methods, emphasizing their accuracy and efficiency in data collection and mapping.

1. V.S.V.N.POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE VIRUDHUNAGAR – 626 001
TTOOTTAALL SSTTAATTIIOONN DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Prepared by M.Shanmugaraj Lecturer/Civil Engg

2. Contents Introduction of Total station Definition of Total Station Features of Total Station Uses of Total Station Factors influencing the use of Total Stations: Components of Total Station Check List for Total Station Setting up the Instrument Exercises on Total Station 1.Measuring the Horizontal Angle 2. Measuring Vertical Angle 3. Distance and Angle Measurement 4. Remote Elevated Measurement (REM) 5. Missing Line Measurement (MLM) 6. Coordinate Measurement 7. Resection Measurement 8. Setting out Measurement 9. Setting out line 10. Setting out Arc 11. Point Projection 12. Offset Measurement 13. Surface Area Calculation 14. Recording a data, inputting a job name, deleting a job name 15. Outputting a job 16. Downloading Total station data by Sokkia Link Software to PC

3. TOTAL STATION
A modern surveying instrument that has replaced optical and electronic theodolites, this is essentially a combination of a theodolite, an electronic distance meter EDM) and special on-board
software. Angles and distances, coordinates and height differences
and many other items can be computed, displayed and stored into
internal memory. Data can be downloaded and processed to produce maps of the surveyed area. Even though these instruments are extremely costly, their use has made survey work far more flexible and efficient. A total station is an optical instrument used in modern surveying and archaeology as well as by police, crime scene investigators, private accident reconstructionists and insurance companies to take measurements of scenes. It is a combination of an electronic theodolite (transit), an electronic distance meter (EDM) and software running on an external computer known as a data collector. Beginning in about 1980, an EDM component, which also had been improved to enable automatic readout, was combined with an electronic theodolite to create a single instrument called the total station . The functions of the distance and angle measuring components were controlled by an interfaced computer. Modern total station instruments can now make slope distance measurements, autometically display the results, and also store the data in the computer memory. They can also measure angles both in horizontal planes and vertical planes, and again the results can be automatically displayed and stored. The on-board computer can use these measured data in real time to resolve horizontal and vertical distances, to calculate the positions and elevations of points, or to set points for construction projects. Total station instruments are probably the most commonly used and important instruments in modern surveying today, having practically replaced all transits, theodolites, and stand alone EDM instruments. With a total station one may determine angles and distances from the instrument to points to be surveyed. With the aid of trigonometry and triangulation , the angles and distances may be used to calculate the coordinates of actual positions (X, Y, and Z or northing, easting and elevation ) of surveyed points, or the position of the instrument from known points, in absolute terms. The data may be downloaded from the theodolite to an external computer and application software will generate a map of the surveyed area. Some total stations also have a GPS interface which combines these two technologies to make use of the advantages of both (GPS - line of sight not required between measured points; Traditional Total Station - high precision measurement especially in the vertical axis compared with GPS) and reduce the consequences of each technology's disadvantages (GPS - poor accuracy in the vertical axis and lower accuracy without long occupation periods; Total Station - requires line of sight observations and must be set up over a known point or within line of sight of 2 or more known points). Most modern total station instruments measure angles by means of electro-optical scanning of extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating glass cylinders or discs within the instrument. The best quality total stations are capable of measuring angles down to 0.5 arc-second. Inexpensive "construction grade" total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-seconds.

4. Features of Total Station
 Total solution for surveying work,
 Most accurate and user friendly,
 Gives position of a point (x, y and z) w. r. t. known point (base point),
 EDM is fitted inside the telescope,
 Digital display,
 On board memory to store data,
 Compatibility with computers,
 Measures distance and angles and displays coordinates,
 Auto level compensator is available,
 Can work in lesser visibility also,
 Can measure distances even without prismatic target for lesser distances,
 Is water proof,
 On board software are available,
 Can be used for curve layout after feeding data.
 New Total stations have atmospheric correction, and auto-focus. In addition, these series incorporates a quick distance measuring mode and a high data storage capacity for increased productivity.
 The new Total station gives the unique opportunity for long range distance monitoring of up to 9000m to a single prism. Using the scan functionality of software allows fully automated monitoring of the prism in direction of the line of sight.
Uses of Total Station
General purpose angle measurement
General purpose distance measurement
Provision of control surveys
Contour and detail mapping
Setting out and construction work
Factors influencing the use of Total Stations:
o A clear line of sight between the
instrument and the
measured points is essential.
o The precision of the instrument is
dependent on the raw repeatabilities of
the direction and distance measurements.
o A well defined measurement point or target/prism is required to obtain optimal precision and accuracy.
o The accuracy of direction and distance measurement is subject to a number of instrumental errors and the correct field procedures.

5. Components of Total Station
Components of a Total Station EDM Electronic
theodolite On-Board Micro-processor Data Collector
(built in or separate unit) Data Storage (internal or
memory card) Prisms
Micro-processor Averages multiple angle measurements
Averages multiple distance measurements Computes
horizontal and vertical distances Corrections for temp,
pressure and humidity Computes inverses, polars,
resections Computes X, Y and Z coordinates P A B
“RESECTION”
Specifications Range Reflectorless –> 3 – 70 meters
Single Prism -> 1 – 2000 m Triple Prism -> 1 – 2200 m
Accuracy Angles –> 1 - 5” Distance –> 3mm + 2ppm
(prism) -> 4mm + 3ppm (reflectorless) Data Storage
2000 – 4000 points
Field to Finish Operation Control/operation (robotic)
Measurement and basic comps Final Comps, checks and
outputs Transfer remotely (radio/cell phone) Memory card USB and Compact
Flash Automatic target recognition
Some total stations also have a GPS interface which combines these two
technologies to make use of the advantages of both (GPS - line of sight not
required between measured points; Traditional Total Station - high precision
measurement especially in the vertical axis compared with GPS) and reduce the
consequences of each technology's disadvantages (GPS - poor accuracy in the
vertical axis and lower accuracy without long occupation periods; Total Station -
requires line of sight observations and must be set up over a known point or
within line of sight of 2 or more known points).
Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated microwave or
infrared carrier signal, generated by a small solid-state emitter within the
instrument's optical path, and bounced off of the object to be measured. The
modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and interpreted by the onboard
computer in the total station. The distance is determined by emitting and
receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of
wavelengths to the target for each frequency . Most total stations use a purpose-built
glass Porro prism as the reflector for the EDM signal, and can measure
distances out to a few kilometers, but some instruments are
"reflectorless", and can measure distances to any object that is
reasonably light in color, out to a few hundred meters. The typical Total Station
EDM can measure distances accurate to about 3 millimeters or 1/1000th of a foot.
 EDM
 Electronic theodolite
 On-Board Micro-processor
 Data Collector (built in or separate unit)
 Data Storage (internal or memory card)
 Prisms
Microprocessor
• Averages multiple angle measurements
• Averages multiple distance measurements
• Computes horizontal and vertical distances
• Corrections for temp, pressure and humidity
• Computes inverses, polars, resections, X, Y and Z coordinate

6. Check List for Total Station
#
Item
Description
1
Tripod
The legs for the Theodolite.
2
Reflector staff
The reflector mounts on top of this. Make sure it extends smoothly.
3
Case for Theodolite
Don’t forget this because the Theodolite is kept in here!
4
Verbatim SRAM card
Where all your data is stored. Otherwise you’ll have to write down all the points
5
Total Station
Don't forget it.
6
Reflector and cap
7a
Cable-rechargeable battery (gel-cell) to Total Station
Cable to run the Theodolite off the large rechargeable battery.
7b
Small battery casing that has been gutted
Cable 7a plugs into this casing. Fits into side of unit and is locked into place by tan casing.
7c
Rechargeable battery
Comes with nice case thanks to Lee.
7d
Battery charger-electrical outlet
Plugs into electrical outlet.
7e
Battery charger-car
Allows you to charge off of car battery.
8a
Small battery-needs no cables.
Small battery fits into space on the side of the unit, tan case locks it into place.
8b
Cable-outlet to Total Station
You can plug this into an electrical outlet.
9
International adapter plugs
A necessity when traveling overseas.
10
Strip Surge Suppressor
Lots to plug in.
11
Portable Power Inverter
Run either 7d or 8b from the car
12
Adapter cable for inverter

9. Check List for Total Station

10. Manufacturers of Total Station Sokkia Japan Leica Swiss Topcon Japan Trimble USA Pentax Japan FOIF China Geodimater German South China Carl Zeiss German Kolida China Total Station (TS) These instruments can record horizontal and vertical angles together with slope distance and can be considered as combined EDM plus electronic theodolite. The microprocessor in TS can perform various mathematical operations such as averaging, multiple angle and distance measurements, horizontal and vertical distances, X, Y, Z coordinates, distance between observed points and corrections for atmospheric and instrumental corrections. Due to the versatility and the lower cost of electronic components, future field instruments will be more like total stations that measure angle and distance simultaneously having:
o all capabilities of theodolites
o electronic recording of horizontal and vertical angles
o storage capabilities of all relevant measurements (spatial and non- spatial attribute data) for manipulation with computer.
Nowadays surveying systems are available which can be use in an integrated manner with Global Positioning System (GPS). Hence, future theodolites/total stations may have integrated GPS receivers as part of the measurement unit. Generally following types of total stations are available in the market:
o Mechanical/manual
o Motorized
o Autolock
o Robotic/automatic
Mechanical/manual TS: The conventional multipurpose manual TS are used for routine works with powerful built-in applications program and are cheaper than the other types TS. Motorized TS: The motorized TS are equipped with servo to allow for fast, smooth and accurate aiming. This increases the productivity by about 30%. The servo technology enables automated measurement. For example, during angle measurement one can simply aim the instrument at each point. The instrument can then repeat the measurements automatically as may times as required. Servo equipped TS act as base for autolock and robotic surveying.
Autolock TS: Autolock TS allow for a semi-automatic measurement where measuring and recoding takes place at the TS. In this case the instrument searches for an active remote positioning target (RMT), locks to it and follows the target as it moves to different points. Autolock technology eliminates the need for time-

11. consuming error prone focusing and allows you to work effectively even in poor and low visibility environment. It improves the time efficiency by up to 50%. Automatic/Robotic TS: This a true one person surveying TS and is ideal for surveying and stakeout operations. In this TS, the control unit can be taken to the prism to record measurements and collect other data. Generally a radio communication is used between TS and the prism. The control unit, battery, antenna and radio modem are integrated to allow full control over instrument and its operation. The prism used may be omni-directional (usually for short distance up to 500 m) which is always aligned to the instrument or directional for longer distances. During stakeout, the control unit is used to move to point of interest. It improves the time efficiency by up to 80%.
Salient features of modern TS
TS is a fully integrated equipment that captures all the spatial data necessary for a three-dimensional position fix. The angles and distances are displayed on a digital readout and can be recorded at the press of a button. Various components of a typical TS are shown in Figure 3.3 and are described below:
Salient features of modern TS
TS is a fully integrated equipment that captures all the spatial data necessary for a three- dimensional position fix. The angles and distances are displayed on a digital readout and can be recorded at the press of a button. Various components of a typical TS are shown in Figure 3.3 and are described below: Graphic display: All commands for survey operation as well as results are displayed on graphic LCD using alphanumeric keyboard. Using built in software with menu and edit facilities, they automatically reduce angular and linear observations to three dimensional coordinates of the vector observed. Detachable control units are available on particular instruments Dual axis compensation : The dual axis tilt sensor monitors any inclination of the standing axis in both X- and Y-directions. These tilt sensors generally have range of

12. 3'. Consequently horizontal and vertical angle readings are free from error due to any deviation of the standing axis from the perpendicular (Figure 3.4). The horizontal and vertical angles are automatically corrected, thus permitting single- face observations without loss of accuracy.
Total Station Accessories Tripod Manual Prism Pole Lens Cover Case Tiny Screw driver Plumb bob Prism bubble Compass/clinometer Prism Interface cable Sokkia link CD SET 620 Telescope Length : 170mm Aperture : 45mm (EDM:48mm) Magnification : 26X Minimum focus : 1.0m Resolving power : 3.5” Angular Measurement Minimum display : 1” Accuracy : 6” Measuring time : Less than 0.5sec Distance Measurement Unit : m/ft/inch(selectable) Accuracy : (2+2ppmXD)mm Measuring time : 2.8sec Measuring Range : 3,000m Power Supply Working duration : 10 hours Charging time: less than 2.5 hours General Display : LCD graphic display Operational panel : 15 keys Internal memory : 10,000 points Weight : 5.0 Kg Battery Charger

13. Tripod Tripods are made of the finest hard wood they have the following features
o Plastic coated wooden legs
o Big round tripod
o Brass hinge pins
o Powdered coated hardware parts
o Replaceable steel parts
o Snap cap
o Carrying straps
o With quick clamp, screw clamp
Reflector with Pole
o Adjustable and fixed height poles are
commonly used
o Extendable rods 20 feet and higher may
be used
o A corner cube prism is attached to the top of
prism pole Prism constant is -30mm or -40mm Functions of Total Station: Co-ordinate system Missing Line Measurement Setting out co-ordinate Resection Offset Distance Set out Line Offset Angle Area Calculation Remote Elevation Measurement Traverse adjustment Setting out Arc How it works One of the fundamental measurements in surveying is distance. Obviously with a distance and an angle, one can establish a coordinate system and locate the relative positions of objects or observations. The angle defines the orientation and the distance of the scale. The direct measurement of distance in the field is one of the more troublesome of surveying operations, especially if a high degree of accuracy is desired. Indirect measurements, like the use of a stadia rod, have been developed and used extensively; however, these systems are of rather limited range and accuracy. With the advent of electromagnetic instruments, the direct measurement of distance with high precision is possible. A standard Transit is basically a Telescope with cross-hairs for sighting a target; The telescope is attached to scales for measuring the angle of rotation of the telescope (normally relative to north as 0 degrees) and the angle of inclination of the telescope (relative to the horizontal as 0 degrees). After rotating the telescope to aim at a target, one may read the angle of rotation and the angle of inclination from a scale. The electronic transit provides a digital read-out of those angles instead of a scale; It is both more accurate and less prone to errors arising from interpolating between marks on the scale or from mis-recording. The readout is also continuous; so angles can be checked at any time.

15. Setting up the Instrument:
Centering:
1. Place the legs at equal intervals and the
head
is approximately level
2. Fix the tripod shoes in the ground
3. Place the instrument on the tripod stand
4. Supporting the instrument with one hand,
tighten the centering screw on the bottom
of the unit
5. Looking through the optical plummet eye
piece
focus on the Surveying point
Levelling:
1. Adjust the foot screws to center the surveying
point in the optical plummet reticule
2. Center the bubble in the circular level by
shortening or by lengthening the tripod leg
3. Turn the leveling screws until the bubble is
centered in the center circle
4. Loosen the horizontal clamp to turn the upper part of the
instrument until the plate level is parallel to a line between
leveling foot screws A & B
5. Center the air bubble using leveling foot screws A & B
simultaneously
6. Turn the upper part of the instrument through 900
7. The plate level is now perpendicular to the foot screws A & B
8. Center the air bubble using leveling foot screw C
Levelling the Screen:
1. Press [ON] to power on
2. Press [TILT] in the second page of Meas
mode to display the circular level on the screen
3. Center the bubble in the circular level
4. Set the tilt angle to 00 using foot screws A & B
for the X direction and leveling screw C for Y direction
Focusing and Target Sighting
1. Look through the telescope eyepiece at a
bright background
2. Turn the eyepiece clockwise, anticlockwise little by
little until just before the reticle image becomes
focused
3. Loosen the vertical and horizontal clamps, then use
the peep sight to bring the target in to the field of
view.
Tight both clamps
4. Turn the telescope focusing ring to focus on the target
5. Turn the vertical and horizontal and vertical fine motion screws
to align the target with the reticle
6. Readjust the focus with the focusing ring until there is no
parallax between the target image and the reticle

16. Eliminating parallax
1. This is the relative displacement of the target image with respect to the reticle when the observer’s head is moved slightly before the eyepiece.
2. Parallax can be removed by focusing the reticle
Format of Storage in Total Station The format of storage followed by the Instrument is as follows Point ID (May be Number or String), Easting (X_Coordinate), Northing (Y_Coordinate), Elevation (Z_Coordinate), Point Code (‘TR’ for Tree, etc,.) 1 (a)Measuring Horizontal Angle between Two Points-Horizontal Angle 00
Use the “OSET” function to measure the included angle between two points. The horizontal angle can be set to “0” at any direction
Procedure
1. Sight the first target as at right
2. In Meas mode screen, select (OSET) .
3. (OSET) will flash, so press (OSET) again
4. The horizontal angle at the first target becomes 00
5. Sight the second target.
6. The displayed horizontal angle (HAR) is the included
angle between two points
INST. AT
SIGHT TO
HORIZONTAL ANGLE (HAR)
DEG
MIN
SEC
STN1
A
000
00’
00”
B

17. 1.(b) Setting Horizontal Angle to a Required Value (Horizontal Angle Hold)
We can set the horizontal angle to a required value and use this value to find the horizontal angle of a new target
Procedure
1. Sight the first target
2. Select (H.Angle) from (Meas) Mode
3. Press (H.Angle) select Angle
4. Enter the required angle then press OK
5. The input value is displayed
6. Sight the second target
7. The horizontal angle from the value set to the second target is displayed
INST. AT
SIGHT TO
HORIZONTAL ANGLE (HAR)
DEG
MIN
SEC
STN1
A
B

18. 1.(c) Horizontal Angle by Repetition method To find the horizontal angle with greater precision, perform repetition measurement .The maximum number of repetition that can be made is 10
Procedure 1. Select OSET from Meas mode and press twice 2. Select (REP) and press 3. Sight the first target press Ok 4. Sight the second target press OK 5. Sight the first target second time, press OK 6. Sight the second target second time, press OK 7. The added value is displayed as HARp 8. The average value of horizontal angle is displayed as Ave. 9. For continuing the repetition measurement, repeat steps 4,5 10. When the repetition is completed press (ESC) 2. Measuring Vertical Angle To measure the vertical angle Procedure 1. Sight the target 2. Select (ZA/%) from Meas mode 3. ZA – vertical angle, % - slope in % will appears
INST. AT
SIGHT TO
ZA
%
DEG
MIN
SEC
Common Errors: “OUT OF RANGE” – Instrument is unleveled or you are not properly sighted on target “SIGNAL OFF” – Not properly sighted on target

19. 3. Distance and Angle Measurement
By using (DIST) function angle, distance can be
measured
Procedure
1. Sight the target
2. In the first page of Meas mode, press (DIST)
to start distance measurement
3. When measurement starts, EDM information
(distance mode, prism constant correction value,
atmospheric correction factor) is represented by a
flashing light.
4. A short beep sounds, and the measured distance data (S), vertical angle
(ZA) and horizontal angle (HAR) are displayed
5. Press (STOP) to quit distance measurement.
6. Press (<SHV) S (slope dist.), H (horizontal dist.), V (ht diff) are displayed
3 4
3. Distance and Angle Measurement
INST. AT SIGHT TO SLOPE
DISTANCE (S)
HORIZONTAL
DISTANCE (H)
VERTICAL
DISTANCE (V)
Meas PC -30
ppm 0
S ▐
ZA 55°33'00" ┴
HAR 120°40'30" P1
DIST <SHV OSET COORD
Dist
Fine "r" PC -30
ppm 0
STOP
Meas PC -30
ppm 0
S 25.450m ▐
ZA 55°33'00" ┴
HAR 120°40'30" P1
STOP
Meas PC -30
ppm 0
S 25.450m ▐
H 24.248m ┴
V 4.699m P1
DIST <SHV OSET COORD

20. 4. Remote Elevated Measurement (REM)
An REM is a function used to measure the height to a point where a target
cannot be directly installed such as power lines, overhead cables etc.,
Procedure
1.Allocate the (REM) key to the Meas mode screen
2.Set the target directly under or directly over the object and measure the target
height with a tape
3.After inputting the target height, accurately
sight the target
4.After inputting the target height, accurately sight
The target
5.Press (DIST) mode to carry out measurement
6.The measured distance (S), Vertical angle (ZA)
And horizontal (HAR) are displayed
7.Press (STOP) to stop the measurement
8.Sight the object, then press (REM)
9.The REM measurement is started and the height
from the ground to the object is displayed in “Ht”.
10.Press (STOP) to terminate the measurement operation
11.To re-observe the target, sight the target, then press (OBS).
12.Press (ESC) to finish measurement
1 2 3
4. Remote Elevated Measurement (REM)
INST. AT SIGHT TO
HEIGHT
(Ht.)
DISTANCE
(S)
VERTICAL
ANGLE
(ZA)
HORIZONTAL
ANGLE (HAR)
REM
Ht. 6.255m
S 13.120m
ZA 55°33'00"
HAR 120°40'30"
STOP
REM
Ht. 6.255m
S 13.120m
ZA 55°33'00"
HAR 120°40'30"
REM OBS
Meas PC -30
ppm 0
S 25.450m ▐
ZA 55°33'00" ┴
HAR 120°40'30" P1
STOP

21. 5. Missing Line Measurement (MLM) Missing line measurement is used to measure the slope distance, horizontal distance, and horizontal angle from the target which is the reference (starting point) without moving the instrument. It is possible to change the last measured point to the next starting position. Measurement result can be displayed as the gradient between two points.
Procedure 1.Sight the target of the starting position, and press the (DIST) in the Meas mode to begin measurement 2.Press (STOP) to stop measurement 3.Sight the second target and press (MLM) 4.The following values are displayed S: Slope distance of the starting position and 2nd target H: Horizontal distance of the starting position and 2nd position
V: Height difference of the starting position and 2nd target 5.Sight the next target and press (MLM) to begin observation 6.Press (OBS) to re observe the starting position 7.Sight the starting position and press (OBS) 8.When (MOVE) is pressed the last target measured becomes the new staring position
9.Press (ESC) to end missing line measurement
Meas
PC
-30
ppm
0
S
25.450m
▐
ZA
55°33'00"
┴
HAR
120°40'30"
P1
STOP

22. 5. Missing Line Measurement (MLM)
INST. AT
SIGHT TO
Slope distance (S)
Horizontal distance (H)
Height difference (V)
6.Co-ordinate Measurement (COORD) By performing coordinate measurements it is possible to find the 3-dimensional coordinates of the target based on station point coordinates, instrument height, target height, and azimuth angles of the backsight which are entered in advance Any desired target coordinates can be determined and stored by setting the station point as an original point and inputting the backsight coordinates. The coordinate values from the reference point can be determined by station coordinates input even if the station point is not set as a reference point. Coordinates input can be omitted by designating the station point No. whenever the station coordinates are stored in the internal memory.

23. Procedure 1.First measure the target height and instrument height with a tape 2.Press (COORD) in the Meas mode screen to display (Coord.) 3.Select “Stn Orientation.” then “Stn Coordiante” 4.Press (EDIT) then input the instrument station coordinates, instrument height and target height 5.Select “Stn Orientation.” then “Backsight” 6.Select “Angle” 7. Press (EDIT) then input the angle 8.Press (OK) 9.Sight the target at the target point 10.In (Coord), select “Observation” to start measurement 11.The coordinate value of the target is displayed 12.Press (STOP) to quit measurement 13.Press (REC) to record the measurement result 14.Sight the next target and press (OBS) to begin measurements continue until all target have been measured 15.When Coordinate measurement is completed, press (ESC)
Coord.
Stn. Orientation
Observation
EDM
NO: 0.000
EO:
0.000
ZO:
0.000
Inst. h
1.400m
Tgt. h
1.200m
READ
REC EDIT
OK
Stn.Orientation
Stn. Coordiante
Backsight
Backsight
Angle
Coord
Backsight
Take BS
ZA
20°40'30"
HAR
55°33'00"
HAR
REC
EDIT OK
Coord
Stn. Orientation
Observation
EDM
N
240.490
E
340.550
Z
305.745
ZA
89°40'30"
HAR
120°41'30"
OBS
HT
EDIT
REC

24. 6. Co-Ordinate Measurement (COORD)
Total Station at
Prism at
Point number
Co-ordinate
Instrument height
Point code
Back sight
Remarks
Northing (Y)
Easting (X)
Elevation (Z)
Angle
Co-ordinate

25. 7. Resection Measurement:
Resection is used to determine the coordinates of an instrument station by performing multiple measurements of points whose values are known. Registered coordinate data can be recalled and set as known point data.
7.1 Coordinate Resection Measurement
N, E, Z of an instrument is determined by this measurement
Procedure
1. Press [RESEC] to begin resection measurement
2. Select “NEZ” and press [EDIT] to input the known point
3. Set the coordinates for the first point known point
4. Press {>>} to move to the second point
5. When all required known points have been set press [MEAS]
(Registered coordinates can be used by pressing [READ])
6. Sight the first known point and press [DIST] to begin measurement
7. Press [YES] to use the measurement results of the first known point
8. Repeat procedures 6 to 7 in the same way from the second point
9. When the minimum quantity of observation data required for the calculation is present, [CALC] is displayed
10. Press [CALC] or [YES] to start calculations automatically
11. Press [RESULT] to check the result
12. If there are no problems with the result, press {ESC} got to 17
13. If there are problems press [BAD]. “*” is displayed on the left of the point. Repeat for all results that include problems
14. Press [RE CALC] to perform calculation again
15. If there are no problems with the result go to 17
16. If problems with the result occur again, perform from the step 6
17. Press [OK] to finish the resection measurement.
18. The instrument station coordinate is set
19. Press [YES] when you want to set the azimuth angle of the first known point as the back sight point

26. 8. Setting – Out Measurement Setting out measurement is used to set out the required point The horizontal angle difference and distance difference are calculated and displayed using the following formulae. Horizontal angle difference dHA = Horizontal angle of setting–out data–measured horizontal angle Distance difference Sdist : S-O S = measured slope distance–slope distance of setting–out data Hdist : S-O H = measured horizontal distance-horizontal distance of S-O data Vdist : S-O V = measured height difference-height difference of S-O data
 Setting out data can be input various modes: slope distance, horizontal distance, height difference, coordinates and REM measurement
 In slope distance, horizontal distance, height distance, and coordinate mode, registered coordinates can be recalled and used as setting-out coordinates
 In slope distance, horizontal distance and height difference, S/H/V distances are calculated from the read in setting-out coordinate, instrument station data, instrument height, and target height
8.1 Distance Setting – out Measurement The point to be found based on the horizontal angle from the reference direction and the distance from the instrument station
Procedure
1. Press [S-O]
2. Enter the instrument station data.
3. (Refer 6. Coordinate data)
4. Set the azimuth angle of the backsight point
5. Select “S-O data”
6. Press [▲S-O] to select distance input mode
7. Each time [▲S-O] is pressed: S-O S (Slope distance), S-O H (horizontal distance), S-O V
(Height difference), S-O Coord (Coordinates), S-O Ht. (REM measurement).
8. When [READ] is pressed, registered coord. can be recalled and used
9. Press [EDIT] and set the following items
(i) Sdist/Hdist/Vdist:distance from the

27. instrument station to the position to be set out
(ii) H ang: included angle between the direction of the reference and the point to be set out
10. Pressing [COORD] in the second page allows you
to enter the coordinates of the point to be set out
11. Press [OK] to set the input values
12. Rotate the top of the instrument until “dHA” is 00
13. Place the target on the sight line
14. Press [OBS] to start distance measurement
15. The target and the distance of the point to
be set out is displayed (S-O H)
16. Move the prism forward and backward until setting-out distance is 0m.
17. If [S-O H] is “+”, move the prism toward yourself, if it is “-“ move the prism away from yourself
18. Press {ESC} to return to <S-O>
← : Move the prism to left →: Move the prism to right ↓ : Move the prism forward ↓: Move the prism away 8.2 Coordinates Setting-out Measurement
After setting the coordinates for the point to be set out, the SET calculates the setting out horizontal angle and horizontal distance. By selecting the horizontal angle and the horizontal distance setting out functions, the required coordinates location can be set out
Procedure
1. Press [S-O]
2. Enter the instrument station Data
3. Set the azimuth angle of the backsight point
4. Select “S-O data” and press [▲S-O] until <S-O Coord> displayed
5. Press [EDIT]. Enter the coordinates of the
setting out point
6. When [READ] is pressed, registered coordinates can be recalled and used as S-O coordinates
7. Press [OK] to set the setting out data
8. Rotate the top of the instrument until “dHA” is 00

28. 9. Place the target on the sight line
10. Press [OBS] to begin coordinate setting out measurement
11. Move the prism forward and backward until the
setting out distance is 0m
12. If [S-O H] is “+”, move the prism toward yourself, if it is “-“ move the
prism away from yourself
13. By pressing [←,→], an arrow pointing to the left or right displays which direction the target should be moved
← : Move the prism to left
→: Move the prism to right ↓ : Move the prism forward ↑: Move the prism away
14. Press {ESC} to return to <S-O>
8.3 REM Setting-out Measurement
To find a point where a target cannot be directly installed, perform REM setting-out measurement
Procedure
1. Install a target directly below or directly above the point to be found, then use a measuring tape to measure
the target height (height from the surveying point to the target height)
2. Press [S-O] in the Meas mode screen to display <S-O>
3. Enter “S-O data” and press [▲S-O] until <S-O Ht.> is displayed
4. Press [EDIT]
5. After in putting the data, press [OK]
6. Press [REM] to begin REM setting-out measurement
7. Move the telescope to find out the point to be set out
▲
▲ : Move the telescope near the zenith ▼ ▼ : Move the telescope near the nadir
8. When the measurement is completed, press {ESC} to restore <S-O>.
9.Setting-Out Line Setting out line is used for setting out a required point at a designated distance from the baseline and for finding the distance from the baseline to a measured point.
9.1 Defining Baseline
To perform setting-out line measurement, first, define the baseline. The baseline can be defined by inputting the coordinates of the two points. The scale

29. factor value is the difference between the input coordinates and the observed coordinates. Scale (X,Y) = Hdist (horizontal distance calculated from the measured value)
Hdist (horizontal distance calculated from the input coordinates)
Procedure
1. Allocate the [S-O LINE] to the Meas mode screen
2. Press [S-O LINE] to display <Set-out line>
3. Enter the instrument station data
4. Select “Define baseline” in <Set-out line> and
press [EDIT]
5. When [READ] is pressed registered
coordinates can be recalled and used
6. Enter the first point data and press {↩}
7. Press {▶} to move to the second point
8. Press [EDIT] and enter the second point data
9. Press {FUNC}. [MEAS] is displayed
10. When not observing the first point and the
second point, go to step 16
11. Press [MEAS] to move observation of the first point
12. Sight the first point and press [OBS]
13. Press [YES] to use the measurements
results for the first point
14. Sight the second point and press [OBS]
15. Press [YES] to use the measurement results of the second point
16. Press [OK] to define the base line
17. <Set-out line> is displayed

30. 9.2 Setting-out Line Point Setting-out line measurement can be used to find the required point ccordinate by inputting the length and offset based on the baseline. Before performing setting-out line point, the base line must be defined
Procedure
1. Select “Point” in <Set-out line>
2. Press [EDIT]
3. Length: Distance along the baseline from the first point to the position at which a line extending from the required point intersects the baseline at right angles (X direction)
4. Offset: Distance from the required point to the position at which a line extending from the required point intersects the base line at
right angles (Y direction).
5. Press [OK]. The coordinate value of the required
point is calculated and displayed
6. Press {ESC}
9.3 Setting–out Line Line Setting-out line line measurement tells how far horizontally yhe measured point is from the base line and how far vertically the measured point is from the connected line. The base line can be offset in a horizontal direction if necessary. Before performing setting-out line line, the base line must be defined

31. Procedure
1. Select “Line” in <Set-out line>
2. Press [EDIT] and enter the offset value
3. Offset : How much to move the base line
4. + ve value indicates right side
5. – ve value indicates left side
6. When not setting offset value, go to step 7
7. Sight the target and pres [OBS]
8. Press [YES] to use the measurement results
9. Displays the difference between the measured point and
the baseline
10. Offline : +ve indicates the point is on the right side
of the baseline and a negative value indicates it is on the left
11. “Cut” indicates that the point is below the baseline
12. “Fill” indicates that the point is above the baseline
13. Length : Distance along the baseline from the first
point to the measured point
14. Press [NO] to observe the target point again.
15. Sight the next target and press [OBS] to continue the measurement
10. Setting – Out Arc
This mode allows us to define an arc from various arc parameters, such as From Pt coordinates, and set out this arc as well as points (offsets) along it.
10.1 Defining an Arc An arc can be defined by entering arc parameters such as arc radius, angle, coordinates for the From point, Center point, To point etc.
Procedure
1. Press [MENU], select “Set-out arc”
2. Enter the instrument station data.
3. Select “Define arc” in <Set-out arc>
4. When [READ] is pressed, registered coordinates
can be recalled and used

32. 5. Enter the arc From point data and press [OK]
6. Press {▶} / {◄} to select coordinates then press [OK]
7. To : Enter arc To point
8. To / Center : Enter arc To point and Center point
9. To / Intersect : Enter arc To point and Intersect point
10. Center : Enter arc Center point
11. Intersect : Enter arc Intersect point
12. Center / Intersect : Enter arc Center point and Intersect point
13. Enter the coordinates specified in step 6 then press {↩}
14. Enter other arc parameters
15. Direction (whether the arc turns right /
left from the From point)
16. Radius (radius of the arc)
17. Angle (Subtended angle)
18. Arc (distance along the arc)
19. Chord (straight line distance between the
From and To points)
20. Tan ln (tangent length)
21. Bk tan (back tangent length)
22. Enter curve parameters then press {↩}.
Other parameters will be calculated
23. Press [OK] on the screen of step 22 to
define the arc
24. <Set-out arc> is displayed
25. Move to setting-out arc measurement.

33. 11. Point projection Point projection is used for projecting a point on to the baseline. The point to projection can be either measured or input. Displays the distances from the first point and point to point to the position at which a line extending from point to point intersects the baseline at right angles
11.1 Defining Baseline
1. Press [P-PROJ] to display <Point projection>
2. Enter the instrument station data then define baseline
3. Press [OK] to define the baseline. <Point projection>
is displayed. Move to point projection measurement
11.2 Point Projection
Before performing point projection, the baseline must be defined. Procedure
1. Define the baseline
2. Press [P-PROJ] to display <Point projection>
3. Press [EDIT], enter the point coordinate
4. Press [OBS] to observe the point ot project
5. When recording the data as a known point,
press {FUINC}, and then press [REC]
6. Press [OK]. The following items are calculated and
displayed
7. Length : Distance along the baseline from the first
point to the projected point (X direction)
8. Offset : Distance from point to project to the position at which a line extending from point of project intersects the base line at right angles
9. d.Elev : Elevation between the baseline and the projection point
10. Press [XYZ] to switch the screen display to distance values
11. Press [REC]: records the coordinate value as a known point data
12. Press [▲S-O] to move to setting-out measurement
of the projected point
13. Press {ESC}. Continue the measurement

34. 12.Offset Measurement
Offset measurements are performed in order to find a point where a target cannot be installed directly or to find the distance and angle to a point which cannot be sighted
It is possible to find the distance and angle to a point you wish to measure (target point) by installing the target at a location (offset point) a little distance from the surveying point to the offset point The target point can not be found in the three ways explained below
12.1 Single–distance Offset Measurement
Finding it by entering the horizontal distance from the target point to the offset point.
Procedure
1. Set the offset point to close to the target point and measure the distance between them, then set up a prism on the offset point
2. Sight the offset point and press [DIST]
3. The measurement results are
displayed. Press [STOP]
4. Press [OFFSET]
5. Enter the instrument station data
6. Select “Offset/Dist” and press [EDIT]

35. 7. Input the following items
a. Horizontal distance from the target point to the offset point
b. Direction of the offset point
←: On the left of the target point
→: On the right of the target point
↓: Closer than the target point ↑: Beyond the target point
8. Press [OK] to calculate and display distance and angle of target point
9. Press [YES] to return to <Offset>
12.2 Angle Offset Measurement Sighting the direction of the target point to find it from the included angle. Install offset points for the target point on the right and left sides of and as close as possible to the target point and measure the distance to the offset points and the horizontal angle of the target point.
Procedure
1. Set the offset points close to the target point, then use the offset points as
the target
2. Sight the offset point and press [DIST]
3. The measurement results are displayed. Press [STOP]
4. Press [OFFSET]
5. Enter the instrument station data
6. Select “Offset/Angle” in <Offset>
7. Accurately sight the direction of the target point and press [OK]
8. After finishing measurement press [YES] to return to <Offset>

36. 13. Surface Area Calculation
This function can calculate the area of land enclosed by three or more known points on a line by inputting the coordinates of the points. Surface area is calculated by measuring the points on a line enclosing an area in order or reading in the previously registered coordinates in order
Procedure
1.Allocate (AREA) softkey to the Meas mode screen
2.Press (AREA) to begin surface area calculation
3.Press (READ) to display the list of Coordinate data
Pt. : Known point data saved in the current JOB
Crd./Stn : Coordiante data saved in the current JOB or in the Coordinate Search JOB 4.Select the first point in the list and press Enter 5.Repeat steps 3 to 4 until all points have been read in 6.After all points are observed (CALC) is displayed. 7.Press (CALC) to display the calculated area 8.Press (OK) to quit area calculation

37. 14. Recording Data, Inputting Job name, deleting a Job name In record menu we can store the measurement data in the current JOB Procedure for Recording 1.Press (REC) , current job name is displayed 2.Press (EDIT) and set the wanted items 3.Check the input data and then press (OK) 4.Press (ESC) to restore (REC) Procedure for Inputting a Job name 1.Select “JOB” in Memory mode 2.Select in advance the JOB whose name to be changed 3.Select “JOB name edit” in (JOB)
4.Input the new Job name and press Enter
5.(JOB) is restored
Procedure for deleting a JOB
1.Select “JOB” in Memory mode 2.Select JOB deletion 3.Align the cursor with the desired JOB and press Enter 4.Press (YES). The data with in the JOB selected is deleted
15. Outputting Job Data
It is possible to output data within a JOB to a host Computer or Printer
Procedure
1.Connect SET and host computer
2.Select “JOB” in Memory mode
3.Select “Comms output” to display the JOB list
4.Select the JOB to be output and press Enter 5.”OUT” appears to the right of the JOB selected. 6.Press (OK) 7.Select the output format and press Enter 8.Select the output data and press Enter 9.Out put starts, when the output is complete, the JOB list is restored 16. Downloading Total station data by Sokkia Link Software to PC